Wireless Communications

by Andreas F. Molisch (Fellow IEEE )

• ISBN13: 9780470848876
• ISBN10: 0470848871
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-01
• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press

Summary

Wireless Communications presents the most comprehensive coverage of this field which, in only a decade, has grown from a niche market into one of the most important industries. While previous systems were generally intended to provide mobile speech communications, mobile data communications have since developed. This essential textbook on the principles and applications of mobile radio is an all-encompassing current treatment of the area, addressing both the traditional elements, such as Rayleigh fading, BER in flat fading channels, and equalization, and more recently emerging topics like multi-user detection in CDMA systems, OFDM and smart antennas. These fundamentals are related to practical systems, and the dominant wireless standards, including cellular, cordless and wireless LANs, are discussed. A comprehensive and current treatment of a very hot topic, one of the fastest growing fields of communications Topics featured include: wireless propagation channels, transceivers and signal processing, multiple access and advanced transceiver schemes, and standardized wireless systems Combines mathematical descriptions with intuitive explanations of the physical facts, to assist readers in acquiring a deeper understanding of the area Wireless Communications is an essential text for advanced undergraduate students with a working knowledge of standard digital communications, graduate students and practising engineers. It will also be an invaluable source of reference for wireless communications engineers. Companion website includes: Supplementary material on 'DECT' Solutions manual Presentation slides Appendices List of abbreviations Other useful resources

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
List of abbreviations	xxv
List of symbols	xxxix
PART I INTRODUCTION	1	(42)
Applications and requirements of wireless services	3	(22)
History	4	(4)
How it all started	4	(1)
The first systems	4	(1)
Analog cellular systems	5	(1)
GSM, and the worldwide cellular revolution	6	(1)
New wireless systems and the burst of the bubble	7	(1)
Wireless revival	8	(1)
Types of services	8	(8)
Broadcast	8	(1)
Paging	9	(1)
Cellular telephony	10	(1)
Trunking radio	11	(1)
Cordless telephony	12	(1)
Wireless local area networks and personal area networks	13	(1)
Personal area networks	14	(1)
Fixed wireless access	14	(1)
Satellite cellular communications	15	(1)
Requirements for the services	16	(6)
Data rate	16	(1)
Range and number of users	17	(1)
Mobility	17	(1)
Energy consumption	18	(2)
Use of spectrum	20	(1)
Direction of transmission	21	(1)
Service quality	21	(1)
Economic and social aspects	22	(3)
Economic requirements for building wireless communications systems	22	(1)
The market for wireless communications	22	(2)
Behavioral impact	24	(1)
Technical challenges of wireless communications	25	(10)
Multipath propagation	25	(5)
Fading	27	(2)
Intersymbol interference	29	(1)
Spectrum limitations	30	(3)
Assigned frequencies	30	(2)
Frequency reuse in regulated spectrum	32	(1)
Frequency reuse in unregulated spectrum	33	(1)
Limited energy	33	(1)
User mobility	34	(1)
Noise- and interference-limited systems	35	(8)
Introduction	35	(1)
Noise-limited systems	35	(5)
Link budget	38	(2)
Interference-limited systems	40	(3)
PART II WIRELESS PROPAGATION CHANNELS	43	(128)
Propagation mechanisms	45	(20)
Free space loss	45	(2)
Reflection and transmission	47	(5)
Snell's law	47	(1)
Reflection and transmission for layered dielectric structures	48	(3)
The d-4 power law	51	(1)
Diffraction	52	(9)
Diffraction by a single screen or wedge	52	(5)
Diffraction by multiple screens	57	(4)
