Wind Energy Handbook

by Burton, Tony; Jenkins, Nick; Sharpe, David; Bossanyi, Ervin

• ISBN13: 9781119992714
• ISBN10: 1119992710
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2011-05-03
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Named as one of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles of 2012

Every year, Choice subject editors recognise the most significant print and electronic works reviewed in Choice during the previous calendar year. Appearing annually inChoice's January issue, this prestigious list of publications reflects the best in scholarly titles and attracts extraordinary attention from the academic library community.

The authoritative reference on wind energy, now fully revised and updated to include offshore wind power

A decade on from its first release, the Wind Energy Handbook, Second Edition, reflects the advances in technology underpinning the continued expansion of the global wind power sector. Harnessing their collective industrial and academic expertise, the authors provide a comprehensive introduction to wind turbine design and wind farm planning for onshore and offshore wind-powered electricity generation.

The major change since the first edition is the addition of a new chapter on offshore wind turbines and offshore wind farm development. Opening with a survey of the present state of offshore wind farm development, the chapter goes on to consider resource assessment and array losses. Then wave loading on support structures is examined in depth, including wind and wave load combinations and descriptions of applicable wave theories. After sections covering optimum machine size and offshore turbine reliability, the different types of support structure deployed to date are described in turn, with emphasis on monopiles, including fatigue analysis in the frequency domain. Final sections examine the assessment of environmental impacts and the design of the power collection and transmission cable network.

New coverage features:

• turbulence models updated to reflect the latest design standards, including an introduction to the Mann turbulence model
• extended treatment of horizontal axis wind turbines aerodynamics, now including a survey of wind turbine aerofoils, dynamic stall and computational fluid dynamics
• developments in turbine design codes
• techniques for extrapolating extreme loads from simulation results
• an introduction to the NREL cost model
• comparison of options for variable speed operation
• in-depth treatment of individual blade pitch control
• grid code requirements and the principles governing the connection of large wind farms to transmission networks
• four pages of full-colour pictures that illustrate blade manufacture, turbine construction and offshore support structure installation

Firmly established as an essential reference, Wind Energy Handbook, Second Edition will prove a real asset to engineers, turbine designers and wind energy consultants both in industry and research. Advanced engineering students and new entrants to the wind energy sector will also find it an invaluable resource.

Table of Contents

About the Authors

Preface to Second Edition

Acknowledgements for First Edition

Acknowledgements for Second Edition

List of Symbols

Figures C1 and C2 – Co-ordinate Systems

1 Introduction

1.1 Historical development

1.2 Modern wind turbines

1.3 Scope of the book

2 The wind resource

2.1 The nature of the wind

2.2 Geographical variation in the wind resource

2.3 Long-term wind speed variations

2.4 Annual and seasonal variations

2.5 Synoptic and diurnal variations

2.6 Turbulence

2.7 Gust wind speeds

2.8 Extreme wind speeds

2.9 Wind speed prediction and forecasting

2.10 Turbulence in wakes and wind farms

2.11 Turbulence in complex terrain

3 Aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The actuator disc concept

3.3 Rotor disc theory

3.4 Vortex cylinder model of the actuator disc

3.5 Rotor blade theory (blade-element/momentum theory)

3.6 Breakdown of the momentum theory

3.7 Blade geometry

3.8 The effects of a discrete number of blades

3.9 Stall delay

3.10 Calculated results for an actual turbine

3.11 The performance curves

3.12 Constant rotational speed operation

3.13 Pitch regulation

3.14 Comparison of measured with theoretical performance

3.15 Variable speed operation

3.16 Estimation of energy capture

3.17 Wind turbine aerofoil design

Appendix A3 lift and drag of aerofoils

A3.1 Definition of drag

A3.2 Drag coefficient

A3.3 The boundary layer

A3.4 Boundary layer separation

A3.5 Laminar and turbulent boundary layers

A3.6 Definition of lift and its relationship to circulation

A3.7 The stalled aerofoil

A3.9 Aerofoil drag characteristics

A3.10 Cambered aerofoils

4 Further aerodynamic topics for wind turbines

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The aerodynamics of turbines in steady yaw

4.3 The method of acceleration potential

4.4 Unsteady flow

4.5 Quasi-steady aerofoil aerodynamics

4.6 Dynamic stall

4.7 Computational fluid dynamics

5 Design loads for horizontal axis wind turbines

5.1 National and international standards

5.2 Basis for design loads

5.3 Turbulence and wakes

5.4 Extreme loads

5.5 Fatigue loading

5.6 Stationary blade loading

5.7 Blade loads during operation

5.8 Blade dynamic response

5.9 Blade fatigue stresses

5.10 Hub and low speed shaft loading

5.11 Nacelle loading

5.12 Tower loading

5.13 Wind turbine dynamic analysis codes

5.14 Extrapolation of extreme loads from simulations

Appendix 5: dynamic response of stationary blade in turbulent wind

A5.1 Introduction

A5.2 Frequency response function

A5.3 Resonant displacement response ignoring wind variations along the blade

A5.4 Effect of across-wind turbulence distribution on resonant displacement response

A5.5 Resonant root bending moment

A5.6 Root bending moment background response

A5.7 Peak response

A5.8 Bending moments at intermediate blade positions

6 Conceptual design of horizontal axis wind turbines

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Rotor diameter

6.3 Machine rating

6.4 Rotational speed

6.5 Number of blades

6.6 Teetering

6.7 Power control

6.8 Braking systems

6.9 Fixed speed, two speed or variable speed

6.10 Type of generator

6.11 Drive train mounting arrangement options

6.12 Drive train compliance

6.13 Rotor position with respect to tower

6.14 Tower stiffness

6.15 Personnel safety and access issues

7 Component design

7.1 Blades

7.2 Pitch bearings

7.3 Rotor hub

7.4 Gearbox

7.5 Generator

7.6 Mechanical brake

7.7 Nacelle bedplate

7.8 Yaw drive

7.9 Tower

7.10 Foundations

8 The controller

8.1 Functions of the wind turbine controller

8.2 Closed loop control: issues and objectives

8.3 Closed loop control: general techniques

8.4 Closed loop control: analytical design methods

8.5 Pitch actuators (see also, Chapter 6 Section 6.7.2)

8.6 Control system implementation

9 Wind turbine installations and wind farms

9.1 Project development

9.2 Landscape and visual impact assessment

9.3 Noise

9.4 Electromagnetic Interference

9.5 Ecological assessment

10 Wind energy and the electric power system

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Wind farm power collection systems

10.3 Earthing (grounding) of wind farms

10.4 Lightning protection

10.5 Connection of wind generation to distribution networks

10.6 Power system studies

10.7 Power quality

10.8 Electrical protection

10.9 Distributed generation and the Grid Codes

10.10 Wind energy and the generation system

Appendix A10 Simple calculations for the connection of wind turbines

A10.1 The Per-unit system

A10.2 Power flows, slow voltage variations and network losses

11 Offshore wind turbines and wind farms

11.1 Development of offshore wind energy

11.2 The offshore wind resource

11.3 Design loads

11.4 Machine size optimisation

11.5 Reliability of offshore wind turbines

11.6 Support structures

11.7 Environmental assessment of offshore wind farms

11.8 Offshore power collection and transmission

11.9 Operation and access

Appendix A11

References for table A11

Index