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Dr. John R. Wallace, Ph.D., D-ABFE, F-AAFS, is one of 15 board-certified forensic entomologists and a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Entomology. Dr. Wallace is a Professor of Biology and focuses on teaching courses in Entomology, Aquatic Biology, Aquatic Entomology, Forensic Entomology, Forensic Science, and Ecology and Evolution. His research interests cover topics such as mosquito and disease ecology as well as mosquito and blackfly surveillance, and the role of aquatic organisms such as insects, algae and crayfish on decomposition within forensic science.
As a forensic entomologist, Dr. Wallace has participated in criminal investigations all over the country since 1995. He has taught forensic entomology courses at the University level and workshops at various universities to law enforcement throughout the United States, published more than 45 articles or book chapters in National/International journals. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Forensic Science and an active member since 2002. Dr. Wallace is a co-founder and past President of the North American Forensic Entomology Association (NAFEA) in 2005 as well as the editor-elect for the NAFEA newsletter.
Developments in Forensic Science | p. xiii |
About the Editors | p. xv |
List of Contributors | p. xvii |
Foreword | p. xxiii |
Acknowledgements | p. xxv |
Wildlife Ownership | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Ancient Rome and the Concept of Res Nullius | p. 2 |
Common Law England: The King’s Ownership | p. 3 |
The New World: Hunting for the Market | p. 5 |
Management: The Property Right of States | p. 8 |
Federal Law and the Regulatory State | p. 10 |
Globalization: Working toward Worldwide Conservation Practices | p. 11 |
Conclusion | p. 13 |
Cases Cited | p. 13 |
References | p. 13 |
Society for Wildlife Forensic Science | p. 15 |
Introduction | p. 15 |
Formation of the Society | p. 19 |
The Code of Ethics | p. 22 |
Membership of the Society | p. 24 |
Member Labs | p. 25 |
Proficiency Program | p. 25 |
Scientific Working Group for Wildlife Forensic Sciences (SWGWILD) | p. 29 |
Conclusion | p. 32 |
References | p. 33 |
The Application of Forensic Science to Wildlife Evidence | p. 35 |
Introduction | p. 35 |
Overview of Forensic Science | p. 37 |
Enforcement of Wildlife Protection Policy | p. 44 |
Development of Wildlife Forensic Laboratories | p. 45 |
Current Perceptions | p. 47 |
Conclusion | p. 48 |
Acknowledgements | p. 49 |
References | p. 49 |
Defining a Crime Scene and Physical Evidence Collection | p. 51 |
Introduction | p. 51 |
Definition of a Crime Scene | p. 51 |
Questions to Be Asked | p. 52 |
Scene Priority | p. 52 |
First Responding Officer | p. 53 |
Securing the Scene | p. 53 |
Chain of Custody | p. 55 |
Processing the Scene | p. 55 |
Initial Documentation | p. 56 |
Scene Documentation | p. 58 |
Remains in an Aquatic Environment | p. 60 |
Collection of Evidence | p. 61 |
Review of Scene Processing | p. 62 |
Final Inspection | p. 62 |
References | p. 63 |
Forensic Evidence Collection and Cultural Motives for Animal Harvesting | p. 65 |
Introduction | p. 65 |
Wild Animals as Pharmacopeias | p. 66 |
Trade in Wild Animals | p. 67 |
Recovering Evidence at Poaching Scenes | p. 68 |
Locating the Burial: Anomalies on the Surface | p. 71 |
Acknowledgements | p. 76 |
References | p. 76 |
Forensic Entomology and Wildlife | p. 81 |
Introduction | p. 81 |
Application of Forensic Entomology to Wildlife Crimes | p. 82 |
Arthropods Commonly Encountered | p. 86 |
Diptera | p. 88 |
Coleoptera | p. 95 |
Sampling | p. 98 |
Conclusion | p. 100 |
Appendix | p. 101 |
Acknowledgements | p. 102 |
References | p. 102 |
Wildlife Forensic Pathology and Toxicology in Wound Analysis and Pesticide Poisoning | p. 109 |
Introduction | p. 109 |
Wound Analysis | p. 109 |
Wildlife Poisoning by Insecticides | p. 121 |
Wildlife Poisoning by Rodenticides | p. 123 |
References | p. 125 |
The Use of Hair Morphology in the Identification of Mammals | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
Types of Hair | p. 130 |
Hair Structure | p. 131 |
Techniques for Studying Hair Structure | p. 140 |
