Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management

by Sinclair, Anthony R. E.; Fryxell, John M.; Caughley, Graeme

• ISBN13: 9781405107372
• ISBN10: 1405107375
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-10
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

The second edition of Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management provides a thorough introduction to general ecological principles and examines how they can be applied to wildlife management and conservation. Expanded and updated, this second edition includes new chapters on understanding ecosystems and the use of computer models in wildlife management. Gives a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of ecology including the latest theories on population dynamics and conservation. Reviews practical applications and techniques and how these can be used to formulate realistic objectives with in an ecological framework. Examples of real-life management situations from around the world provide a broad perspective on the international problems of conservation. Worked examples on CD enable students to practice calculations explained in the text. Artwork from the book is available to instructors online at www.blackwellpublishing.com/sinclair and by request on CD-ROM.

Author Biography

Tony Sinclair is former Director of the Centre for Biodiversity Research at the University of British Columbia, Canada. Working in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, Africa, on ecology and conservation projects for over 40 years, he also carries out research in Canadian subartic ecosystems, as well as being involved in conservation issues in Australia and New Zealand. Previous publications include: Wildlife Ecology (1994), African Buffalo (1977), Serengeti (1979), Serengeti II (1995), Serengeti III (forthcoming), and Conserving National Diversity (2000).

John Fryxell is currently at the Department of Integrative Biology, at the University of Guelph, Canada, having previously worked at the University of British Columbia and as Wildlife Consultant for the Provincial Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. His current research focuses on the role of behavior in population and community dynamics of large mammals. He is the author of Individual behaviour and Community Dynamics (1998) and the forthcoming title Serengeti III with Tony Sinclair.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Introduction: goals and decisions	1	(8)
How to use this book	1	(1)
What is wildlife conservation and management?	2	(1)
Goals of management	3	(2)
Hierarchies of decision	5	(2)
Policy goals	7	(1)
Feasible options	8	(1)
Summary	8	(1)
Part 1 Wildlife ecology	9	(208)
Biomes	11	(8)
Introduction	11	(1)
Forest biomes	12	(2)
Woodland biomes	14	(1)
Shrublands	14	(1)
Grassland biomes	15	(2)
Semi-desert scrub	17	(1)
Deserts	17	(1)
Marine biomes	17	(1)
Summary	18	(1)
Animals as individuals	19	(17)
Introduction	19	(1)
Adaptation	19	(1)
The theory of natural selection	19	(2)
Examples of adaptation	21	(2)
The effects of history	23	(4)
The abiotic environment	27	(1)
Genetic characteristics of individuals	27	(6)
Applied aspects	33	(2)
Summary	35	(1)
Food and nutrition	36	(24)
Introduction	36	(1)
Constituents of food	36	(4)
Variation in food supply	40	(2)
Measurement of food supply	42	(4)
Basal metabolic rate and food requirement	46	(3)
Morphology of herbivore digestion	49	(2)
Food passage rate and food requirement	51	(1)
Body size and diet selection	52	(1)
Indices of body condition	53	(6)
Summary	59	(1)
The ecology of behavior	60	(18)
Introduction	60	(1)
Diet selection	60	(6)
Optimal patch or habitat use	66	(3)
Risk-sensitive habitat use	69	(1)
Quantifying habitat preference using resource selection functions	70	(2)
Social behavior and foraging	72	(5)
Summary	77	(1)
Population growth	78	(12)
Introduction	78	(1)
Rate of increase	78	(4)
Fecundity rate	82	(1)
Mortality rate	82	(2)
Direct estimation of life-table parameters	84	(1)
Indirect estimation of life-table parameters	85	(2)
Relationship between parameters	87	(1)
Geometric or exponential population growth	88	(1)
Summary	89	(1)
Dispersal, dispersion, and distribution	90	(19)
Introduction	90	(1)
Dispersal	90	(2)
Dispersion	92	(1)
Distribution	93	(5)
Distribution, abundance, and range collapse	98	(1)
Species reintroductions or invasions	99	(5)
Dispersal and the sustainability of metapopulations	104	(4)
Summary	108	(1)
Population regulation, fluctuation, and competition within species	109	(26)
Introduction	109	(1)
Stability of populations	109	(2)
The theory of population limitation and regulation	111	(5)
Evidence for regulation	116	(4)
Applications of regulation	120	(1)
Logistic model of population regulation	121	(4)
Stability, cycles, and chaos	125	(6)
Intraspecific competition	131	(3)
