Wireless Communications

by Andrea Goldsmith

• ISBN13: 9780521837163
• ISBN10: 0521837162
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-08-08
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

Wireless technology is a truly revolutionary paradigm shift, enabling multimedia communications between people and devices from any location. It also underpins exciting applications such as sensor networks, smart homes, telemedicine, and automated highways. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the underlying theory, design techniques and analytical tools of wireless communications, focusing primarily on the core principles of wireless system design. The book begins with an overview of wireless systems and standards. The characteristics of the wireless channel are then described, including their fundamental capacity limits. Various modulation, coding, and signal processing schemes are then discussed in detail, including state-of-the-art adaptive modulation, multicarrier, spread spectrum, and multiple antenna techniques. The concluding chapters deal with multiuser communications, cellular system design, and ad-hoc network design. Design insights and tradeoffs are emphasized throughout the book. It contains many worked examples, over 200 figures, almost 300 homework exercises, over 700 references, and is an ideal textbook for students. The book is also a valuable reference for engineers in the wireless industry. Andrea Goldsmith received her Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, and is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. Prior to this she was an Assistant Professor at the California Institute of Technology. She has also held positions in industry at Maxim Technologies and AT&T Bell Laboratories. She is a Fellow of the IEEE, has received numerous other awards and honors, and is the author of over 150 technical papers in the field of wireless communications.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
List of Abbreviations	xxii
List of Notation	xxvii
Overview of Wireless Communications	1	(26)
History of Wireless Communications	1	(3)
Wireless Vision	4	(2)
Technical Issues	6	(2)
Current Wireless Systems	8	(13)
Cellular Telephone Systems	8	(5)
Cordless Phones	13	(2)
Wireless Local Area Networks	15	(1)
Wide Area Wireless Data Services	16	(1)
Broadband Wireless Access	17	(1)
Paging Systems	17	(1)
Satellite Networks	18	(1)
Low-Cost, Low-Power Radios: Bluetooth and ZigBee	19	(1)
Ultrawideband Radios	20	(1)
The Wireless Spectrum	21	(2)
Methods for Spectrum Allocation	21	(1)
Spectrum Allocations for Existing Systems	22	(1)
Standards	23	(4)
Problems	24	(2)
References	26	(1)
Path Loss and Shadowing	27	(37)
Radio Wave Propagation	28	(1)
Transmit and Receive Signal Models	29	(2)
Free-Space Path Loss	31	(2)
Ray Tracing	33	(9)
Two-Ray Model	34	(3)
Ten-Ray Model (Dielectric Canyon)	37	(1)
General Ray Tracing	38	(3)
Local Mean Received Power	41	(1)
Empirical Path-Loss Models	42	(4)
Okumura Model	42	(1)
Hata Model	43	(1)
Cost 231 Extension to Hata Model	44	(1)
Piecewise Linear (Multislope) Model	44	(1)
Indoor Attenuation Factors	45	(1)
Simplified Path-Loss Model	46	(2)
Shadow Fading	48	(3)
Combined Path Loss and Shadowing	51	(1)
Outage Probability under Path Loss and Shadowing	52	(1)
Cell Coverage Area	53	(11)
Problems	56	(4)
References	60	(4)
Statistical Multipath Channel Models	64	(35)
Time-Varying Channel Impulse Response	65	(5)
Narrowband Fading Models	70	(12)
Autocorrelation, Cross-Correlation, and Power Spectral Density	71	(7)
Envelope and Power Distributions	78	(1)
Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration	79	(3)
