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An in-depth and comprehensive treatment of wireless communication technology ranging from the fundamentals to the newest research results
The expanded and completely revised Third Edition of Wireless Communications delivers an essential text in wireless communication technology that combines mathematical descriptions with intuitive explanations of the physical facts that enable readers to acquire a deep understanding of the subject.
This latest edition includes brand-new sections on cutting edge research topics such as massive MIMO, polar codes, heterogeneous networks, non-orthogonal multiple access, as well as 5G cellular standards, WiFi 6, and Bluetooth Low Energy. Together with the re-designed descriptions of fundamentals such as fading, OFDM, and multiple access, it provides a thorough treatment of all the technologies that underlie fifth-generation and beyond systems. A complimentary companion website provides readers with a wealth of old and new material, including instructor resources available upon request.
Readers will also find:
Perfect for advanced undergraduate and graduate students with a basic knowledge of standard communications, Wireless Communications will also earn a place in the libraries of researchers and system designers seeking a one-stop resource on wireless communication technology.
Andreas F. Molisch, PhD, is Professor and Golomb-Viterbi Chair at the University of Southern California, USA. He has authored, co-authored, or edited 4 books, 21 book chapters, over 270 journal papers, and 70 patents. He is an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer, a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors, Fellow of AAAS, IEEE, and IET, and Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Preface to the Third, Expanded and Completely Revised, Edition: From the Fundamentals to Beyond 5G xxv
Preface and Acknowledgements to the Second Edition xxix
Preface and Acknowledgements to the First Edition xxx
List of Abbreviations xxxiii
List of Symbols xxxv
About the Companion Website xxxvii
Part I Introduction 1
1 Applications and Requirements of Wireless Services 3
1.1 History 3
1.2 Types of Services 7
1.3 Requirements for the Services 12
1.4 Economic and Social Aspects 17
Exercises: Sec. 36.1 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 18
2 Technical Challenges of Wireless Communications 19
2.1 Broadcast Effect 19
2.2 Multi-path Propagation 19
2.3 Spectrum Limitations 23
2.4 Limited Energy 25
2.5 User Mobility 26
Exercises: Sec. 36.2 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 26
3 Wireless System Design Overview 27
3.1 Noise-limited Systems and Link Budgets 27
3.2 Digital Modulation and Receiver Signal Processing 34
3.3 Multi-user Systems 39
3.4 Summary 44
Exercises: Sec. 36.3 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 45
Part II Wireless Propagation Channels 47
4 Propagation Mechanisms 49
4.1 Free Space Attenuation 49
4.2 Reflection and Transmission 52
4.3 Diffraction 57
4.4 Scattering by Rough Surfaces 64
4.5 Waveguiding 66
4.6 Atmospheric Absorption 67
4.7 Deterministic Channel Modeling 67
4.8 Appendices: App4.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 71
App. 4.A: Derivation of the d-4 Law 71
App. 4.B: Diffraction Coefficients for Diffraction by a Wedge or Cylinder 71
Further Reading 71
Exercises: Sec. 36.4 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 71
5 Statistical Description of the Wireless Channel 73
5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 The Time-Invariant Two-Path Model 74
5.3 The Time-Variant Two-Path Model 76
5.4 Small-Scale Fading Without a Dominant Component 77
5.5 Small-Scale Fading with a Dominant Component 85
5.6 Doppler Spectra and Statistics of Temporal Channel Variations 89
5.7 Temporal Fading Characterization 92
5.8 Large-Scale Fading 95
5.9 Appendices: App5.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 99
App. 5.A: The Central Limit Theorem 99
App. 5.B: Derivation of the Rayleigh Distribution 99
