When Terrorism Strikes Home Defending the United States

by Fagin, James A.

• ISBN13: 9780205405817
• ISBN10: 0205405819
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-10-26
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

When Terrorism Strikes Home: Defending the United States focuses on the impact of the war on terrorism upon individuals, society, and government. It examines how the war on terrorism has affected first responders such as police and fire departments, how it has transformed local and state government planning and how it has defined a new relationship between state and federal government.

Table of Contents

Preface to Instructors	ix
Preface to Students	xi
Acknowledgments	xiii
Introduction: The Awakening of the United States	1	(18)
Introduction: Defending the Homeland	2	(2)
Overview of When Terrorism Strikes Home	4	(1)
Real Threats and Irrational Fears	4	(2)
Awakening to Terrorism in the United States	6	(1)
Responding to Terrorism in the United States	6	(6)
Box 1.1 Consider This: Where to Go If You Want More Information	7	(2)
Federal Government Policy and Strategy	9	(3)
Criminals and Terrorism: Is There a Difference? Does It Matter?	12	(2)
Conclusion: How Did We Get to This Point?	14	(2)
Chapter Summary	16	(1)
Terrorism and You	16	(1)
Understanding This Chapter	16	(1)
Thinking about How Terrorism Touches You	17	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	17	(1)
Endnotes	17	(2)
Terrorism in the United States: A Historical Overview	19	(28)
Introduction: Why Terrorism?	21	(1)
Historical Roots of the Definition of Terrorism	21	(4)
David versus Goliath	22	(2)
The Ends Justify the Means	24	(1)
No Innocent Parties	24	(1)
Early Worldwide Examples of Terrorism	25	(4)
Zealot	25	(1)
Assassin/Fedayeen	26	(1)
Thugs	26	(1)
Box 2.1 Consider This: Is There Prejudice against Muslims?	27	(1)
Terror, Terrorism, Terrorist	28	(1)
Class Warfare	29	(2)
The Russian Revolution	30	(1)
Early Terrorism in the United States	31	(7)
The American Revolutionary War	31	(1)
Terror against Native Americans	31	(1)
The American Civil War	32	(1)
Racism in the United States and Terrorism	33	(1)
Why the Ku Klux Klan Emerged	34	(1)
Box 2.2 Case Study: The Ku Klux Klan	35	(1)
Terror Tactics of the KKK	36	(2)
The Red Scare and the Cold War	38	(4)
Origins of the Red Scare	38	(2)
Box 2.3 Up Close and Personal: Lynne Steward Convicted	40	(1)
The FBI and the Red Scare	41	(1)
The Cold War	41	(1)
Conclusion: Terrorism by Any Other Name	42	(1)
Chapter Summary	42	(1)
Terrorism and You	43	(1)
Understanding This Chapter	43	(1)
Thinking about How Terrorism Touches You	43	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	44	(1)
Endnotes	44	(3)
Defending the Homeland: The Rule of Law	47	(38)
Introduction: Responding to Terrorism through Law	49	(1)
Defending the Homeland with Law	49	(1)
Law as a Double-Edged Sword	49	(1)
Early Legislation to Promote National Security	50	(3)
The Alien Act and the Sedition Act	50	(1)
The Force Act and the Ku Klux Act	51	(1)
The Espionage Act of 1918 and the Sedition Act of 1919	52	(1)
The Beginning of the Age of Terrorism---1980s: Defending the Homeland by Presidential Directives and Legislation	53	(9)
The Reagan Administration: Organizing the Government's Response to Terrorism	54	(3)
The Clinton Administration: The Foundation of Post-September 11, 2001, Legislation	57	(1)
Box 3.1 Up Close and Personal: The Integrity of the Rule of Law	58	(2)