Scattering by rough surfaces	61	(3)
The Kirchhoff theory	62	(1)
Perturbation theory	62	(2)
Waveguiding	64	(1)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
Derivation of the d-4 law
Diffraction coefficients for diffraction by a wedge or cylinder
Further reading	64	(1)
Statistical description of the wireless channel	65	(30)
Introduction	65	(2)
The time-invariant two-path model	67	(1)
The time-variant two-path model	68	(2)
Small-scale fading without a dominant component	70	(8)
A computer experiment	70	(1)
Mathematical derivation of the statistics of amplitude and phase	71	(4)
Properties of the Rayleigh distribution	75	(2)
Fading margin for Rayleigh-distributed fieldstrength	77	(1)
Small-scale fading with a dominant component	78	(5)
A computer experiment	78	(1)
Derivation of the amplitude and phase distribution	78	(4)
Nakagami distribution	82	(1)
Doppler spectra	83	(2)
Temporal dependence of fading	85	(4)
Level crossing rate	85	(1)
Average duration of fades	86	(2)
Random frequency modulation	88	(1)
Large-scale fading	89	(6)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
The Lindeberg-Feller theorem
Derivation of Rayleigh distribution
Derivation of the level crossing rate
Further reading	93	(2)
Wideband and directional channel characterization	95	(22)
Introduction	95	(1)
The causes of delay dispersion	96	(3)
The two-path model	96	(1)
The general case	97	(2)
System-theoretic description of wireless channels	99	(4)
Characterization of deterministic linear time-variant systems	100	(1)
Stochastic system functions	101	(2)
The WSSUS model	103	(3)
Wide-sense stationarity	103	(1)
Uncorrelated scatterers	104	(1)
WSSUS assumption	104	(1)
Tapped delay line models	105	(1)
Condensed parameters	106	(6)
Integrals of the correlation functions	106	(1)
Moments of the power delay profile	106	(1)
Moments of the Doppler spectra	107	(1)
Coherence bandwidth and coherence time	108	(2)
Window parameters	110	(2)
Ultrawideband channels	112	(1)
Directional description	113	(4)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
Validity of WSSUS in mobile radio channels
Instantaneous channel parameters
Further reading	116	(1)
Channel models	117	(20)
Introduction	117	(2)
Narrowband models	119	(1)
Modeling of small-scale and large-scale fading	119	(1)
Pathloss models	119	(1)
Wideband models	120	(4)
Tapped delay line models	120	(1)
Models for the power delay profile	121	(1)
Models for the arrival times of rays and clusters	122	(1)
Standardized channel model	123	(1)
Directional models	124	(6)
General model structure and factorization	124	(1)
Angular dispersion at the base station	125	(1)
Angular dispersion at the mobile station	125	(1)
Polarization	125	(1)
Model implementations	126	(2)
Standardized directional models	128	(1)
Multiple-input multiple-output matrix models	129	(1)
Deterministic channel-modeling methods	130	(7)
Ray launching	131	(1)
Ray tracing	132	(1)
Efficiency considerations	133	(1)
Geographical databases	134	(1)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
The Okumura--Hata model
The COST 231--Walfish-Ikegami model
The COST 207 GSM model
The 1TU-R models
Further reading	135	(2)
Channel sounding	137	(20)
Introduction	137	(5)
Requirements for channel sounding	137	(1)
Generic sounder structure	137	(2)
Identifiability of wireless channels	139	(2)
Influence on measurement data	141	(1)
Time domain measurements	142	(2)
Impulse sounder	142	(1)
Correlative sounders	143	(1)
Frequency domain analysis	144	(1)
Modified measurement methods	145	(4)
Swept Time Delay Cross Correlator (STDCC)	145	(1)
Inverse filtering	146	(1)
Averaging	146	(1)
Synchronization	147	(1)
Vector network analyzer measurements	148	(1)
Directionally resolved measurements	149	(8)
Data model for receive arrays	150	(2)
Beamforming	152	(1)
High-resolution algorithms	152	(2)
