White Sea

by Filatov, Nikolai; Pozdnyakov, Dmitry; Johannessen, Ola M.; Pettersson, Lasse H.; Bobylev, Leonid P.

• ISBN13: 9783540205418
• ISBN10: 3540205411
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-08-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This unique book written by Russian and Norwegian scientists is an analysis of studies based on extensive data analysis and numerical modelling simulations of the White Sea and provides a quantitative assessment of vulnerability of the White Sea marine ecosystems of future anthropogenic and, to some extent, climate change forcing. The authors address a wide range of issues, including geographical position and the paleogeological background of the White Sea Basin. They provide the most recent data on the White Sea bathymetry, examine the White Sea ecosystem profile, and provide extensive historical marine and riverine data records. An integrated assessment of the state of the ecology, vulnerability and sustainability of the White Sea is presented. They look specifically at the applications of satellite Earth observation (remote sensing) oceanographic investigations into changes in regional physical oceanography and ecology, provide extensive coverage of the problems of multi-faceted data assimilation in ocean modelling and conclude with a look at the present state of the art and future developments in this area of nature conservation.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
List of Contributors	xv
Acknowledgements	xix
List of figures	xxi
List of tables	xxxi
Abbreviations	xxxv
Introduction	xxxix
1 Geography of the White Sea and its watershed
A.V. Litvinenko, N.N. Filatov, and V.A. Volkov	1	(14)
1.1 Main features of the White Sea	1	(1)
1.2 Bottom topography	2	(2)
1.3 Physical geography of the watershed	4	(1)
1.4 Physical geography of the administrative units	5	(10)
1.4.1 Arkhangelsk Oblast	7	(2)
1.4.2 The Murmansk Oblast	9	(2)
1.4.3 Republic of Karelia	11	(4)
2 White Sea watershed hydrology and anthropogenic impact
V. V. Ivanov and V.A. Brizgalo	15	(38)
2.1 Hydrological features and anthropogenic influence on the catchment	15	(7)
2.2 Water balance elements and water resources	22	(6)
2.3 Variability in the hydrological and chemical regimes of river systems	28	(3)
2.4 Main features of pollutant transport via river runoff	31	(16)
2.4.1 Mineral forms of nitrogen and phosphorus	31	(5)
2.4.2 Pollutants	36	(11)
2.5 Anthropogenic impacts on estuaries	47	(6)
3 Climate of the White Sea catchment and scenarios of climate and river runoff changes
N.N. Filatov, L.E. Nazarova, Ju A. Salo, and A.V. Tolstikov	53	(20)
3.1 Climate	53	(14)
3.2 Climatic scenarios and estimation of river runoff changes	67	(6)
3.2.1 Climatic scenarios	67	(3)
3.2.2 Estimation of change in river runoff to the White Sea	70	(3)
4 Oceanographic regime
N.N. Filatov, D.V. Pozdnyakov, Ju.I. Ingebeikin, R.E. Zdorovenov, V.V. Melentyev, A.V. Tolstikov, and L.H. Pettersson	73	(82)
4.1 Transparency and optical characteristics	73	(4)
4.2 Circulation patterns and currents in the sea	77	(5)
4.3 Water masses and water exchange with the Barents Sea	82	(8)
4.4 Fronts and frontal zones	90	(6)
4.4.1 River runoff fronts	90	(2)
4.4.2 Tidal fronts	92	(1)
4.4.3 Upwelling fronts	93	(1)
4.4.4 The front between the White and Barents Sea waters	93	(1)
4.4.5 Features of marginal filters barrier zones in the bays of the White Sea	94	(2)
4.5 Variability of water temperature and currents	96	(11)
4.5.1 Large-scale variability	96	(5)
4.5.2 Mesoscale and synoptic variability	101	(6)
4.6 Model study of currents and mass transport processes in some bays and estuaries	107	(11)
4.6.1 A brief description of the model for simulating estuarine currents	108	(2)
4.6.2 Onezhskiy Bay	110	(2)
4.6.3 Estuary of the Kern River	112	(2)
4.6.4 Turbulent diffusion of a conservative pollutant in the coastal zone of the Onezhskiy Bay and the Kern River	114	(4)
4.7 Sea level variations and tides	118	(26)
4.7.1 Large-scale sea level fluctuations	120	(8)
4.7.2 Synoptic variability	128	(10)
4.7.3 Mesoscale sea level variability	138	(6)
4.8 Ice regime and wintertime hydrology of the White Sea	144	(11)
5 Aquatic ecosystem profile
P.R. Makarevich and Ju V. Krasnov	155	(24)
5.1 Phytoplankton	155	(5)
5.2 Zooplankton	160	(7)
5.3 Sea birds of the White Sea: Concise characterization of the contemporary status	167	(7)
5.3.1 Abundance	168	(3)
5.3.2 Trophic chains	171	(1)
5.3.3 Factors limiting the development of bird populations in the White Sea	172	(2)
5.4 Marine mammals of the White Sea	174	(5)
5.4.1 Abundance	174	(2)
5.4.2 Trophic connections	176	(1)
5.4.3 Limiting factors	177	(2)
6 Satellite oceanography: New results
D.V. Pozdnyakov, L.H. Pettersson, O.M. Johannessen, P. Bobylev, V.V. Melentyev, N.N. Filatov, V.I. Chernook, A.N. Filatov, A.V. Korosov, A.N. Stuliy, and M.W. Miles	179	(62)
