WiG Craft and Ekranoplan

by Yun, Liang; Bliault, Alan; Doo, Johnny

• ISBN13: 9781441900418
• ISBN10: 1441900411
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-12-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

WIGs (Wing in Ground) are advanced hybrid air cushion crafts and they offer the combination of speed, fuel efficiency, and ride smoothness. WIG rides above the surface like an airplane on a dynamic air cushion that is produced by the vessel’s forward motion. The adoption of WIG has been slow due to the complicated technology issues surrounding the vessel; it is a hybrid vehicle that combines marine and aviation theory, wing theory and air cushion theory, aerodynamic and hydrodynamic theory. WIG Craft and Ekranoplan: Ground Effect Craft Technology” provides comprehensive overview of the design, development and building of WIG vessels."

Table of Contents

Wings in Ground Effect	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Marine Transport and WIG Development	p. 2
Alternative Technologies	p. 3
The Hydrofoil	p. 4
The SES	p. 4
The Hovercraft	p. 5
Ground Effect for Higher Service Speed	p. 6
Some WIG Technical Terms	p. 7
Ground Effect	p. 8
Dynamic Air Cushion	p. 8
Static Air Cushion	p. 9
Basic Principles of Ground Effect	p. 9
Types of WIG	p. 15
Classic WIG	p. 16
Parwig	p. 17
Parwig Attributes	p. 22
Parwig Limitations	p. 22
Military Applications	p. 23
Civil Applications	p. 25
Dynamic Air Cushion Craft (DACC)	p. 25
DACC Characteristics	p. 27
DACC Applications	p. 27
Dynamic Air Cushion Wing-in-Ground Effect Craft (DACWIGa)	p. 27
DACWIGa Attributes	p. 29
DACWIGa Applications	p. 32
WIG Craft Development	p. 33
Introduction	p. 33
Russian Ekranoplan Development	p. 33
KM or "Caspian Sea Monster"	p. 42
UT-1	p. 45
Orlyonok and Lun	p. 45
Orlyonok's Accident	p. 47
The Development of Lun	p. 51
Key to Fig. 2.20	p. 54
Second-Generation WIG	p. 54
Design Studies for Large Commercial Ekranoplan in Russia	p. 57
Volga-2	p. 59
Recent Small Craft Designs	p. 60
Ivolga	p. 60
Amphistar	p. 63
Technical Data Summary for Russian WIG Craft	p. 63
WIG Development in China	p. 65
CSSRC PARWIG Craft	p. 67
CASTD PARWIG	p. 67
DACWIGa Craft Developed by MARIC	p. 70
The Conversion of "Swan"	p. 75
WIG Developments in Germany	p. 77
Tandem Airfoil Flairboats (TAF)	p. 77
Lippisch	p. 78
Hoverwing	p. 82
WIG in the United States	p. 85
WIG in Australia	p. 87
Sea Wing	p. 87
Radacraft	p. 89
Flightship	p. 89
Concluding Observations	p. 93
Longitudinal Force Balance and Trim	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
Operational Modes	p. 96
Running Trim	p. 98
Centres of Effort and Their Estimation	p. 102
Introduction	p. 102
Longitudinal Centres of Forces Acting on WIG Craft	p. 103
Centre of Buoyancy (CB)	p. 103
Centre of Hydrodynamic Force Acting on Hull and Side Buoys	p. 103
Centre of Static Air Cushion Pressure (CP)	p. 304
Centre of Aerodynamic Lift of a Single Wing Beyond the GEZ	p. 104
Centre of Lift of WIG Main Wing with Bow Thrusters in Ground Effect Zone	p. 104
Centre of Lift of a Whole WIG Craft Operating in GEZ	p. 106
Influence of Control Mechanisms on Craft Aerodynamic Centres	p. 106
Longitudinal Force Balance	p. 109
Condition for Normal Operation of a WIG in Various Operation Modes	p. 109
Inherent Force-Balance Method	p. 111
Controllable Equilibrium Method	p. 112
Handling of WIG During Take-Off	p. 114