Multiple-input multiple-output measurements	154	(2)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
The ESPRIT algorithm
Further reading	156	(1)
Antennas	157	(14)
Introduction	157	(4)
Integration of antennas into systems	157	(1)
Characteristic antenna quantities	157	(4)
Antennas for mobile stations	161	(5)
Monopole and dipole antennas	161	(1)
Helical antennas	162	(1)
Microstrip antennas	162	(2)
Planar inverted-F antenna	164	(1)
Radiation-coupled dual-L antenna	165	(1)
Multiband antennas	165	(1)
Antenna mounting on the mobile station	166	(1)
Antennas for base stations	166	(5)
Types of antennas	166	(1)
Array antennas	167	(1)
Modifying the antenna pattern	168	(1)
Impact of the environment on antenna pattern	168	(1)
Further reading	169	(2)
PART III TRANSCEIVERS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING	171	(174)
Structure of a wireless communication link	173	(6)
Transceiver block structure	173	(5)
Simplified models	178	(1)
Further reading	178	(1)
Modulation formats	179	(32)
Introduction	179	(1)
Basics	180	(8)
Pulse amplitude modulation	180	(4)
Multipulse modulation and continuous phase modulation	184	(1)
Power spectrum	185	(1)
Signal space diagram	186	(2)
Important modulation formats	188	(23)
Binary phase shift keying	188	(3)
Quadrature-phase shift keying	191	(2)
π/4-differential quadrature-phase shift keying	193	(3)
Offset quadrature-phase shift keying	196	(1)
Higher order modulation	197	(3)
Binary frequency shift keying	200	(2)
Minimum shift keying	202	(3)
Demodulation of minimum shift keying	205	(1)
Gaussian minimum shift keying	206	(1)
Pulse position modulation	206	(3)
Summary of spectral efficiencies	209	(1)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
Interpretation of MSK as OQPSK
Further reading	210	(1)
Demodulation	211	(28)
Demodulator structure and error probability in additive-white-Gaussian-noise channels	211	(10)
Model for channel and noise	211	(1)
Signal space diagram and optimum receivers	212	(3)
Methods for the computation of error probability	215	(6)
Error probability in flat-fading channels	221	(7)
Average BER -- classical computation method	221	(3)
Computation of average error probability -- alternative method	224	(3)
Outage probability versus average error probability	227	(1)
Error probability in delay -- and frequency-dispersive fading channels	228	(11)
Physical cause of error floors	228	(4)
Computation of the error floor using the group delay method	232	(3)
General fading channels: the quadratic-form-Gaussian-variable method	235	(2)
Further reading	237	(2)
Diversity	239	(26)
Introduction	239	(1)
Principle of diversity	239	(1)
Definition of the correlation coefficient	240	(1)
Microdiversity	240	(8)
Spatial diversity	242	(3)
Temporal diversity	245	(1)
Frequency diversity	245	(1)
Angle diversity	246	(1)
Polarization diversity	247	(1)
Macrodiversity and simulcast	248	(1)
Combination of signals	249	(8)
Selection diversity	250	(2)
Switched diversity	252	(1)
Combining diversity	253	(4)
Error probability in fading channels with diversity reception	257	(5)
Error probability in flat-fading channels	257	(2)
Symbol error rate in frequency-selective fading channels	259	(3)
Transmit diversity	262	(3)
Transmitter diversity with channel-state information	262	(1)
Transmitter diversity without channel-state information	262	(1)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
Correlation coefficient of two signals with time separation and frequency separation
Further reading	263	(2)
Channel coding	265	(36)
Introduction	265	(2)
History and motivation	265	(1)
Classification of codes	266	(1)
Block codes	267	(8)
Introduction	267	(1)
Encoding	268	(1)
Decoding	269	(1)
Recognition and correction of errors	270	(2)
Concatenated codes	272	(1)
Cyclic block codes	272	(1)
Examples for cyclic block codes	273	(2)
Convolutional codes	275	(6)
Principle of convolutional codes	275	(1)