Finite-State Markov Channels	82	(1)
Wideband Fading Models	82	(10)
Power Delay Profile	86	(2)
Coherence Bandwidth	88	(2)
Doppler Power Spectrum and Channel Coherence Time	90	(1)
Transforms for Autocorrelation and Scattering Functions	91	(1)
Discrete-Time Model	92	(1)
Space-Time Channel Models	93	(6)
Problems	94	(3)
References	97	(2)
Capacity of Wireless Channels	99	(27)
Capacity in AWGN	100	(2)
Capacity of Flat Fading Channels	102	(14)
Channel and System Model	102	(1)
Channel Distribution Information Known	102	(1)
Channel Side Information at Receiver	103	(4)
Channel Side Information at Transmitter and Receiver	107	(6)
Capacity with Receiver Diversity	113	(1)
Capacity Comparisons	114	(2)
Capacity of Frequency-Selective Fading Channels	116	(10)
Time-Invariant Channels	116	(3)
Time-Varying Channels	119	(2)
Problems	121	(3)
References	124	(2)
Digital Modulation and Detection	126	(46)
Signal Space Analysis	127	(15)
Signal and System Model	128	(1)
Geometric Representation of Signals	129	(3)
Receiver Structure and Sufficient Statistics	132	(2)
Decision Regions and the Maximum Likelihood Decision Criterion	134	(3)
Error Probability and the Union Bound	137	(5)
Passband Modulation Principles	142	(1)
Amplitude and Phase Modulation	142	(11)
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (MPAM)	144	(2)
Phase-Shift Keying (MPSK)	146	(2)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM)	148	(1)
Differential Modulation	149	(3)
Constellation Shaping	152	(1)
Quadrature Offset	152	(1)
Frequency Modulation	153	(4)
Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) and Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK)	155	(1)
Continuous-Phase FSK (CPFSK)	156	(1)
Noncoherent Detection of FSK	156	(1)
Pulse Shaping	157	(3)
Symbol Synchronization and Carrier Phase Recovery	160	(12)
Receiver Structure with Phase and Timing Recovery	161	(2)
Maximum Likelihood Phase Estimation	163	(2)
Maximum Likelihood Timing Estimation	165	(2)
Problems	167	(3)
References	170	(2)
Performance of Digital Modulation over Wireless Channels	172	(32)
AWGN Channels	172	(10)
Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio and Bit/Symbol Energy	172	(1)
Error Probability for BPSK and QPSK	173	(2)
Error Probability for MPSK	175	(1)
Error Probability for MPAM and MQAM	176	(3)
Error Probability for FSK and CPFSK	179	(1)
Error Probability Approximation for Coherent Modulations	180	(1)
Error Probability for Differential Modulation	180	(2)
Alternate Q-Function Representation	182	(1)
Fading	182	(10)
Outage Probability	183	(1)
Average Probability of Error	184	(3)
Moment Generating Function Approach to Average Error Probability	187	(4)
Combined Outage and Average Error Probability	191	(1)
Doppler Spread	192	(3)
Intersymbol Interference	195	(9)
Problems	197	(5)
References	202	(2)
Diversity	204	(24)
Realization of Independent Fading Paths	204	(2)
Receiver Diversity	206	(11)
System Model	206	(2)
Selection Combining	208	(3)
Threshold Combining	211	(3)
Maximal-Ratio Combining	214	(2)
Equal-Gain Combining	216	(1)
Transmitter Diversity	217	(3)
Channel Known at Transmitter	217	(2)
Channel Unknown at Transmitter -- The Alamouti Scheme	219	(1)
Moment Generating Functions in Diversity Analysis	220	(8)
Diversity Analysis for MRC	221	(3)
Diversity Analysis for EGC and SC	224	(1)
Diversity Analysis for Noncoherent and Differentially Coherent Modulation	224	(1)
Problems	225	(2)
References	227	(1)
Coding for Wireless Channels	228	(55)
Overview of Code Design	229	(1)
Linear Block Codes	230	(16)
Binary Linear Block Codes	231	(1)
Generator Matrix	232	(2)
Parity-Check Matrix and Syndrome Testing	234	(2)
Cyclic Codes	236	(2)