6.1 Optical remote sensing	179	(26)
6.1.1 Background	179	(2)
6.1.2 A new water quality retrieval algorithm for case II waters	181	(12)
6.1.2 Advanced tool performance verification and seasonal variations of White Sea CPA concentrations as revealed by SeaWiFS data	193	(12)
6.2 Patterns of thermo-hydrodynamic processes and fields from NOAA AVHRR data	205	(12)
6.2.1 Introduction	205	(1)
6.2.2 Data and methods	206	(5)
6.2.3 Results of NOAA satellite data analysis	211	(2)
6.2.4 Discussion and main findings	213	(4)
6.3 Satellite SAR and passive microwave remote sensing	217	(17)
6.3.1 Satellite SAR monitoring of ice cover parameters	217	(4)
6.3.2 SAR studies of the White Sea ice cover as a habitat of ice-associated marine mammals	221	(13)
6.4 Studies of the White Sea ice cover using satellite passive microwave sensors	234	(3)
6.4.1 Introduction	234	(1)
6.4.2 Data analysis	235	(2)
6.5 Conclusions	237	(4)
7 Economy of the White Sea watershed area
A. Yu Terzhevik, A.V. Litvinenko, P.V. Druzhinin, and N.N. Filatov	241	(64)
7.1 Natural resources	241	(7)
7.1.1 Mineral resources	241	(3)
7.1.2 Forest resources	244	(2)
7.1.3 Agriculture	246	(1)
7.1.4 Fuel and energy resources	247	(1)
7.2 Demography	248	(6)
7.2.1 Population structure	249	(1)
7.2.2 Changes in population	250	(1)
7.2.3 Natural population change	250	(3)
7.2.4 Life expectancy	253	(1)
7.3 Economic indicators	254	(16)
7.3.1 Gross Regional Product	255	(5)
7.3.2 Inflation	260	(1)
7.3.3 Industrial production	260	(4)
7.3.4 Agriculture	264	(1)
7.3.5 Services and trade	265	(1)
7.3.6 Monetary income	265	(5)
7.4 Sectors and branches of the economy	270	(17)
7.4.1 Arkhangelsk Oblast	274	(3)
7.4.2 Murmansk Oblast	277	(6)
7.4.3 Republic of Karelia	283	(4)
7.5 Investments	287	(1)
7.5.1 Foreign investment	287	(1)
7.5.2 Domestic investments	287	(1)
7.6 Identification of socio-economic indices and integration of the relevant data into a database	288	(5)
7.7 Identification and substantiation of the most probable scenarios for industrial development in the White Sea Basin	293	(12)
7.7.1 Background	293	(3)
7.7.2 The outlook for future industrial developments in the White Sea Basin region	296	(2)
7.7.3 Specific features of regional forecasting based on the scenario approach	298	(3)
7.7.4 Scenarios of probable White Sea Basin industrial development	301	(4)
8 Geographic Information Systems for managing the ecosystem and living resources of the White Sea
V.V. Rastoskuev, V.K. Donchenko, A.N. Filatov, and E.V. Shalina	305	(24)
8.1 System structure	305	(3)
8.2 Software for the formation of the data warehouse	308	(1)
8.3 Formation of digital maps	309	(2)
8.4 Data analysis using the ArcView GIS	311	(2)
8.5 Analysis of remote sensing data using the IDRISI GIS	313	(8)
8.6 Information system for decision-making support	321	(5)
8.7 Conclusions	326	(3)
9 Water quality assessment and the problem of marine ecosystem stability
V.V. Denisov and A.V. Shavykin	329	(8)
9.1 Background	329	(2)
9.2 Assessment of the White Sea ecosystem	331	(4)
9.3 Conclusion	335	(2)
10 Numerical simulations of the White Sea hydrodynamics and marine ecosystem
LL. Bashmachnikov, O.M. Johannessen, L.H. Pettersson, G. Evensen, I.A. Neelov, O.P. Savchuk, A.V. Leonov, S. Kaitala, T. Stipa, H. Kuosa, and N.N. Filatov	337	(106)
10.1 NERSC-HYCOM hydrodynamic model	337	(31)
10.1.1 Model overview	337	(5)
10.1.2 The HYCOM implementation for the White Sea	342	(6)
10.1.3 Model experiments	348	(18)
10.1.4 Conclusions	366	(2)
10.2 FIMR 1-D ecosystem model	368	(10)
10.2.1 Model overview	368	(1)
10.2.2 Physical oceanography basics for the ecosystem model of the White Sea	369	(4)
10.2.3 Ecosystem model	373	(4)
10.2.4 Model validation	377	(1)
10.3 FIMR model II: Toward a size structured mixotrophic ecosystem model	378	(6)
10.3.1 Introduction	378	(1)
10.3.2 Model equations	379	(2)
10.3.3 Results	381	(1)
10.3.4 Conclusions	382	(2)
10.4 IO RAS - model transformations of organogenic substances in the White Sea ecosystem	384	(26)
10.4.1 Introduction	384	(1)
10.4.2 Model description	385	(3)
10.4.3 Input data for the model	388	(8)
10.4.4 Modeling results and their analysis	396	(12)
10.4.5 Conclusions	408	(2)
10.5 3-D 10 RAS-AARI coupled hydrodynamic-biochemical model	410	(30)
10.5.1 Formulation of the model	410	(9)
10.5.2 Set-up of the numerical experiments	419	(1)
10.5.3 Hydrodynamic simulations	420	(9)
10.5.4 Control simulations of the White Sea nutrient dynamics	429	(5)
10.5.5 Scenario analysis of the possible response of White Sea eutrophication to climate and nutrient loading changes	434	(6)
10.6 Response of the White Sea ecosystem to future climate change and feedback to the socio-economic conditions	440	(1)
10.7 Conclusions	441	(2)
Afterword	443	(2)
References	445	(18)
Index	463