Viterbi decoder -- classical representation	276	(2)
Improvements of the Viterbi algorithm	278	(3)
Trellis-coded modulation	281	(4)
Basic principle	281	(2)
Set partitioning	283	(2)
Turbocodes	285	(3)
Introduction	285	(1)
Encoder	285	(2)
Turbodecoder	287	(1)
Low-density parity check codes	288	(6)
Definition of low-density parity check codes	289	(1)
Encoding of low-density parity check codes	290	(1)
Decoding of low-density parity check codes	290	(3)
Performance improvements	293	(1)
Coding for the fading channel	294	(7)
Interleaving	294	(2)
Block codes	296	(1)
Convolutional codes	297	(1)
Concatenated codes	298	(1)
Trellis-coded modulation in fading channels	298	(1)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
Backward error correction
Further reading	299	(2)
Speech coding	301	(24)
Gernot Kubin
Introduction	301	(3)
Speech telephony as conversational multimedia service	301	(1)
Source-coding basics	301	(1)
Speech coder designs	302	(2)
The sound of speech	304	(4)
Speech production	304	(1)
Speech acoustics	305	(2)
Speech perception	307	(1)
Stochastic models for speech	308	(5)
Short-time stationary modeling	308	(1)
Linear predictive vocoder	309	(2)
Sinusoidal modeling	311	(1)
Harmonic + noise modeling	312	(1)
Cyclostationary modeling	312	(1)
Quantization and coding	313	(8)
Scalar quantization	313	(1)
Vector quantization	314	(3)
Noise shaping in predictive coding	317	(2)
Analysis-by-synthesis	319	(1)
Joint source channel coding	320	(1)
From speech transmission to acoustic telepresence	321	(4)
Voice activity detection	322	(1)
Receiver end enhancements	322	(1)
Acoustic echo and noise	323	(1)
Service augmentation for telepresence	323	(1)
Further reading	324	(1)
Equalizers	325	(20)
Introduction	325	(3)
Equalization in the time domain and frequency domain	325	(1)
Modeling of channel and equalizer	326	(1)
Channel estimation	327	(1)
Linear equalizers	328	(7)
Zero-forcing equalizer	329	(1)
The mean-square error criterion	330	(2)
Adaptation algorithms for mean-square-error equalizers	332	(3)
Further linear structures	335	(1)
Decision feedback equalizers	335	(2)
MMSE decision feedback equalizer	336	(1)
Zero-forcing decision feedback equalizer	336	(1)
Maximum-likelihood sequence estimation -- Viterbi detector	337	(2)
Comparison of equalizer structures	339	(1)
Fractionally spaced equalizers	340	(1)
Blind equalizers	341	(4)
Introduction	341	(1)
Constant modulus algorithm	341	(1)
Blind maximum-likelihood estimation	342	(1)
Algorithms using second- or higher order statistics	342	(1)
Assessment	343	(1)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
Equivalence of peak distortion and zero-forcing criterion
Derivation of the mean-square-error criterion
The recursive-least-squares algorithm
Further reading	343	(2)
PART IV MULTIPLE ACCESS AND ADVANCED TRANSCEIVER SCHEMES	345	(120)
Multiple access and the cellular principle	347	(22)
Introduction	347	(1)
Frequency division multiple access	348	(5)
Multiple access via frequency division multiple access	348	(1)
Trunking gain	349	(4)
Time division multiple access	353	(2)
Packet radio	355	(5)
ALOHA	355	(2)
Carrier-sense multiple access	357	(1)
Packet reservation multiple access	357	(1)
Comparison of the methods	358	(1)
Routing for packet radio	359	(1)
Duplexing	360	(1)
Principles of cellular networks	361	(8)
Reuse distance	361	(1)
Cellshape	362	(1)
Cell planning with hexagonal cells	363	(2)
Methods for increasing capacity	365	(2)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
Adjacent channel interference
Further reading	367	(2)
Spread spectrum systems	369	(30)
Frequency-hopped multiple access	369	(3)
Principle behind frequency hopping	369	(1)
Frequency Hopping for Multiple Access (FHMA)	370	(2)
Code division multiple access	372	(11)
Basic principle behind the direct-sequence spread spectrum	372	(2)
Multiple access	374	(1)
Mathematical representation	375	(1)