The Omnibus Counterterrorism Act of 1995 and the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-132)	60	(2)
Post-September 11, 2001, Legislation	62	(7)
Enemy Combatant Executive Order	63	(1)
Box 3.2 Consider This: What Are Military Tribunals?	64	(2)
Box 3.3 Case Study: Why Gitmo?	66	(3)
The USA Patriot Act	69	(4)
Criticisms of the USA Patriot Act	71	(2)
Never Again: Defense of the Patriot Act and the Call for Expanded Powers	73	(2)
The Movement for Expanded Power: Patriot II	73	(2)
Prosecuting Terrorists to the Fullest Extent of the Law	75	(1)
Conclusion: The Balance between Liberty and National Security	76	(2)
Chapter Summary	78	(1)
Terrorism and You	79	(1)
Understanding This Chapter	79	(1)
Thinking about How Terrorism Touches You	79	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	80	(1)
Endnotes	80	(5)
Terrorists on Main Street, USA	85	(30)
Introduction: Nearer than You Think	87	(1)
The Terrorists: Posed to Strike Main Street	88	(6)
Why Do They Hate Us?	88	(1)
Why Do They Attack Main Street?	89	(4)
Box 4.1 Up Close and Personal: Suicide Bombers	93	(1)
The U.S. Role in Creating Terrorists: Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaida	94	(6)
Terrorism as a By-Product of the Cold War	95	(1)
Europe as a Breeding Ground and Home Base for Terrorists	96	(1)
Terrorists on Main Street	96	(3)
Box 4.2 Case Study: Brandon Mayfield	99	(1)
Preferred Weapon of the Terrorist: The Bomb	100	(2)
Fuses	101	(1)
Explosive Material	101	(1)
The Targets	102	(6)
Understanding the Purpose of a Terrorist Attack	102	(1)
Symbolic Targets	103	(1)
Box 4.3 Consider This: Politicians as Targets	104	(1)
Targets Everywhere	105	(1)
Increased Threats to Infrastructure Targets	105	(3)
Conclusion	108	(1)
Chapter Summary	108	(1)
Terrorism and You	109	(1)
Understanding This Chapter	109	(1)
Thinking about How Terrorism Touches You	109	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	110	(1)
Endnotes	110	(5)
Defending Main Street, USA	115	(36)
Introduction: A Nation in Danger	117	(1)
Defending Main Street: Intelligence and Prevention	118	(1)
Intelligence	118	(7)
Post-9/11 Changes in Intelligence	119	(1)
New Intelligence Agencies: Connecting the Dots	120	(2)
Intelligence and Local and State Law Enforcement	122	(1)
The Need for Federal-Local Partnerships	123	(1)
Box 5.1 Up Close and Personal: Citizen Reporting	124	(1)
Prevention: Who Protects Main Street?	125	(10)
Federal Agencies	125	(3)
Local and State Agencies	128	(3)
Volunteer and Self-Defense Groups	131	(1)
Box 5.2 Case Study: Surveillance of Main Street	132	(3)
Prevention: What Is Being Done?	135	(8)
Prevention of Truck Bombs	136	(1)
Physical Security: The Last Line of Defense	137	(1)
Box 5.3 Consider This: Would a National ID Card Help Fight Terrorism?	138	(2)
The Transformation of Public Spaces	140	(2)
Nonvehicle Suicide Bombers	142	(1)
Conclusion: Will It Be Enough?	143	(1)
Chapter Summary	144	(1)
Terrorism and You	145	(1)
Understanding This Chapter	145	(1)
Thinking about How Terrorism Touches You	145	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	146	(1)
Endnotes	146	(5)
Defending Aviation against Terrorism	151	(34)
Introduction: Aviation---The Sleeping Threat	153	(1)
The Emergence of Aviation Security	154	(2)
The Regulation of Commercial Aviation	154	(1)
The Origins of Aviation Security: Bombs and Hijacking	154	(2)
The Crisis in Public Confidence	156	(1)
The Aviation Security Revolution	156	(1)