Hovering and Slow-Speed Performance	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Hovering Performance Requirements	p. 118
Manoeuvring and Landing	p. 118
Low-Speed Operations	p. 118
Hump Speed Transit and Take-Off into GEZ	p. 119
Seakeeping	p. 119
Parwig Theory from the 1970s	p. 120
Static Hovering Performance of DACWIGa and DACC	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
Configuration of a DACC or DACWIGa	p. 126
Static Hovering Performance of DACC and DACWIGa	p. 127
Measures for Improving Slow-Speed Performance	p. 138
Inflatable Air Bag	p. 141
Skirt	p. 142
Laminar Flow Coating on the Bottoms of Hull and Side Buoys	p. 142
Hard Landing Pads	p. 144
Aerodynamics in steady Flight	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Airfoil Fundamentals	p. 148
An Experimental Investigation of Airfoil Aerodynamics	p. 153
Nomenclature	p. 153
Basic Model	p. 154
Model Tests	p. 157
Discussion	p. 175
Drag	p. 177
Lift-Drag Ratio	p. 177
Pitching Moment	p. 178
Conclusion	p. 178
WIG Aerodynamic Characteristics	p. 179
Factors Influencing WIG Aerodynamic Characteristics	p. 183
Bow Thruster with Guide Vanes or Jet Nozzle	p. 183
Special Main-Wing Profile	p. 184
Aspect Ratio	p. 186
Other Measures	p. 187
Longitudinal and Transverse Stability	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Forces and Moments	p. 189
Pitching Centres	p. 190
Pitch Stability Design Criteria	p. 191
Height Stability Design Criteria	p. 191
Main-Wing Airfoil and Geometry	p. 192
Influence of Flaps	p. 192
Tailplane and Elevators	p. 193
Centre of Gravity	p. 193
Influence of Ground Effect on Equilibrium	p. 194
Influence of Bow Thrusters with Jet Nozzle or Guide Vanes	p. 194
Automatic Control Systems	p. 195
Stability Analysis	p. 195
Static Longitudinal Stability in and Beyond the GEZ	p. 197
Static Longitudinal Stability of an Aircraft and a WIG Operating Beyond the GEZ	p. 198
Basic Stability Equation	p. 199
Wing Pitching Centre	p. 200
Pitching Pitching Centre	p. 201
Flying Height Pitching Centre	p. 203
Estimation of Balance Centres	p. 204
Static Longitudinal Stability Criteria	p. 206
Requirements for Positive Static Longitudinal Stability	p. 207
Static Transverse Stability of DACWIGa in Steady Flight	p. 210
WIG Operating in Weak GEZ	p. 213
Transverse Stability Criteria	p. 215
Transverse Stability at Slow Speed	p. 216
Transverse Stability during Turning	p. 216
PARWIG Transverse Stability	p. 217
Dynamic Longitudinal Stability over Calm Water	p. 217
Basic Assumptions	p. 218
Basic Motion Equations	p. 218
Transient Stability During Transition Phases	p. 222
Calm Water Drag and Power	p. 225
Introduction	p. 225
WIG Drag Components	p. 230
WIG Drag before Take-Off	p. 231
Hump Drag and its Minimisation	p. 231
Estimation of the Craft Drag Before Take-Off	p. 234
WIG Drag After Take-Off	p. 239
Drag of WIG After Take-Off	p. 239
Powering Estimation for WIG	p. 243
Performance Based on Wind-Tunnel Test Results of Model with Bow Thrusters in Operation	p. 244
Estimation of WIG Total Drag	p. 245
Drag Prediction by Correlation with Hydrodynamic Model Test Results	p. 246
Influences on Drag and Powering Over Calm Water	p. 249
Hull-Borne Mode	p. 250
Transit Through Main Hump Speed (Fn = 2-4)	p. 250
During Take-Off (Fn = 4.0-8.0)	p. 250
Flying Mode	p. 251
Seakeeping and Manoeuvrability	p. 255
Introduction	p. 255
Differential Equation of WIG Motion in Waves	p. 256