App. 5.C: Derivation of the Level Crossing Rate 99
Further Reading 99
Exercises: Sec. 36.5 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 99
6 Wideband and Directional Channel Characterization 101
6.1 Introduction 101
6.2 The Causes of Delay Dispersion 102
6.3 System-Theoretic Description of Wireless Channels 105
6.4 The WSSUS Model 108
6.5 Condensed Parameters 110
6.6 Ultra Wideband Channels 115
6.7 Directional Description 117
6.8 Appendices: App6.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 121
App. 6A: Validity of WSSUS in Mobile Radio 121
App. 6B: Instantaneous Channel Parameters 121
Further Reading 121
Exercises: Sec. 36.6 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 122
7 Channel Models 123
7.1 Narrowband Models 123
7.2 Delay Dispersion Models 132
7.3 Angular Dispersion 135
7.4 Joint Dispersion Characteristics and Clustering 136
7.5 Generalized Tapped-Delay Line Models 140
7.6 Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Models 143
7.7 Semi-Deterministic Models 146
7.8 Blockage 148
7.9 Special Models 148
7.10 Appendices: App7.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 151
App. 7.A: The Okumura-Hata Model 151
App. 7.B: The COST 231-Walfish-Ikegami Model 151
App. 7.C: The COST 207 GSM Model 151
App. 7.D: The 3GPP Spatial Channel Model 151
App. 7.E: The 802.15.4a UWB Channel Model 151
App. 7.F: The COST 259/273/2100 Channel Model 152
Further Reading 152
Exercises: Sec. 36.7 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 152
8 Antennas 153
8.1 Introduction and Brief Characterization 153
8.2 Characterization of Antennas 157
8.3 Popular Antenna Types 165
8.5 Special Aspects of Antennas for BS and UE 177
Further Reading 181
Exercises: Sec. 36.8 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 181
9 Channel Sounding 183
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Time-Domain Measurements 186
9.3 Frequency Domain Analysis 188
9.5 Directionally Resolved Measurements 192
9.6 Appendices: App9.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 201
App. 9.A: The ESPRIT Algorithm 201
App. 9.B: Guidelines for Evaluation of Channel Measurements 201
Further Reading 201
Exercises: Sec. 36.9 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 201
Part III Wireless Communication Over a Single Link 203
10 Modulation Formats 205
10.1 Introduction 205
10.2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 209
10.3 Widely Used PAM Modulation Formats 212
10.4 Multi-Pulse Modulation 223
10.5 Summary of Spectral Efficiencies 233
10.6 Appendix: App10.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 233
App. 10.A: Interpretation of MSK as OQPSK 233
Further Reading 233
Exercises: Sec. 36.10 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 233
11 Demodulation 235
11.1 Demodulator Structure and Error Probability in Additive White Gaussian Noise Channels 235
11.2 Error Probability in Flat-Fading Channels 244
11.3 Error Probability in Delay- and Frequency-Dispersive Fading Channels 250
Further Reading 257
Exercises: Sec. 36.11 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 257
12 Diversity 259
12.1 Introduction 259
12.2 Microdiversity 260
12.3 Macrodiversity and Simulcast 266
12.4 Combination of Signals 267
12.5 Error Probability in Fading Channels with Diversity Reception 273
12.6 Appendix: App12.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 277
App. 12.A: Correlation Coefficient of Two Signals with Frequency Separation 277
Further Reading 277
Exercises: Sec. 36.12 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 278
13 Channel Coding and Information Theory 279
13.1 Fundamentals of Coding and Information Theory 279
13.2 Block Codes 284
13.3 Convolutional Codes 288
13.4 Trellis Coded Modulation 297
13.5 Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) 301
13.6 Turbo Codes 302
13.7 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 306
13.8 Polar Codes 310
13.9 Comparison of Capacity-Approaching Codes 314
13.10 Coding for the Fading Channel 315
13.10.1 Interleaving 315
13.10.2 Block Codes and Convolutional Codes 317
