Wildlife Issues in a Changing World, Second Edition

by Sanderson; James

• ISBN13: 9781566703512
• ISBN10: 1566703514
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 1998-08-18
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Students of conservation encounter some of the most complex issues on our planet. The resolution of existing problems become more complex when humans create further stresses on the natural balance. Moulton and Sanderson brought the challenging issues in wildlife conservation into greater clarity in Wildlife Issues in a Changing World.The Second Edition of this definitive reference focuses more closely on the causes of wildlife issues. The examination of Jared Diamond's "Evil Quartet" (the four principal causes of extinction) provides a framework for categorizing and resolving these issues. The authors encourage the use of the scientific method basis for resolution - especially where environmental laws have failed.The three new chapters provide further counterpoints to preconceived notions. A two-part history of wildlife in the U.S. shows how wildlife had already been decimated by the year 1900. "Can Humans Manage Wildlife?" questions efforts to revive endangered species, acts which may inadvertently jeopardize the survival of other life.Viewing the natural order from prehistoric times to the present, Wildlife Issues in a Changing World, Second Edition gives students and instructors an all-encompassing introduction to past relations between humans and nature; explorations of current threats to species and their habitats; and recent "novel solutions," where humanity and industry have made adjustments to protect the natural order. Professionals will also find invaluable reminders of the importance of their work - the continuation and endurance of wildlife everywhere on Earth.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
About the Authors	xvii
Introduction	1	(18)
Wildlife Issues	1	(4)
The Problem with ``Belief''	5	(1)
Resolving Issues	6	(1)
The Scientific Method	6	(1)
Testing Hypotheses with Experiments	7	(3)
The Importance of History	10	(2)
The Evil Quartet: A Framework for Wildlife Issues	12	(2)
Using the World Wide Web	14	(4)
Exercises	18	(1)
Literature Cited	18	(1)
Wildlife Laws	19	(50)
Chronology of Important Laws	19	(5)
Definitions	24	(2)
United States Code	26	(4)
International Conventions and Agreements	30	(2)
Examples of U.S. Codes	32	(21)
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	53	(7)
Example of a ``Take'' Permit Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973	60	(1)
Animal Rights Groups	61	(2)
Cites Participating Nations as of January 1998	63	(2)
Exercises	65	(2)
Literature Cited	67	(2)
Examples of Wildlife Issues	69	(42)
Sample Wildlife Issues	70	(31)
Butterflies	70	(2)
Parrots	72	(2)
Wolves	74	(1)
Corals	75	(1)
Spiders	76	(1)
Manatees	76	(1)
Cockatoos	77	(1)
Wildebeest	77	(2)
Sea Turtles	79	(1)
Sharks	80	(1)
Jellyfish	81	(1)
Alligators	81	(1)
Harp Seals	82	(1)
Reptiles	83	(1)
Iguanas	84	(1)
Rio Grande Silvery Minnow	84	(1)
Semi-Tropical Insects	85	(1)
Australian Reptiles	86	(1)
Frog Gigging	86	(1)
European Birds	87	(1)
Kangaroo Rats	87	(1)
Snail Darters	87	(1)
Pandas	88	(1)
Whales	89	(1)
Kangaroos	90	(1)
Tropical Fish	90	(1)
Bears	91	(1)
Elephants	92	(1)
Saiga	92	(2)
Snakes and Frogs	94	(1)
Passenger Pigeons	94	(1)
Caimans	95	(1)
Fish Stocks	96	(1)
Wild Horses: Introduced Species	97	(1)
Recipe for Sea Turtles in The Joy of Cooking	97	(1)
Louisiana Oysters	98	(1)
Elimination of Cats from Australia	98	(1)
Tropical Fish	99	(1)
Amerindians	100	(1)
Pollinators	100	(1)