Coordinate Systems	p. 256
Basic Longitudinal Differential Equations of DACWIGa Motion in Waves	p. 256
Seakeeping Model Tests	p. 259
Manoeuvrability and Controllability	p. 267
WIG Control in Flight	p. 268
The Influence of a Wind Gust on the Running Trim of WIG in Steady Flight	p. 270
Nonlinear Analysis of WIG Motion	p. 271
Special Cases of Craft Motion	p. 273
Manoeuvring in Hull-Borne Mode	p. 275
Take-Off Handling in Waves	p. 275
Turning Performance	p. 276
Operation of WIG Craft in Higher GEZ	p. 280
Model Tests and Aero-hydrodynamic Simulation	p. 283
Introduction	p. 283
Experimental Methodology	p. 284
Static Hovering Experiments on a Rigid Ground Plane	p. 284
Model Tests in a Towing Tank	p. 284
Model Experiments in a Wind Tunnel	p. 285
Radio-controlled Model Tests on Open Water and Catapult Model Testing Over Ground	p. 285
WIG Model Scaling Rules	p. 286
Scaling Parameters for WIG	p. 286
Reynold's Number	p. 286
Euler Number (Hq) and Relation to Cushion Pressure Ratio	p. 294
Wind-Tunnel Testing	p. 294
Bow Thruster or Lift Fan Non-dimensional Characteristics of DACC and DACWIGa	p. 297
Froude Number, Fn	p. 299
Weber Number, We	p. 299
Other Scaling Terms for Towing Tank Test Models	p. 300
Structural Simulation	p. 301
Scaling Criteria	p. 301
Model Test Procedures	p. 302
Structural Design and Materials	p. 307
Introduction	p. 307
Design Loads	p. 309
Waterborne and Pre-take-off Loads	p. 310
Take-Off and Landing Loads	p. 311
Ground-Manoeuvring Loads	p. 312
Flight Loads	p. 313
Impact and Handling Loads	p. 314
Design Approach	p. 315
Metallic Materials	p. 316
Composite Materials	p. 318
Sandwich Construction	p. 320
Fatigue, Damage Tolerance and Fail-Safe	p. 323
WIG Structural Design Concepts and Considerations	p. 324
Basic Design Considerations	p. 324
Power Plant and Transmission	p. 337
Introduction	p. 337
WIG Power Plant Type Selection	p. 338
Internal Combustion Engines	p. 339
Turbofan/Turboshaft/Turboprop Engines	p. 341
WIG Application Special Requirements	p. 345
Marinisation	p. 345
Altitude Operations	p. 346
Power Plant Installation Design	p. 347
Pylon/Nacelle Installation	p. 347
Engine and System Cooling	p. 348
Internal Systems Installation	p. 348
Water Spray	p. 349
Engine and System Cooling	p. 349
Ice Protection	p. 351
Transmission Systems	p. 351
Drive Shaft	p. 351
Transmission	p. 352
Lift and Propulsion Systems	p. 355
Introduction	p. 355
Power-Augmented Lift	p. 356
Independent Lift Systems	p. 359
Propulsion Systems	p. 361
Propeller and Ducted Fan Characteristics	p. 363
Turbofan System	p. 367
Integrated Lift/Propulsion System	p. 369
Propulsor Selection and Design	p. 372
Concept Design	p. 373
Introduction	p. 373
General WIG Application Issues	p. 376
Technical Factors	p. 377
Operational Factors	p. 379
WIG Subtypes and Their Application	p. 381
WIG Preliminary Design	p. 383
Design Sequence	p. 384
Functional Specification for a WIG	p. 385
Design Requirements	p. 388
Safety Codes for WIG Craft	p. 393
Basic Concepts	p. 393
Supplementary Safety Criteria for DACWIGa	p. 394
Setting Up a Preliminary Configuration	p. 396
Procedure for Overall Preliminary Design	p. 414
Determination of WIG Aerodynamic and Hydrodynamic Characteristics	p. 414
WIG Detailed Design	p. 415
Postscript	p. 417
Glossary	p. 423
References and Resources	p. 433
Subject Index	p. 441
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