Interactions of food, predators, and disease	134	(1)
Summary	134	(1)
Competition and facilitation between species	135	(28)
Introduction	135	(1)
Theoretical aspects of interspecific competition	136	(2)
Experimental demonstrations of competition	138	(5)
The concept of the niche	143	(3)
The competitive exclusion principle	146	(1)
Resource partitioning and habitat selection	146	(7)
Competition in variable environments	153	(1)
Apparent competition	153	(1)
Facilitation	154	(5)
Applied aspects of competition	159	(3)
Summary	162	(1)
Predation	163	(16)
Introduction	163	(1)
Predation and management	163	(1)
Definitions	163	(1)
The effect of predators on prey density	164	(1)
The behavior of predators	165	(4)
Numerical response of predators to prey density	169	(1)
The total response	170	(6)
Behavior of the prey	176	(2)
Summary	178	(1)
Parasites and pathogens	179	(17)
Introduction and definitions	179	(1)
Effects of parasites	179	(1)
The basic parameters of epidemiology	180	(3)
Determinants of spread	183	(1)
Endemic pathogens	184	(1)
Endemic pathogens: synergistic interactions with food and predators	184	(2)
Epizootic diseases	186	(1)
Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife	187	(1)
Parasites and the regulation of host populations	188	(2)
Parasites and host communities	190	(1)
Parasites and conservation	191	(3)
Parasites and control of pests	194	(1)
Summary	195	(1)
Consumer-resource dynamics	196	(21)
Introduction	196	(1)
Quality and quantity of a resource	196	(1)
Kinds of resources	196	(1)
Consumer--resource dynamics: general theory	197	(3)
Kangaroos and their food plants in semi-arid Australian savannas	200	(7)
Wolf--moose--woody plant dynamics in the boreal forest	207	(5)
Other population cycles	212	(3)
Summary	215	(2)
Part 2 Wildlife conservation and management	217	(168)
Counting animals	219	(25)
Introduction	219	(1)
Estimates	219	(1)
Total counts	219	(2)
Sampled counts: the logic	221	(5)
Sampled counts: methods and arithmetic	226	(9)
Indirect estimates of population size	235	(6)
Indices	241	(2)
Summary	243	(1)
Age and stage structure	244	(9)
Age-specific population models	244	(3)
Stage-specific models	247	(1)
Sensitivity and elasticity of matrix models	248	(3)
Short-term changes in structured populations	251	(1)
Summary	252	(1)
Model evaluation and adaptive management	253	(15)
Introduction	253	(1)
Fitting models to data and estimation of parameters	254	(2)
Measuring the likelihood of models in light of the observed data	256	(2)
Evaluating the likelihood of alternative models using AIC	258	(6)
Adaptive management	264	(3)
Summary	267	(1)
Experimental management	268	(21)
Introduction	268	(1)
Differentiating success from failure	268	(1)
Technical judgments can be tested	269	(3)
The nature of the evidence	272	(2)
Experimental and survey design	274	(5)
Some standard analyses	279	(8)
Summary	287	(2)
Conservation in theory	289	(23)
Introduction	289	(1)
Demographic problems contributing to risk of extinction	289	(2)
Genetic problems contributing to risk of extinction	291	(6)
Effective population size (genetic)	297	(1)
Effective population size (demographic)	298	(1)
How small is too small?	299	(1)
Population viability analysis	300	(5)
Extinction caused by environmental change	305	(5)
Summary	310	(2)
Conservation in practice	312	(23)
Introduction	312	(1)
How populations go extinct	312	(9)
How to prevent extinction	321	(2)
Rescue and recovery of near extinctions	323	(1)
Conservation in national parks and reserves	324	(8)
Community conservation outside national parks and reserves	332	(1)
International conservation	332	(2)
Summary	334	(1)
Wildlife harvesting	335	(20)
Introduction	335	(1)
Fixed quota harvesting strategy	335	(6)
Fixed proportion harvesting strategy	341	(3)
Fixed escapement harvesting strategy	344	(2)
Harvesting in practice: recreational	346	(1)
Harvesting in practice: commercial	346	(1)
Age- or sex-biased harvesting	347	(1)
Bioeconomics	347	(5)
Game cropping and the discount rate	352	(1)
Summary	353	(2)
Wildlife control	355	(10)
Introduction	355	(1)
Definitions	355	(1)
Effects of control	356	(1)
Objectives of control	356	(1)
Determining whether control is appropriate	357	(1)
Methods of control	358	(6)
Summary	364	(1)
Ecosystem management and conservation	365	(20)
Introduction	365	(1)
Definitions	365	(1)
Gradients of communities	366	(1)
Niches	366	(1)
Food webs and intertrophic interactions	366	(2)
Community features and management consequences	368	(2)
Multiple states	370	(1)
Regulation of top-down and bottom-up processes	371	(2)
Ecosystem consequences of bottom-up processes	373	(1)
Ecosystem disturbance and heterogeneity	374	(2)
Ecosystem management at multiple scales	376	(1)
Biodiversity	377	(2)
Island biogeography and dynamic processes of diversity	379	(2)
Ecosystem function	381	(2)
Summary	383	(2)
Appendices	385	(4)
Glossary	389	(12)
References	401	(49)
Index	450