Wills' Biochemical Basis of Medicine

by Gillham, Brian; Papachristodoulou, Despo K.; Thomas, J. Hywel

• ISBN13: 9780750620130
• ISBN10: 0750620137
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-04-10
• Publisher: Hodder Education Publishers

Summary

In this new edition the authors have substantially rewritten text and added new chapters on recombinant DNA and genetic engineering, free radicals in health and disease, metabolism in injury and trauma, diabetes mellitus and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis A thorough understanding of biochemistry is increasingly important to the practice of clinical medicine. This comprehensive book provides a text that sets biochemistry in the context of systems teaching for students in basic medical and dental sciences, the clinical sciences and allied health sciences.

Author Biography

Brian Gillham, PhD, isReader in Endocrine Biochemistry, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, London, UK.
Despo Papachristodoulou, MSc PhD, is Lecturer in Biochemistry, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, London, UK.
Hywel Thomas, PhD FIBiol CBiol, is Dean, Senior Lecturer in Biochemistry, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, London, UK.

Table of Contents

Preface to the third edition	xiii	(2)
Preface to the second edition	xv	(1)
Preface to the first edition	xvi	(1)
Acknowledgements	xvii
Part 1 Cellular and molecular biology	3	(76)
Chapter 1 What happens where in the living mammalian cell?	3	(9)
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Size of cells
1.3 Methods of studying cell structure and function
1.4 The cellular organelles
Chapter 2 Roles of extracellular and intracellular membranes: membrane structure and membrane' transport	12	(8)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Membrane composition
2.3 Membrane structure
2.4 Types of membrane proteins: their functional roles
Chapter 3 Biochemical communication	20	(10)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The nature of cellular responses to external signals
3.3 Properties of molecules used for extracellular signalling
3.4 Receptors for molecules used for signalling
3.5 Diseases resulting from dysfunctions in biochemical communication
Chapter 4 Cellular organelles: the nucleus	30	(11)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure of the nucleus
4.3 DNA synthesis (replication)
4.4 RNA synthesis (transcription)
4.5 Reverse transcription
4.6 A dynamic model for the flow of genetic information
4.7 NAD+ synthesis
4.8 The cell cycle
Chapter 5 Cellular organelles: mitochondria and energy conservation	41	(15)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mitochondria in representative cells
5.3 Structure, composition and general functions of mitochondria
5.4 The oxidative pathways of mitochondria
5.5 Oxidative phosphorylation
5.6 Relation of mitochondrial oxidations to cellular metabolism
5.7 Replication of mitochondria
5.8 Mitochondrial diseases
Chapter 6 The cytosol	56	(12)
6.1 Composition of the cytosol
6.2 Functions of the cytosol: intermediary metabolism
6.3 Protein synthesis
Chapter 7 Cellular organelles: the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus	68	(5)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Protein targeting
Chapter 8 Cellular organelles: lysosomes	73	(6)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Origin of lysosomal enzymes
8.3 Nature and properties of lysosomal enzymes
8.4 The life cycle of the lysosome
8.5 Functions of lysosomes in the tissues
8.6 Lysosomal storage diseases
Part 2 Human metabolism and nutrition	79	(126)
Chapter 9 Plasma glucose and its regulation	79	(6)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Maintenance of glucose concentration in the fasting state
9.3 Insulin release in the fed state
9.4 Tissue response to increased plasma insulin and glucose concentrations
9.5 The role of glucagon
9.6 Carbohydrate metabolism in the fetus and newborn
9.7 Metabolism of fructose and galactose
9.8 Circulating glucose under stressful conditions
Chapter 10 Plasma lipids and their regulation	85	(14)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of plasma lipids