Effects of multipath propagation on code division multiple access	376	(3)
Synchronization	379	(1)
Code families	380	(3)
Cellular code-division-multiple-access systems	383	(5)
Principle behind code division multiple access -- revisited	383	(2)
Power control	385	(2)
Methods for capacity increases	387	(1)
Combination with other multiaccess methods	388	(1)
Multiuser detection	388	(4)
Introduction	388	(1)
Linear multiuser detectors	389	(1)
Nonlinear multiuser detectors	390	(2)
Time-hopping impulse radio	392	(7)
Simple impulse radio	393	(1)
Time-hopping impulse radio	393	(3)
Impulse radio in delay-dispersive channels	396	(1)
Further reading	397	(2)
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)	399	(26)
Introduction	399	(1)
Principle of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing	400	(1)
Implementation of transceivers	400	(2)
Frequency-selective channels	402	(5)
Cyclic prefix	402	(2)
Performance in frequency-selective channels	404	(2)
Coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing	406	(1)
Channel estimation	407	(4)
Pilot-symbol-based methods	408	(1)
Methods based on scattered pilots	408	(2)
Methods based in eigendecompositions	410	(1)
Peak-to-average power ratio	411	(3)
Origin of the peak-to-average-ratio problem	411	(1)
Peak-to-average-ratio reduction techniques	412	(2)
Intercarrier interference	414	(4)
Adaptive modulation and capacity	418	(3)
Channel quality estimation	418	(1)
Parameter adaptation	418	(2)
Signaling of chosen parameters	420	(1)
Multiple access	421	(1)
Multicarrier code division multiple access	421	(2)
Single-carrier modulation with frequency-domain equalization	423	(2)
Further reading	424	(1)
Multiantenna systems	425	(40)
Smart antennas	425	(17)
What are smart antennas?	425	(1)
Purpose	426	(1)
Capacity increase	427	(2)
Receiver structures	429	(4)
Algorithms for adaptation of antenna weights	433	(4)
Uplink versus downlink	437	(2)
Network aspects	439	(1)
Multiuser diversity and random beamforming	440	(2)
Multiple-input multiple-output systems	442	(23)
Introduction	442	(1)
How does spatial multiplexing work?	442	(2)
System model	444	(1)
Channel-state information	444	(1)
Capacity in non-fading channels	445	(3)
Capacity in flat-fading channels	448	(2)
Impact of the channel	450	(6)
Layered space-time structure	456	(2)
Diversity	458	(4)
Tradeoffs between diversity, beamforming gain, and spatial multiplexing	462	(1)
Further reading	462	(3)
PART V STANDARDIZED WIRELESS SYSTEMS	465	(130)
GSM -- Global System for Mobile communications	467	(32)
Historical overview	467	(2)
System overview	469	(1)
The air interface	470	(4)
Logical and physical channels	474	(5)
Logical channels	474	(2)
Mapping between logical and physical channels	476	(3)
Synchronization	479	(2)
Frequency synchronization	479	(1)
Time synchronization	480	(1)
Timing advance	480	(1)
Summary of burst structures	481	(1)
Coding	481	(4)
Voice encoding	481	(1)
Channel encoding	482	(2)
Cryptography	484	(1)
Frequency hopping	485	(1)
Equalizer	485	(1)
Circuit-switched data transmission	486	(3)
Transmission modes	488	(1)
Data transmission traffic channels	488	(1)
Establishing a connection and handover	489	(6)
Identity numbers	489	(1)
Identification of a mobile subscriber	490	(1)
Examples for establishment of a connection	491	(1)
Examples of different kinds of handovers	492	(3)
Services and billing	495	(4)
Available services	495	(2)
Billing	497	(1)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
Acronyms commonly used in the Global System for Mobile communications
The original Global System for Mobile communications speech coder
General Packet Radio Service
Further reading	498	(1)
IS-95 and CDMA 2000	499	(14)
Historical overview	499	(1)
System overview	499	(1)
Air interface	500	(2)
Frequency bands and duplexing	500	(1)
Spreading and modulation	500	(1)
Power control	501	(1)