Conclusion | p. 142 |
References | p. 142 |
Plants and Wildlife Forensics | p. 145 |
Introduction | p. 145 |
Plants as Trace Evidence | p. 145 |
Poisonous Plants | p. 149 |
The Basics of Collecting and Preserving Botanical Evidence | p. 153 |
Finding a Forensic Botanist | p. 156 |
Conclusion | p. 156 |
Acknowledgements | p. 157 |
References | p. 157 |
Identification of Reptile Skin Products Using Scale Morphology | p. 161 |
Introduction | p. 161 |
International Trade in Reptile Skins | p. 162 |
Challenges to Species Identification of Reptile Skin Products | p. 166 |
Species and Products Represented in the Reptile Skin Trade | p. 168 |
Reptile Scale Morphology Basics and Current Limitations | p. 170 |
Identifying Features of Major Reptile Groups | p. 178 |
Conclusion | p. 194 |
Acknowledgements | p. 195 |
References | p. 195 |
Best Practices in Wildlife Forensic DNA | p. 201 |
Introduction | p. 201 |
The Need for Appropriate Standards | p. 203 |
Wildlife Forensic DNA Best Practices | p. 206 |
Standards and Guidelines for Wildlife Forensics | p. 206 |
Training | p. 208 |
Case File | p. 209 |
Laboratory Facility (QA) | p. 213 |
Validation | p. 214 |
Laboratory Protocols | p. 216 |
Data Analysis | p. 218 |
Interpretation Guidelines | p. 220 |
Vouchers/Reference Samples | p. 221 |
Species Identification | p. 224 |
Reporting | p. 224 |
Contents of the Case Report | p. 225 |
Review | p. 226 |
Court Testimony | p. 229 |
The Way Forward | p. 230 |
Note | p. 230 |
Acknowledgements | p. 230 |
References | p. 231 |
Statistics for Wildlife Forensic DNA | p. 237 |
Introduction | p. 237 |
The Central Problem | p. 238 |
Genetic Sampling | p. 241 |
Lineage Markers | p. 242 |
Relatedness | p. 245 |
Inbreeding | p. 247 |
Testing for Allele Independence | p. 248 |
Assignment testing | p. 250 |
Conclusion | p. 251 |
References | p. 252 |
Forensic DNA Analysis of Wildlife Evidence | p. 253 |
Introduction | p. 253 |
DNA Isolation and Handling | p. 254 |
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | p. 255 |
Sample Speciation | p. 256 |
Minisatellites (VNTRs) | p. 256 |
Mitochondrial Markers (mtDNA) | p. 257 |
Additional Genetic Speciation Methods | p. 259 |
Limitations of Genetic Speciation | p. 260 |
Sample Sexing | p. 261 |
Sample Individualization | p. 262 |
Sample Localization | p. 263 |
Validation of Wildlife Forensic Techniques | p. 264 |
Court Admissibility | p. 266 |
Conclusion | p. 266 |
Cases Cited | p. 266 |
References | p. 267 |
DNA Applications and Implementation | p. 271 |
Introduction | p. 271 |
History | p. 272 |
Questions and Techniques: Wildlife Crime Issues | p. 272 |
Species Identification | p. 273 |
Identification of Geographic Origin | p. 275 |
Individual Identification | p. 279 |
Exclusion | p. 280 |
Practical Applications | p. 282 |
Sample Types for DNA Analysis | p. 282 |
Laboratory Models: Individual Facilities | p. 283 |
Future Developments | p. 287 |
Summary | p. 288 |
References | p. 289 |
Conservation Genetics and Wildlife Forensics of Birds | p. 293 |
Introduction | p. 293 |
Avian Genetics | p. 295 |
Avian Taxonomy, Legislation and Conservation | p. 299 |
Avian Wildlife Forensics: A Range of Applications | p. 302 |
Conservation Genetics and Wildlife Forensics: Identification Using DNA | p. 307 |
Conclusion | p. 315 |
References | p. 317 |
Wildlife Forensics in Thailand: Utilization of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences | p. 327 |
Introduction | p. 327 |
DNA Extraction and Amplification | p. 327 |
DNA Sequencing | p. 328 |
Origin Identification | p. 328 |
Species and Subspecies Identification | p. 328 |
Results of the Investigations | p. 330 |
Conclusion | p. 338 |
Acknowledgements | p. 341 |
References | p. 341 |
The Future of Wildlife Forensic Science | p. 343 |
Introduction | p. 343 |
Technical Challenges | p. 344 |
Enhancing Wildlife Protection by Integrating Forensic Science and the Law | p. 350 |
The U.S. Endangered Species Act and the Limits of Science | p. 351 |
The Future of Forensic Scientists and the Laboratories in which They Work | p. 353 |
Conclusion | p. 355 |
Acknowledgments | p. 356 |
References | p. 356 |
Index | p. 359 |
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