10.3 Lipid transport in the fed state
10.4 Lipid transport in the fasting state
10.5 Fatty livers
10.6 Cholesterol homeostasis
10.7 Importance of elevated concentrations of plasma lipids in atheromatous vascular disease
10.8 Factors leading to raised plasma lipid levels
10.9 The use of cholesterol-lowering drugs
10.10 Lipoprotein (a): an association with atheromatous vascular disease
Chapter 11 Plasma amino acids and utilization of amino acids by the tissues	99	(7)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Utilization of amino acids by humans
11.3 The effect of dietary proteins on plasma amino acid concentrations
11.4 The utilization of branched-chain amino acids in muscle and formation of alanine and glutamine
11.5 The induction of amino acid catabolizing enzymes
11.6 Hormonal regulation of plasma amino acids
11.7 Intracellular turnovers of proteins: the role of ubiquitin
Chapter 12 Plasma calcium and phosphate homeostasis	106	(10)
12.1 Introduction: importance of calcium and phosphate in the body
12.2 Plasma calcium concentration
12.3 Calcium and phosphate requirements and body balance
12.4 Calcium intake and absorption
12.5 Regulation of plasma calcium levels
12.6 Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
12.7 Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTH-rP)
12.8 Calcitonin
12.9 Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
12.10 Inter relationships of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in the regulation of plasma calcium concentration
12.11 Functions of vitamin D not related to calcium homeostasis
12.12 Disorders of calcium homeostasis
Chapter 13 Digestion and absorption of foodstuffs	116	(10)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The role of digestive organs
13.3 Digestive processes
13.4 Digestive secretions
13.5 Control of digestive secretions: the gastrointestinal hormones
13.6 Carbohydrate digestion and absorption
13.7 Protein digestion and absorption
13.8 Fat digestion and absorption
13.9 Bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract
13.10 Malabsorption syndromes
Chapter 14 Nutrition: general aspects	126	(9)
14.1 Diet and health
14.2 The need for energy and nutrients
14.3 Dietary requirements
14.4 Nutritional problems in modern society and guidelines for a healthy diet
14.5 The toxicity of food: food additives and contaminants
14.6 Causes of malnutrition
14.7 Assessment of nutritional status
Chapter 15 Nutrition: energy	135	(7)
15.1 Forms and units of energy
15.2 Energy supply and utilization
15.3 Energy expenditure
15.4 Energy requirements
15.5 Energy balance and control of body weight
Chapter 16 Nutrition: proteins	142	(4)
16.1 The need for protein in the diet
16.2 Protein turnover
16.3 Nitrogen balance
16.4 Protein content of food
16.5 Protein utilization and protein quality
16.6 Protein requirements
Chapter 17 Nutrition: lipids and carbohydrates	146	(12)
17.1 Dietary lipid
17.2 Essential fatty acids
17.3 Deficiency of essential fatty acids
17.4 Functions of essential fatty acids
17.5 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid peroxidation
17.6 `Trans' unsaturated fatty acids
17.7 Dietary lipid and cardiovascular disease
17.8 Dietary lipid and cancer
17.9 Dietary carbohydrate
17.10 Dietary carbohydrate and disease
Chapter 18 Nutrition: obesity and starvation	158	(13)
18.1 The incidence of obesity
18.2 Classification and measurement of obesity
18.3 Obesity as a health risk
18.4 The causes of obesity
18.5 The treatment of obesity
18.6 Starvation: metabolic adaptation
18.7 Clinical aspects of starvation: starvation as a result of a medical condition
18.8 Starvation in childhood: protein-energy malnutrition (growth failure, marasmus and kwashiorkor)
Chapter 19 Nutrition: vitamins	171	(11)
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Vitamin classification and nomenclature
19.3 Vitamin A
19.4 The B group of vitamins
Chapter 20 Nutrition: inorganic constituents of the diet	182	(4)
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Metals found in the human body
20.3 Factors affecting metal requirements
20.4 Dietary requirements for metal ions
20.5 Roles of metal ions