Historical Perspectives on Wildlife Issues	101	(6)
Wildlife Issues in a Changing World	107	(1)
Exercises	107	(2)
Literature Cited	109	(2)
What Is Wildlife?	111	(22)
Classifying Wildlife	112	(1)
Species	113	(1)
The Five Kingdoms	114	(1)
Kingdom Monera: Bacteria and Blue-Green Algae	115	(1)
Kingdom Protista: Unicellular Algae and Protozoans	116	(1)
Kingdom Fungi: Mushrooms, Blights, Rusts, and Molds	117	(3)
Kingdom Plantae	120	(5)
Kingdom Animalia	125	(5)
Exercises	130	(1)
Literature Cited	131	(2)
Genetic Diversity	133	(14)
Inheritance at the Individual Level	133	(3)
Inheritance at the Population Level	136	(2)
Evolutionary Forces	138	(3)
Quantitative Genetics	141	(2)
The Value of Genetic Theory	143	(1)
Exercises	144	(1)
Literature Cited	145	(2)
Origin and Distribution of Biodiversity	147	(14)
The Origin of Biodiversity	148	(8)
Modern Distribution and Abundance	156	(2)
Exercises	158	(1)
Literature Cited	159	(2)
The Evil Quartet	161	(14)
The Way Things Were	161	(3)
Documented Extinctions	164	(4)
Extinction Rates	168	(3)
Exercises	171	(1)
Literature Cited	172	(3)
Evil Quartet 1: Overexploitation	175	(24)
Bison in North America	176	(17)
Horsefield's Tortoises	193	(2)
Native American Tribal Supporters of the Effort to Bring Back the Bison	195	(1)
Exercises	196	(1)
Literature Cited	197	(2)
Evil Quartet 2: Habitat Fragmentation and Destruction	199	(12)
Siberia	200	(2)
Aral Sea	202	(1)
Tropical Forests	203	(1)
Citrus and Scrub Jays	204	(1)
Coral Reefs	205	(2)
Forest Birds and Forest Fragmentation	207	(1)
Exercises	208	(1)
Literature Cited	209	(2)
Evil Quartet 3: Introduced Species	211	(18)
The Origin of Introduced Species	213	(1)
Some Taxa Are More Successful than Others	214	(1)
Environmental Conditions and Nonindigenous Species	215	(1)
Costs of Nonindigenous Species	216	(2)
Ecological Impacts	218	(2)
Ecological and Economic Impacts Are Not Independent	220	(1)
Some Introductions Succeed and Others Fail	220	(1)
Some Regions Are More Vulnerable to Introductions than Others	221	(2)
Introductions and Management of Endangered Species	223	(1)
Exercises	224	(1)
Literature Cited	224	(5)
Evil Quartet 4: Chains of Extinction	229	(6)
Hawaiian Birds	230	(1)
Pollinators and Flowering Plants	230	(1)
Evil Quartet Synergism	231	(1)
Exercises	232	(1)
Literature Cited	232	(3)
Harvesting of Wildlife	235	(16)
Subsistence Hunting: Hunting to Live	236	(2)
Wildlife for Sale	238	(2)
Commercial Harvest of Wildlife in North America	240	(2)
Fur Industry	240	(1)
The Passenger Pigeon	241	(1)
Waterfowl	241	(1)
Commercial Harvesting of Wildlife in Other Nations	242	(2)
Kangaroos	242	(1)
Introduced Deer in New Zealand	243	(1)
European Hares in Argentina	243	(1)
Crocidilians and Sea Turtles	244	(1)
Sponges	244	(1)
Illegal Trade	244	(2)
Recreational or Sport Hunting: Living to Hunt	246	(1)
Special Hunts	247	(1)
Alligators in Florida	247	(1)
Rattlesnake Roundups	248	(1)
Summary	248	(1)
Exercises	249	(1)
Literature Cited	249	(2)
Remembering History: The Eastern U.S. Experience	251	(34)
Maine	253	(6)
New Jersey	259	(4)
Pennsylvania	263	(3)
Florida	266	(10)
Sandhill Cranes	269	(1)
Freshwater Fish	270	(1)
Florida Panthers	271	(3)
Frog Gigging	274	(1)
Rabies and Small Mammals	274	(1)
Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers	275	(1)
Maine's Threatened and Endagered Species and Their Federal Status as of September 1, 1995	276	(1)
New Jersey's Threatened and Endangered Species and Their Federal Status as of June 3, 1991	277	(2)
Exercises	279	(3)
Literature Cited	282	(3)
From Exploitation to Reintroduction: Wildlife in the Western United States	285	(32)