Hard Decision Decoding (HDD)	238	(2)
Probability of Error for HDD in AWGN	240	(2)
Probability of Error for SDD in AWGN	242	(2)
Common Linear Block Codes	244	(1)
Nonbinary Block Codes: The Reed Solomon Code	245	(1)
Convolutional Codes	246	(12)
Code Characterization: Trellis Diagrams	246	(3)
Maximum Likelihood Decoding	249	(3)
The Viterbi Algorithm	252	(1)
Distance Properties	253	(1)
State Diagrams and Transfer Functions	254	(3)
Error Probability for Convolutional Codes	257	(1)
Concatenated Codes	258	(1)
Turbo Codes	259	(3)
Low-Density Parity-Check Codes	262	(1)
Coded Modulation	263	(4)
Coding with Interleaving for Fading Channels	267	(4)
Block Coding with Interleaving	267	(3)
Convolutional Coding with Interleaving	270	(1)
Coded Modulation with Symbol/Bit Interleaving	271	(1)
Unequal Error Protection Codes	271	(3)
Joint Source and Channel Coding	274	(9)
Problems	275	(4)
References	279	(4)
Adaptive Modulation and Coding	283	(38)
Adaptive Transmission System	284	(1)
Adaptive Techniques	285	(3)
Variable-Rate Techniques	285	(1)
Variable-Power Techniques	286	(1)
Variable Error Probability	287	(1)
Variable-Coding Techniques	288	(1)
Hybrid Techniques	288	(1)
Variable-Rate Variable-Power MQAM	288	(17)
Error Probability Bounds	289	(1)
Adaptive Rate and Power Schemes	290	(2)
Channel Inversion with Fixed Rate	292	(1)
Discrete-Rate Adaptation	293	(5)
Average Fade Region Duration	298	(2)
Exact versus Approximate Bit Error Probability	300	(1)
Channel Estimation Error and Delay	300	(3)
Adaptive Coded Modulation	303	(2)
General M-ary Modulations	305	(9)
Continuous-Rate Adaptation	305	(4)
Discrete-Rate Adaptation	309	(1)
Average BER Target	310	(4)
Adaptive Techniques in Combined Fast and Slow Fading	314	(7)
Problems	315	(4)
References	319	(2)
Multiple Antennas and Space-Time Communications	321	(30)
Narrowband MIMO Model	321	(2)
Parallel Decomposition of the MIMO Channel	323	(2)
MIMO Channel Capacity	325	(9)
Static Channels	325	(4)
Fading Channels	329	(5)
MIMO Diversity Gain: Beamforming	334	(1)
Diversity-Multiplexing Trade-offs	335	(2)
Space-Time Modulation and Coding	337	(5)
ML Detection and Pairwise Error Probability	337	(2)
Rank and Determinant Criteria	339	(1)
Space-Time Trellis and Block Codes	339	(1)
Spatial Multiplexing and Blast Architectures	340	(2)
Frequency-Selective MIMO Channels	342	(1)
Smart Antennas	343	(8)
Problems	344	(3)
References	347	(4)
Equalization	351	(23)
Equalizer Noise Enhancement	352	(1)
Equalizer Types	353	(1)
Folded Spectrum and ISI-Free Transmission	354	(3)
Linear Equalizers	357	(5)
Zero-Forcing (ZF) Equalizers	358	(1)
Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) Equalizers	359	(3)
Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation	362	(2)
Decision-Feedback Equalization	364	(1)
Other Equalization Methods	365	(1)
Adaptive Equalizers: Training and Tracking	366	(8)
Problems	368	(4)
References	372	(2)
Multicarrier Modulation	374	(29)
Data Transmission Using Multiple Carriers	375	(3)
Multicarrier Modulation with Overlapping Subchannels	378	(2)
Mitigation of Subcarrier Fading	380	(3)
Coding with Interleaving over Time and Frequency	381	(1)
Frequency Equalization	381	(1)
Precoding	381	(1)
Adaptive Loading	382	(1)
Discrete Implementation of Multicarrier Modulation	383	(10)
The DFT and Its Properties	383	(1)
The Cyclic Prefix	384	(2)
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)	386	(2)
Matrix Representation of OFDM	388	(2)
Vector Coding	390	(3)
Challenges in Multicarrier Systems	393	(3)
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio	393	(2)
Frequency and Timing Offset	395	(1)
Case Study: The IEEE 802.11a Wireless LAN Standard	396	(7)
Problems	398	(3)