20.6 Anions in the diet
Chapter 21 Nutrition: iron and iron metabolism	186	(10)
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Iron balance
21.3 The absorption of dietary iron and its control
21.4 Iron transport: transferrin
21.5 Iron Storage: ferritin and haemosiderin
21.6 The kinetics of iron
21.7 Valency of iron during metabolism
21.8 Intracellular iron homeostasis
21.9 Iron pathology
Chapter 22 Nutrition: folate and vitamin B(12)	196	(9)
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Absorption and distribution of folate and vitamin B(12)
22.3 Interrelationships between folate and vitamin B(12)
22.4 Modes of action of folate and vitamin B(12)
22.5 Causes and effects of deficiency of folate and vitamin B(12)
Part 3 Specialized metabolism of tissues	205	(138)
Chapter 23 Blood: metabolism in the red blood cell	205	(4)
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Role of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway
23.3 The role of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
23.4 The role of glutathione and NADPH
23.5 Genetic disorders: enzyme deficiencies
Chapter 24 Blood: blood clotting	209	(10)
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Physiological events in blood clotting
24.3 The opposing roles of thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) and prostacyclin (PGI(2)) in platelet aggregation: the anti-clotting effects of aspirin
24.4 An overview of the biochemical events in the clotting process
24.5 The intrinsic pathway
24.6 The extrinsic pathway
24.7 The common pathway of blood clotting
24.8 Factors that limit the growth of clots
24.9 Fibrinolysis
24.10 Diseases affecting blood clotting
Chapter 25 The liver	219	(11)
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Structure of the liver
25.3 Metabolic roles of the liver: general considerations
25.4 The role of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism
25.5 The role of the liver in fat metabolism
25.6 The role of the liver in amino acid metabolism
25.7 The role of the liver in protein synthesis
25.8 The role of the liver in storage
25.9 The role of the liver in providing digestive secretions
25.10 The excretory role of the liver
25.11 Ethanol and the liver
Chapter 26 The kidney	230	(12)
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Structure of the kidney
26.3 Functional activity
26.4 The glomerular capillary basement membrane in health and disease
26.5 Composition of urine
26.6 Energy provision in the kidney
26.7 Water absorption
26.8 Absorption of electrolytes
26.9 Absorption of glucose
26.10 Absorption of amino acids
26.11 Regulation of pH
26.12 The kidney and erythropoiesis
Chapter 27 Muscle	242	(13)
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Structure of skeletal muscle
27.3 Composition of muscle fibres
27.4 Mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction
27.5 Sources of energy for muscle contraction
27.6 Cardiac muscle
27.7 Smooth muscle
27.8 Muscle disorders: muscular dystrophy
Chapter 28 The endocrine tissues	255	(24)
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Structural relationship between the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland and target organs
28.3 Biosynthesis of peptide hormones
28.4 Hormones of the hypothalamus
28.5 Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
28.6 Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland
28.7 Hormones of the pancreas
28.8 Hormones of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
28.9 Hormones of the adrenal medulla
28.10 Steroidogenic organs
28.11 Disorders of steroid hormone production and action
Chapter 29 Bone	279	(10)
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Bone structure
29.3 Bone mineral
29.4 Bone matrix: collagens
29.5 Bone matrix: non-collagen, calcium-binding proteins
29.6 Collagen biosynthesis
29.7 Collagen diseases
29.8 Bone formation and growth
29.9 Mineralization of bone
29.10 Bone remodelling and repair
29.11 Metabolic bone disorders
Chapter 30 The brain	289	(19)
30.1 Introduction
30.2 The cell types of the brain
30.3 The synapse
30.4 Excitation and conduction
30.5 Chemical transmission and transmitters