13.10.3 Concatenated Codes 318
13.10.4 Trellis Coded Modulation in Fading Channels 318
13.11 Information-Theoretic Performance Limits of Fading Channels 318
13.11.1 Ergodic Capacity vs. Outage Capacity 318
13.11.2 Capacity for Channel State Information at the Receiver (CSIR) Only 319
13.11.3 Capacity for CSIT and CSIR – Waterfilling 320
13.12 Automatic Repeat Request 320
Further Reading 321
Exercises: Sec. 36.13 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 322
14 Equalizers 323
14.1 Introduction 323
14.2 Linear Equalizers 326
14.3 Decision Feedback Equalizers 331
14.4 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation – Viterbi Detector 333
14.5 Comparison of Equalizer Structures 335
14.6 Fractionally Spaced Equalizers 335
14.8 Predistortion at the Transmitter 337
14.9 Appendices: App14.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 338
App. 14.A: Equivalence of Peak Distortion and Zero-Forcing Criterion 338
App. 14.B: Derivation of the Mean-Square Error Criterion 338
App. 14.C: The Recursive Least Squares Algorithm 338
Further Reading 338
Exercises: Sec. 36.14 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 338
15 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 339
15.1 Introduction 339
15.2 Principle of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 339
15.3 Implementation of Transceivers 340
15.4 Frequency-Selective Channels 341
15.6 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 350
15.7 Inter Carrier Interference 352
15.8 Synchronization 355
15.9 Adaptive Power Allocation, Modulation, and Coding 359
15.10 Generalizations of OFDM 362
15.10.1 General Framework – Gabor Systems 362
15.10.2 Filters (Pulses) 363
15.10.3 Lattices 364
15.10.4 Dichotomy of Multi-Carrier Schemes 364
15.10.5 Filtered Multitone (FMT) and UFMC 366
15.10.6 Generalized FDM 366
15.10.7 Staggered Multitone – FBMC/OQAM 367
15.11 Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum 368
15.11.1 MC-CDMA 368
15.11.2 DFT-Spread OFDM 370
15.12 Orthogonal Time Frequency Spreading (OTFS) 371
15.12.1 Introduction 371
15.12.2 Mathematical Description 371
15.12.3 Implementation as Overlay 373
15.12.4 Diversity and Channel Gain 373
Further Reading 374
Exercises: Sec. 36.15 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 374
16 Multiple Antenna Systems – SIMO, MISO, and MIMO 375
16.1 Diversity and Beamforming 375
16.2 Spatial Multiplexing 395
Further Reading 430
Exercises: Sec. 36.16 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 430
17 Hardware Aspects 431
17.1 Introduction 431
17.2 General Concepts 434
17.3 ADCs and DACs 438
17.4 Amplifiers 440
17.5 Filters, Power Dividers, and Phase Shifters 444
17.6 Oscillators 447
17.7 Mixers and Frequency Conversion 453
17.8 Transceiver Structures 453
17.9 Spectrum Masks 456
17.10 Full Duplex 457
17.11 Appendices: App17.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 459
App. 17.A: Two-port Network and S-parameters 459
App. 17.B: Matching 459
Further Reading 459
Exercises: Sec. 36.22 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 459
Part IV Wireless Communication with Multiple Users 461
18 Multiple Access 463
18.1 Introduction 463
18.2 Performance Limits for Multiple Access 464
18.3 Contention-Free Multiple Access 467
18.4 Contention Multiple Access 471
18.5 Duplexing 479
18.6 Broadcast and Multi-Cast 481
Further Reading 481
Exercises: Sec. 36.18 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 481
19 Spread Spectrum Systems 483
19.1 Frequency Hopping Multiple Access (FHMA) 483
19.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum – Single-User Case 485
19.3 Code-Division-Multiple-Access Systems 490
19.4 Time Hopping Impulse Radio 496
Further Reading 499
Exercises: Sec. 36.19 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 500
20 Resource Allocation: Scheduling, Power Control, and Admission Control 501
20.1 Rate and Latency Requirements for Different Kinds of Traffic 501
20.2 Dichotomy of Resource Allocation 505
20.3 Resource Allocation in OFDMA with Infinite Backlog 506