References	401	(2)
Spread Spectrum	403	(49)
Spread-Spectrum Principles	403	(6)
Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)	409	(12)
DSSS System Model	409	(4)
Spreading Codes for ISI Rejection: Random, Pseudorandom, and m-Sequences	413	(4)
Synchronization	417	(2)
RAKE Receivers	419	(2)
Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)	421	(3)
Multiuser DSSS Systems	424	(19)
Spreading Codes for Multiuser DSSS	425	(3)
Downlink Channels	428	(5)
Uplink Channels	433	(5)
Multiuser Detection	438	(3)
Multicarrier CDMA	441	(2)
Multiuser FHSS Systems	443	(9)
Problems	443	(6)
References	449	(3)
Multiuser Systems	452	(53)
Multiuser Channels: The Uplink and Downlink	452	(2)
Multiple Access	454	(7)
Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA)	455	(1)
Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA)	456	(2)
Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)	458	(1)
Space-Division Multiple Access (SDMA)	459	(1)
Hybrid Techniques	460	(1)
Random Access	461	(5)
Pure ALOHA	462	(1)
Slotted ALOHA	463	(1)
Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)	464	(2)
Scheduling	466	(1)
Power Control	466	(3)
Downlink (Broadcast) Channel Capacity	469	(15)
Channel Model	470	(1)
Capacity in AWGN	470	(6)
Common Data	476	(1)
Capacity in Fading	477	(6)
Capacity with Multiple Antennas	483	(1)
Uplink (Multiple Access) Channel Capacity	484	(6)
Capacity in AWGN	484	(4)
Capacity in Fading	488	(2)
Capacity with Multiple Antennas	490	(1)
Uplink-Downlink Duality	490	(4)
Multiuser Diversity	494	(2)
MIMO Multiuser Systems	496	(9)
Problems	497	(3)
References	500	(5)
Cellular Systems and Infrastructure-Based Wireless Networks	505	(30)
Cellular System Fundamentals	505	(3)
Channel Reuse	508	(6)
SIR and User Capacity	514	(4)
Orthogonal Systems (TDMA/FDMA)	514	(2)
Nonorthogonal Systems (CDMA)	516	(2)
Interference Reduction Techniques	518	(2)
Dynamic Resource Allocation	520	(4)
Scheduling	520	(1)
Dynamic Channel Assignment	521	(1)
Power Control	522	(2)
Fundamental Rate Limits	524	(11)
Shannon Capacity of Cellular Systems	524	(1)
Area Spectral Efficiency	525	(3)
Problems	528	(3)
References	531	(4)
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks	535	(38)
Applications	535	(5)
Data Networks	537	(1)
Home Networks	537	(1)
Device Networks	538	(1)
Sensor Networks	538	(1)
Distributed Control Systems	539	(1)
Design Principles and Challenges	540	(2)
Protocol Layers	542	(12)
Physical Layer Design	543	(1)
Access Layer Design	544	(3)
Network Layer Design	547	(5)
Transport Layer Design	552	(1)
Application Layer Design	553	(1)
Cross-Layer Design	554	(2)
Network Capacity Limits	556	(2)
Energy-Constrained Networks	558	(15)
Modulation and Coding	559	(1)
MIMO and Cooperative MIMO	560	(1)
Access, Routing, and Sleeping	561	(1)
Cross-Layer Design under Energy Constraints	562	(1)
Capacity per Unit Energy	562	(2)
Problems	564	(2)
References	566	(7)
Appendix A Representation of Bandpass Signals and Channels	573	(4)
Appendix B Probability Theory, Random Variables, and Random Processes	577	(11)
Probability Theory	577	(1)
Random Variables	578	(5)
Random Processes	583	(3)
Gaussian Processes	586	(2)
Appendix C Matrix Definitions, Operations, and Properties	588	(7)
Matrices and Vectors	588	(1)
Matrix and Vector Operations	589	(3)
Matrix Decompositions	592	(3)
Appendix D Summary of Wireless Standards	595	(10)
Cellular Phone Standards	595	(5)
First-Generation Analog Systems	595	(1)
Second-Generation Digital Systems	596	(2)
Evolution of Second-Generation Systems	598	(1)
Third-Generation Systems	599	(1)
Wireless Local Area Networks	600	(1)
Wireless Short-Distance Networking Standards	601	(4)
Bibliography	605	(28)
Index	633