California	285	(3)
Arizona	288	(2)
Arizona Heritage Fund	288	(1)
California Condor Program	289	(1)
Colorado	290	(3)
New Mexico	293	(8)
Summary and Synthesis of State Wildlife Programs	301	(2)
California's Threatened and Endangered Species and Their Federal Status as of October 1, 1996	303	(4)
Arizona's Species of Special Concern	307	(3)
Colorado's Threatened and Endangered Species	310	(1)
Threatened and Endangered Species of New Mexico	311	(3)
Exercises	314	(1)
Literature Cited	315	(2)
Global Perspectives of Wildlife	317	(34)
Dusky Seaside Sparrow	318	(3)
Fishing in U.S. and International Waters	321	(3)
Introduced Fish	324	(1)
Amphibian Populations Decline Worldwide	325	(1)
Raptors	326	(2)
Northern White Rhinoceros	328	(1)
Manatees	329	(6)
Rattlesnake Roundup	335	(1)
Zebra Mussels	336	(1)
Grizzly Bears	337	(2)
Southwestern Willow Flycatchers	339	(1)
Locusts	340	(1)
Mexican Wolves	340	(1)
California Gnatcatcher	340	(1)
Killer Bees	341	(1)
Exotics	341	(1)
Pets	342	(1)
Poaching	342	(2)
Voting Issues and Human Values	344	(2)
Wildlife Services	346	(1)
Management Practices	347	(1)
Community Growth	348	(1)
Exercises	348	(1)
Literature Cited	349	(2)
Oceanic International Issues	351	(12)
Harp Seals and Atlantic Cod	351	(6)
Historical Seal Hunting	357	(2)
The Bounty of the Sea	359	(1)
Walrus	359	(1)
Exercises	360	(1)
Literature Cited	360	(3)
An In-Depth Study of Irian Jaya	363	(18)
Paradise and Paradise Lost	364	(7)
Transmigration	371	(1)
Natural Resource Exploitation	372	(2)
Refugees from Irian Jaya Enter Papua New Guinea	374	(2)
Indigenous Sustainability	376	(1)
Nobel Peace Prize	376	(1)
Exercises	377	(1)
Literature Cited	378	(3)
An In-Depth Case Study of Gorillas	381	(26)
Conservation, Science, and Wildlife Issues	382	(2)
Mountain Gorillas	384	(3)
Eastern Lowland Gorillas	387	(4)
Western Lowland Gorillas	391	(1)
Recent Taxonomic Status	392	(3)
Primate Conservation Crisis	395	(4)
Current Issues in Gorilla Conservation	399	(6)
Exercises	405	(1)
Literature Cited	406	(1)
Can Humans Manage Wildlife?	407	(28)
Nuisance Wildlife	410	(2)
Too Much of a Good Thing	412	(7)
Raccoons and Tortoise Eggs	412	(1)
Blue Jays and Warblers	413	(1)
Canada Geese	413	(1)
Beavers	414	(1)
Coyotes	415	(1)
Exotics	415	(1)
The Ecology of Too Many Deer	415	(4)
The Complexity of Nature and the American Woodcock	419	(3)
Understanding the Past and Predicting the Future: The Return of Predators	422	(1)
The History of Wildlife	423	(4)
Trends in the Politics of Wildlife and Habitat	427	(4)
Exercises	431	(2)
Literature Cited	433	(2)
Novel Solutions	435	(34)
National Parks	436	(1)
``Hot Spots'' of Diversity	437	(1)
Man and the Biosphere	438	(3)
Tigers	441	(2)
Butterflies	443	(1)
Pacific Salmon	444	(3)
Private Sector Cooperation	447	(4)
Crested Caracara	447	(3)
Ecotourism	450	(1)
Project SAFEGUARD IN ALASKA	450	(1)
Sustainable Development	451	(7)
South American Vicunas and Guanacos	455	(1)
Green Iguanas	456	(1)
Howler Monkey sanctuary	456	(1)
New Initiatives	457	(1)
Animal Rights Activists and Endangered Species	457	(1)
Teaming with Wildlife	458	(3)
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Corporate Wildlife Stewardship Award	461	(1)
Americans and Wildlife	462	(1)
The Next 50 Years	463	(2)
Exercises	465	(1)
Literature Cited	466	(3)
Epilogue	469	(10)
Wildlife Restoration Works	469	(2)
Not All Wildlife Issues Involve Population Declines---Some Involve Population Explosions	471	(1)
Overkill, Agriculture, and Wildlife Issues	472	(5)
There Are at Least Two Sides to Every Issue and There Must be a Balance in the Resolution	477	(1)
Literature Cited	478	(1)
Index	479