Pilot signal	501	(1)
Coding	502	(2)
Speech coders	502	(1)
Error correction coding	502	(2)
Spreading and modulation	504	(5)
Long and short spreading codes and Walsh codes	504	(1)
Spreading and modulation in the uplink	505	(1)
Databurst randomization and gating for the uplink	505	(2)
Spreading and modulation in the downlink	507	(2)
Discussion	509	(1)
Logical and physical channels	509	(2)
Traffic channels	509	(1)
Access channel	509	(1)
Pilot channels	510	(1)
Synchronization channel	510	(1)
Paging channel	511	(1)
Power control subchannel	511	(1)
Mapping logical channels to physical channels	511	(1)
Handover	511	(2)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
CDMA 2000 - history
CDMA 2000 - 1x mode
CDMA 2000 - 3x mode
CDMA 2000 - 1xEV-DO
Further reading	512	(1)
WCDMA/UMTS	513	(28)
Historical overview	513	(1)
System overview	514	(3)
Physical-layer overview	514	(1)
Network structure	515	(1)
Hierarchical cellular structure	516	(1)
Data rates and service classes	516	(1)
Air interface	517	(3)
Frequency bands and duplexing	517	(1)
Time-domain-duplexing and frequency-domain-duplexing modes	518	(1)
Radio-frequency-related aspects	518	(2)
Physical and logical channels	520	(3)
Logical channels	520	(1)
Physical channels	521	(2)
Speech coding, multiplexing, and channel coding	523	(3)
Speech coder	523	(1)
Multiplexing and interleaving	524	(2)
Spreading and modulation	526	(8)
Frame structure, spreading codes, and Walsh-Hadamard codes	526	(2)
Uplink	528	(4)
Downlink	532	(2)
Physical-layer procedures	534	(7)
Cell search and synchronization	534	(2)
Establishing a connection	536	(1)
Power control	536	(2)
Handover	538	(1)
Overload control	539	(1)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
Glossary for WCDMA
Further reading	539	(2)
Wireless Local Area Networks	541	(20)
Introduction	541	(2)
History	541	(2)
Applications	543	(1)
Relationship between the medium-access-control layer and the physical layer	543	(1)
802.11a - Orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing-based local area networks	543	(6)
Frequency bands	544	(1)
Modulation and coding	544	(3)
Headers	547	(1)
Synchronization and channel estimation	547	(2)
802.11b - Wireless Fidelity	549	(5)
Frequency band	549	(1)
Modulation and coding	550	(2)
Headers	552	(2)
Packet transmission in 802.11 wireless local area networks	554	(3)
General medium-access-control structure	554	(1)
Frame formats	555	(1)
Packet radio multiple access	555	(2)
Alternative wireless local area networks and future developments	557	(4)
Other 802.11 and high-performance-local-area-network modes	557	(1)
802.11n and multiple-input-multiple-output techniques	557	(1)
Personal area networks	558	(1)
Appendix material: please see companion website (www.wiley.com/go/molisch)
Abbreviations
Further reading	559	(2)
Exercises	561	(34)
Peter Almers
Ove Edfors
Fredrik Floren
Anders Johanson
Johan Karedal
Buon Kiong Lau
Andreas F. Molisch
Andre Stranne
Fredrik Tufvesson
Shurjeel Wyne
Applications and requirements of wireless services	561	(1)
Technical challenges of wireless communications	561	(1)
Noise- and interference-limited systems	562	(1)
Propagation mechanisms	563	(2)
Statistical description of the wireless channel	565	(3)
Wideband and directional channel characterization	568	(1)
Channel models	569	(1)
Channel sounding	570	(2)
Antennas	572	(1)
Structure of a wireless communication link	573	(1)
Modulation formats	574	(1)
Demodulation	575	(2)
Diversity	577	(3)
Channel coding	580	(2)
Speech coding	582	(1)
Equalizers	582	(2)
Multiple access and the cellular principle	584	(2)
Spread spectrum systems	586	(2)
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)	588	(1)
Multiantenna systems	589	(2)
GSM -- Global System for Mobile communications	591	(1)
IS-95 and CDMA 2000	592	(1)
WCDMA/UMTS	592	(1)
Wireless Local Area Networks	593	(2)
References	595	(20)
Index	615