20.4 Resource Allocation in CDMA with Infinite Backlog 512
20.5 Scheduling with Random Data Arrivals 513
20.6 Multi-Channel Systems and Admission Control 518
20.7 Machine Learning for Resource Allocation 524
Further Reading 525
Exercises: Sec. 36.20 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 525
21 Principles of Cellular Networks 527
21.1 Frequency Reuse 527
21.2 Cell Planning with Symmetric BS Deployment 528
21.3 Inter-Cell Interference Reduction 533
21.4 Cell Planning with Irregular Deployment 539
21.5 CDMA-Based Cellular Systems 547
21.6 Handover 549
21.7 Heterogeneous Networks 550
21.8 Backhaul 555
21.9 Other Methods for Increasing Capacity 555
Further Reading 556
Exercises: Sec. 36.21 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 556
22 Multiple Antennas for Multi-User Systems – MU-MIMO, Massive MIMO, and CoMP 557
22.1 Introduction and Intuition 557
22.2 System Model 559
22.3 Performance Limits 562
22.4 Linear Processing for Uplink 565
22.5 Linear Processing for the Downlink 567
22.6 Beamforming Based on Second-Order Statistics 573
22.7 Channel Estimation and Feedback 574
22.8 Scheduling for MU-MIMO 575
22.9 Massive MIMO Theory 579
22.10 Massive MIMO Implementation Aspects 589
22.10.1 Antenna Configurations and Propagation Channels 589
22.10.2 Hybrid Beamforming Transceivers 591 ∗
22.10.3 Implementation Aspects – Load Modulators 594 ∗
22.10.4 Low-Resolution ADCs 595
22.11 Base Station Cooperation and Distributed Antenna Systems 596
22.11.1 Principle of Capacity Increase 596
22.11.2 Single-Cell MIMO versus CoMP-JP 598
22.11.3 Challenges Related to Channel Information Acquisition 598
22.11.4 Imperfect Backhaul 600
22.11.5 Cell-Free MIMO 601 ∗
22.12 Appendix: App22.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 604
App. 22.A: Smart Antennas for CDMA 604
Further Reading 604
Exercises: Sec. 36.22 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 604
23 Ad hoc Networks, Device-to-Device Communications, and Mesh Networks 605
23.1 Introduction and Motivation 605
23.2 Applications 606
23.3 Node Types and Hierarchical Structure 607
23.4 Neighbor Discovery and Channel Estimation 608
23.5 Scheduling of Single-Hop Transmissions 612
23.6 Routing and Resource Allocation for Multi-Hop Networks 614
23.7 Routing and Resource Allocation in Collaborative Networks 624
23.9 Energy Management 630
23.10 Cellular vs. D2D Mode in Hybrid Networks 632
23.11 Mesh Networks 632
Further Reading 634
Exercises: Sec. 36.23 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 634
Part V Advanced Transmission Techniques and Special Features 635
24 Speech Coding 637
Gernot Kubin
24.1 Introduction 637
24.2 The Sound of Speech 639
24.3 Stochastic Models for Speech 642
24.4 Quantization and Coding 645
24.5 From Speech Transmission to Acoustic Telepresence 651
Further Reading 653
Exercises: Sec. 36.24 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 653
25 Video Coding 655
Anthony Vetro
25.1 Introduction 655
25.2 Transform and Quantization 657
25.3 Prediction 659
25.4 Entropy Coding 661
25.5 Video Coding Standards 662
25.6 Video Coding Extensions 665
25.7 Error Control 668
25.8 Video Streaming 671
Further Reading 673
Exercises: Sec. 36.25 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 673
26 Cognitive Radio 675
26.1 Types of Cognitive Radio 675
26.2 Cognitive Transceiver Architecture 678
26.3 Principles of Interweaving 679
26.4 Spectrum Sensing 679
26.5 Spectrum Management 683
26.6 Spectrum Sharing 683
26.7 Overlay 686
26.8 Underlay Hierarchical Access – Ultra Wide Bandwidth System Communications 687
Further Reading 690
Exercises: Sec. 36.26 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 690
27 Relaying, Cooperative Communications, and Network Coding 691
27.1 Introduction and Motivation 691
27.2 Fundamentals of Relaying 692
27.3 Relaying with Multiple, Parallel Relays 696
27.4 Applications 703
27.5 Network Coding 704
Further Reading 709
Exercises: Sec. 36.27 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 710
28 Advanced Interference Processing: Multi-User Detection, Nonorthogonal Multiple Access, and Interference Alignment 711