The Failure to Anticipate New Terrorist Strategies	157	(1)
The New Aviation Security Model: Government Control	157	(1)
Airport Security	157	(1)
Passenger Identification and Security Screening	158	(15)
Passenger Identification: Immigration Controls	159	(1)
Passenger Identification: Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System	160	(2)
Secure Flight	162	(1)
Racial Profiling	163	(1)
Other Passenger Identification Systems	163	(1)
Intelligence-Based Passenger Screening: The No-Fly List	163	(2)
Passenger Security Screening	165	(1)
Box 6.1 Up Close and Personal: Air Travel in the Twenty-First Century---10 New Rules	166	(3)
Evaluation of Passenger Security Screening by TSA	169	(1)
Box 6.2 Consider This: Security Screening Vigilantes	170	(1)
The Use of Technology to Detect Weapons and Explosives	171	(1)
Box 6.3 Case Study: Checkpoint Security Failures	172	(1)
Airport Proximity Security: Aircraft Security during Takeoffs and Landings	173	(2)
Sniper Rifles	173	(1)
The Threat from Portable Surface-to-Air Missiles	173	(1)
Protecting against Portable Surface-to-Air Missiles	174	(1)
In-Flight Security	175	(3)
Reinforced Cockpit Doors	175	(1)
Armed Pilots	176	(1)
Air Marshals	176	(1)
Domestic Air Defense	177	(1)
The Tip of the Iceberg	178	(1)
Conclusion: ``The Fear of God''	179	(1)
Chapter Summary	179	(2)
Terrorism and You	181	(1)
Understanding This Chapter	181	(1)
Thinking about How Terrorism Touches You	181	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	181	(1)
Endnotes	182	(3)
Defending the Homeland: Weapons of Mass Destruction	185	(30)
Introduction: Trump Card---Weapons of Mass Destruction	187	(1)
Nuclear Threat from Terrorists	187	(10)
Box 7.1 Up Close and Personal: Got Security?	188	(1)
Nuclear Attack on a Population Center	189	(5)
Attack on an Existing Nuclear Facility or Nuclear Material in Transit or Storage	194	(2)
Box 7.2 Consider This: Is It Justified to Suspend Civil Rights?	196	(1)
Biological and Chemical Threats	197	(7)
Biological Weapons of Mass Destruction	197	(3)
Box 7.3 Case Study: One Man's Terrorist Is Another Man's Artist	200	(2)
Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction	202	(2)
Problems in Defending the Homeland against Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Threats	204	(3)
Public Opposition to Counteract Bio-Terrorism Strategies	205	(1)
Other Problems in Responding to Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism	206	(1)
Conclusion: Thinking Outside the Box	207	(2)
Chapter Summary	209	(1)
Terrorism and You	209	(1)
Understanding This Chapter	209	(1)
Thinking about How Terrorism Touches You	210	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	210	(1)
Endnotes	211	(4)
The Day After: Rebuilding Main Street, USA	215	(36)
Gary Helfand
Ross Prizzia
Introduction: The Day After	217	(1)
The Federal Emergency Management Agency	218	(1)
3 Ps: Planning, Partnerships, and Preparation	219	(2)
Box 8.1 Up Close and Personal: The Optimism Bias	220	(1)
Emergency Operation Plans	221	(4)
Box 8.2 Case Study: FEMA Strategic Plan (Fiscal Years 2003--2008)	223	(2)
Emergency Response to Terrorism	225	(2)
Hazard Mitigation	226	(1)
Capability Assessment for Readiness	226	(1)
FEMA and Federal Multiagency Coordination	227	(4)
Primary Federal Agencies	228	(2)
Policies and Federal Agency Authorities	230	(1)
Federal Emergency Response Assistance	231	(3)
Lead Federal Agency Designation	231	(1)
Requests for Federal Assistance	232	(1)