30.6 Myelin
30.7 Metabolism in the brain
Chapter 31 The eye	308	(9)
31.1 Introduction
31.2 The cornea
31.3 The lens
31.4 The retina
Chapter 32 The immune system	317	(26)
32.1 Introduction
32.2 The organization of the immune system
32.3 Antigens and antibodies
32.4 Antibody structure: the immunoglobulins
32.5 Complement
32.6 Cell-mediated immunity
32.7 The inflammatory response
Part 4 Health, disease and the environment	343	(56)
Chapter 33 Free radicals in health and disease	343	(12)
33.1 The nature of free radicals and the generation of reactive oxygen species
33.2 Targets for attack by reactive oxygen species: polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins and DNA
33.3 Antioxidant defence mechanisms
33.4 Free radical involvement in disease
33.5 Antioxidants as nutrients: vitamin E
33.6 Antioxidants as nutrients: vitamin C
Chapter 34 Toxicology: general principles	355	(3)
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Environmental chemicals
34.3 Biochemical damage caused by toxic substances
34.4 The ways in which the body handles foreign compounds
Chapter 35 Toxic metals	358	(9)
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Metal ion complexes and chelates
35.3 Protein-metal ion complexes
35.4 Copper
35.5 Toxicity of mercury
35.6 Toxicity of lead
35.7 Toxicity of aluminium
35.8 Radionuclides
35.9 Removal of toxic metals: chelation therapy
Chapter 36 Metabolism of foreign compounds	367	(11)
36.1 The nature of foreign compounds and their routes of entry into the body
36.2 General properties of the metabolites of foreign compounds
36.3 Central role of the liver in the metabolism of foreign compounds
36.4 Phase I and phase II reactions
36.5 Role of reductive processes
36.6 Hydrolysis of foreign compounds
36.7 Oxidative metabolism of foreign compounds
36.8 Conjugation reactions of foreign compounds
36.9 Induction of the metabolism of foreign compounds
36.10 Inter-ethnic variation in the metabolism of foreign compounds
Chapter 37 Multiple environmental challenges: cancer	378	(21)
37.1 Introduction: what is cancer?
37.2 Cancer as a multi-step disease
37.3 The transformation of cells to a cancerous phenotype
37.4 The nature of oncogenes
37.5 The nature of tumour-suppressor genes
37.6 Viral oncogenesis
37.7 Chemical carcinogenesis
37.8 The progression to cancer
37.9 Testing for mutagens: the Ames test
37.10 The treatment of cancer
37.11 Human cancer risk assessment
Part 5 A biochemical perspective on disease and its treatment	399	(54)
Chapter 38 Recombinant DNA and genetic engineering	399	(12)
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Techniques and enzymes used to manipulate DNA
38.3 Molecular analysis of inherited disease
38.4 Other medical applications of the polymerase chain reaction
Chapter 39 Biochemical principles underlying chemotherapy and drug resistance	411	(20)
39.1 Introduction
39.2 The discovery of drugs active against infectious agents
39.3 Sources of new drugs
39.4 The modes of action of drugs effective against pathogens
39.5 The occurrence of drug resistance in bacteria
39.6 Prevention of the symptoms of infectious diseases
39.7 Approaches to cancer chemotherapy
39.8 Resistance to the drugs used in cancer chemotherapy
Chapter 40 Metabolism in injury and trauma	431	(8)
40.1 Introduction: the causes and nature of injury
40.2 The phases of the metabolic response to injury
40.3 The ebb, or shock, phase
40.4 The flow, or catabolic, phase
40.5 The convalescent, or anabolic, phase
Chapter 41 Diabetes mellitus	439	(5)
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Two types of diabetes mellitus
41.3 Natural history of the disease
41.4 Deranged metabolism in diabetes mellitus
41.5 The biochemical basis for the complications of diabetes mellitus
41.6 Treatment
Chapter 42 Asthma	444	(5)
42.1 Introduction
42.2 The disease
42.3 The causes of asthma
42.4 Events triggered during the course of an asthmatic attack
42.5 Environmental agents in asthma
Chapter 43 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	449	(4)
43.1 Introduction
43.2 The disease
43.3 Possible causes of ALS
43.4 Inherited forms of ALS
43.5 Prospects for treatment
Index	453