28.1 Introduction and Motivation 711
28.2 Multi-User Detectors 711
28.3 NOMA in the Power Domain 715
28.4 NOMA in the Code Domain 721
28.5 Interference Alignment 723
Further Reading 728
Exercises: Sec. 36.28 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 728
29 Localization 729
29.1 Introduction and Motivation 729
29.2 Principles of TOA/TDOA 730
29.3 NLOS Detection, Mitigation, and Exploitation 741
29.4 Direction-Of-Arrival (DoA) 744
29.5 RSSI and Fingerprinting 745
29.6 Global Positioning System (GPS) 747
29.7 Localization in Cellular Systems 751
29.8 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 754
29.9 Cooperative Localization 755
29.10 Tracking 757
29.10.1 Motivation for Tracking 757
29.10.2 Linear Kalman Filters 757
29.10.3 Extended Kalman Filters 759
29.10.4 Accuracy Improvements of Kalman Filters 760 ∗
29.11 Machine Learning for Localization 761
29.11.1 Types of ML Problems 761
29.11.2 Supervised Learning 762
29.11.3 Training and Preprocessing 763
29.11.4 Other Learning Solutions 764
Further Reading 764
Exercises: Sec. 36.29 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 764
Part VI System Design and Standardization 765
30 System Design and Standardization 767
30.1 From Components to Systems 767
30.2 Motivation and Operation of Standards 769
30.3 Some Important Standards 773
30.4 Appendices: App30.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 775
App. 30.A: 2G Cellular - GSM 775
App. 30.B: 3G Cellular - WCDMA/UMTS 775
App. 30.C: Cordless Telephony - DECT 776
Exercises: Sec. 36.30 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 776
31 4G Cellular – 3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE) 777
31.1 Introduction 777
31.3 Physical Layer 784
31.4 Logical and Physical Channels 799
31.5 Physical Layer Procedures 807
31.6 Carrier Aggregation and License-Assisted Access 811
31.7 CoMP, Dual Connectivity, and Hetnet Support 812
31.8 Relaying 814
31.9 LTE for Machine-Type Applications 815
31.10 Device-to-Device Communications – Sidelink 817
31.10.1 Motivation, Architecture, and Channel Structure 817
31.10.2 Synchronization 818
31.10.3 Discovery 819
31.10.4 Communications 819
Glossary for LTE 820
Further Reading 822
Exercises: Sec. 36.31 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 822
32 5G Cellular – 3GPP New Radio (NR) 823
32.1 Introduction 823
32.2 System Overview 825
32.3 Physical Layer 830
32.4 Physical and Logical Channels 843
32.5 Physical Layer Procedures 851
32.6 Carrier Aggregation and License-Assisted Access 854
32.7 CoMP, Dual Connectivity, and HetNet Support 856
32.8 Relaying 856
32.9 NR for Machine-Type Communications 857
32.10 Device-to-Device Communications – Sidelink 858
32.10.1 Motivation, Architecture, and Channel Structure 858
32.10.2 Synchronization 859
32.10.3 Discovery and Resource Allocation 859
32.10.4 Communications 859
Glossary for 5G-NR 860
Further Reading 862
Exercises: Sec. 36.32 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 862
33 Wireless Local Area Networks 863
33.1 Introduction 863
33.2 802.11a/g – OFDM-Based LANs 867
33.3 802.11n – High-throughput Transmission 870
33.5 IEEE 802.11ac 883
33.6 802.11ax/Wi-Fi 6 886
Glossary for WiFi 892
Further Reading 894
Exercises: Sec. 36.33 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 894
34 PAN and Internet of Things – Bluetooth and Zigbee 895
34.1 Bluetooth 895
34.2 Zigbee 907
Glossary 912
Further Reading 912
Exercises: Sec. 36.34 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 912
35 Beyond 5G 913
35.1 Motivation and Process 913
35.2 Applications 913
35.3 Network Design in B5G 916
35.4 Spectrum Usage for B5G 918
35.5 Physical and MAC Layer Aspects 918
35.6 Real-Time Processing and RF Transceiver Design 922
35.7 Use of Machine Learning 923
35.8 A Final Word on New Technologies 924
Further Reading 925
Exercises: Sec. 36.35 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 925
References 927
Index 953
About the Author 963
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