Funding	232	(1)
Deployment/Employment Priorities	232	(1)
Planning Assumptions and Considerations	233	(1)
Training and Exercises	233	(1)
Emergency Response to a Terrorist Attack Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction	234	(3)
Differences between WMD Incidents and Other Incidents	234	(1)
Threat Levels	235	(1)
Lead Federal Agency Responsibilities	236	(1)
FEMA and State and Local Multiagency Coordination	237	(2)
Other Planning Considerations	239	(7)
Identification and Protection of Critical Infrastructure	239	(1)
Inventory of Critical Response Assets	240	(1)
Interstate and Intrastate Mutual Aid Agreements	240	(1)
Box 8.3 Consider This: Who's Liable for Injuries the Day After	241	(2)
Resource Typing	243	(1)
Resource Standards	244	(1)
Continuity of Operations (COOP) and Continuity of Government (COG)	245	(1)
The Role of Citizen and Family Preparedness, Including Citizen Corps	246	(1)
Conclusion: Alphabet Soup---Confusion or Cure?	246	(1)
Chapter Summary	247	(1)
Terrorism and You	248	(1)
Understanding This Chapter	248	(1)
Thinking about how Terrorism Touches You	248	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	249	(1)
Endnotes	249	(2)
Defending Liberty: Today and Tomorrow	251	(36)
Introduction: A Threat with No End in Sight	253	(1)
Continuous Vigilance	253	(1)
Cyber-Terrorism	254	(13)
Use of the Internet to Promote Terrorism	255	(1)
Cyber-Intelligence and Cyber-Attacks	256	(4)
Attacks on Critical Infrastructures Using the Internet	260	(2)
Cyber-Warfare	262	(1)
Defending Cyber-Space	263	(4)
Immigration Control and Border Security	267	(12)
Box 9.1 Up Close and Personal: May I See Your ID?	268	(1)
Immigration Control	269	(2)
Box 9.2 Case Study: Security or Discrimination?	271	(1)
International Students: Separating Friend from Foe	272	(1)
High-Tech Passports: The Promise for More Secure Borders?	273	(1)
Deportation: A Simple Solution or Misguided Bureaucracy?	274	(1)
Box 9.3 Consider This: Getting under Your Skin	275	(3)
Our Neighbors: Canada and Mexico	278	(1)
Conclusion: Can the United States Be Terror-Proofed?	279	(2)
Chapter Summary	281	(1)
Terrorism and You	282	(1)
Understanding This Chapter	282	(1)
Thinking about How Terrorism Touches You	282	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	283	(1)
Endnotes	283	(4)
The Cost of Freedom	287	(31)
Introduction: Counting the Costs	289	(1)
How Terrorists Get Their Money	289	(3)
Fund-Raising for Terrorism	289	(1)
Funding Terrorism through Criminal Enterprises	290	(1)
Cutting Off the Flow of Cash	291	(1)
The Cost of the War on Terrorism	292	(5)
Kinks in the System	292	(3)
Box 10.1 Consider This: 88009	295	(1)
Terror-Related Fraud	296	(1)
The Other Costs of the War on Terrorism: Extremism in the Defense of Liberty	297	(7)
The War on Terrorism and Privacy	297	(1)
Box 10.2 Case Study: Freedom of Speech	298	(3)
The War on Terrorism and Torture	301	(1)
Correcting Extremism	302	(2)
The Growing Conflict with Foreigners	304	(2)
Racial Profiling	305	(1)
International Relations	306	(4)
Lessons from Others	308	(2)
Conclusion: A Terror-Focused Government	310	(2)
Floo Floo Bird Syndrome	311	(1)
Box 10.3 Up Close and Personal: Should Those Wrongly Accused Be Compensated?	312	(1)
Chapter Summary	312	(1)
Terrorism and You	313	(1)
Understanding This Chapter	313	(1)
Thinking about How Terrorism Touches You	314	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	314	(1)
Endnotes	314	(4)
Index	318