Wireless Communications and Networking

by Mark, Jon W.; Zhuang, Weihua

• ISBN13: 9780130409058
• ISBN10: 0130409057
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Text proceeds to cover wireless communications in a cellular setting, treating the ramifications in terms of capacity maximization, support for multi-user transmissions, mobility management and global information delivery through wireless and wireline internetworking.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Overview of Wireless Communications and Networking	1	(11)
Historical Overview of Wireless Communications	1	(1)
Challenges in Wireless Communication Networking	2	(2)
The Wireless Channel	3	(1)
User Mobility	3	(1)
Wireless Communications Standards	4	(5)
First Generation Cellular Systems	4	(1)
Second Generation Cellular Systems	5	(2)
Third Generation Wireless Communications Networks	7	(1)
Coverage Extension	8	(1)
Types of Wireless Communication Networks	8	(1)
Organization of This Text	9	(3)
Summary	10	(1)
Endnotes	10	(1)
Problems	11	(1)
Characterization of the Wireless Channel	12	(51)
Multipath Propagation Environment	12	(4)
Linear Time-Variant Channel Model	16	(9)
Channel Impulse Response	16	(2)
Time-Variant Transfer Function	18	(1)
Doppler Spread Function and Delay-Doppler Spread Function	19	(3)
Example on the Channel Functions	22	(3)
Channel Correlation Functions	25	(10)
Delay Power Spectral Density	25	(2)
Frequency and Time Correlation Functions	27	(2)
Doppler Power Spectral Density	29	(2)
Examples on the Channel Correlation Functions	31	(4)
Large-Scale Path Loss and Shadowing	35	(13)
Free Space Propagation Model	36	(2)
Propagation Over Smooth Plane	38	(2)
Log-Distance Path Loss with Shadowing	40	(1)
Okumura--Hara Path Loss Model	41	(2)
Lee's Path Loss Model	43	(2)
Radio Cell Coverage	45	(3)
Small-Scale Multipath Fading	48	(15)
First-Order Statistics	48	(3)
Second-Order Statistics	51	(6)
Summary	57	(1)
Endnotes	57	(1)
Problems	58	(5)
Bandpass Transmission Techniques for Mobile Radio	63	(54)
Introduction	63	(5)
Signal Space and Decision Regions	68	(8)
Vector-Space Representation of M-ary Signals	68	(2)
Signal Detection and Optimal Receiver	70	(6)
Digital Modulation	76	(17)
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK)	76	(8)
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)	84	(4)
Gaussian MSK (GMSK)	88	(2)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)	90	(3)
Power Spectral Density	93	(7)
Probability of Transmission Error	100	(17)
Coherent Reception in an AWGN Channel	100	(8)
Coherent Reception in a Flat Slow Rayleigh Fading Channel	108	(4)
Summary	112	(1)
Endnotes	112	(1)
Problems	112	(5)
Receiver Techniques for Fading Dispersive Channels	117	(43)
Overview of Channel Impairment Mitigation Techniques	117	(4)
Diversity	121	(13)
Diversity Mechanisms	121	(1)
Linear Combining	122	(4)
Performance Improvement	126	(8)
Channel Equalization	134	(26)
Linear Equalization	136	(10)
Decision Feedback Equalization	146	(9)
Summary	155	(1)
Endnotes	155	(1)
Problems	156	(4)
Fundamentals of Cellular Communications	160	(29)
Introduction	160	(1)
Frequency Reuse and Mobility Management	161	(2)
Cellular Communications and Frequency Reuse	161	(2)
Mobility Management	163	(1)
Cell Cluster Concept	163	(9)
Capacity Expansion by Frequency Reuse	164	(1)
Cellular Layout for Frequency Reuse	165	(3)
Geometry of Hexagonal Cells	168	(3)
Frequency Reuse Ratio	171	(1)
Cochannel and Adjacent Channel Interference	172	(4)
Cochannel Interference	172	(3)
Adjacent Channel Interference	175	(1)
Call Blocking and Delay at the Cell-Site	176	(4)
Other Mechanisms for Capacity Increase	180	(4)
Cell Splitting	180	(2)
Directional Antennas (Sectoring)	182	(2)
Channel Assignment Strategies	184	(5)
Summary	185	(1)
Endnotes	185	(1)
Problems	186	(3)
Multiple Access Techniques	189	(46)
Multiple Access in a Radio Cell	189	(2)
Random Access	191	(6)
Aloha Systems	191	(4)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)	195	(2)
Conflict-Free Multiple Access Technologies	197	(15)
FDMA	197	(1)
TDMA	198	(3)
CDMA	201	(11)
Spectral Efficiency	212	(23)
FDMA Systems	213	(5)
TDMA Systems	218	(4)
DS-CDMA Systems	222	(7)
Summary	229	(1)
Endnotes	229	(1)
Problems	230	(5)
Mobility Management in Wireless Networks	235	(37)
Introduction	235	(2)
Call Admission Control (CAC)	237	(1)
Prioritized Call Admission	238	(1)
Handoff Management	238	(12)
Handoff Strategies	239	(1)
Types of Handoff	239	(1)
Design Issues	240	(1)
Feedback-Based MAHO Strategy	241	(1)
AP/MSC Identification	242	(2)
Profile	244	(1)
Capability of the Mobile	244	(1)
Mobility Model	245	(2)
Intraswitch Handoff Algorithm	247	(3)
Location Management for Cellular Networks	250	(7)
Two-Tiered Architecture of IS-41	252	(1)
SS7 Network and Common Channel Signaling	253	(2)
Location Update, Call Setup, and Paging	255	(2)
Location Management for PCS Networks	257	(4)
Overlay Approach	258	(1)
Local Anchor Approach	259	(2)
Traffic Calculation	261	(11)
System and Traffic Parameters	262	(1)
Handoff Rate Calculation	263	(3)
Summary	266	(1)
Endnotes	266	(1)
Problems	267	(5)
Wireless/Wireline Interworking	272	(39)
Background	272	(2)
Mobile IP	274	(10)
Operation of Mobile IP	276	(5)
Local Anchor for Mobile IP	281	(1)
Hierarchical Routing	282	(2)
Internet Protocol (IP)	284	(5)
IPv6 versus IPv4	284	(3)
Mobile IPv6	287	(2)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)	289	(5)
Flow Control	289	(1)
Modified TCP	290	(3)
Modified UDP	293	(1)
Network Performance	294	(6)
Network Model	294	(1)
Mobility Model 3	295	(1)
Handoff Delay with Local Anchor	295	(5)
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)	300	(3)
Wireless Application Environment	300	(1)
WAP Protocol Stack	301	(1)
WAP Gateway	302	(1)
Mobile AD HOC Networks	303	(8)
Ad Hoc Routing Protocols	303	(2)
Comments	305	(1)
Summary	305	(1)
Endnotes	306	(1)
Problems	306	(5)
Appendix	311	(16)
A Gram--Schmidt Orthogonalization	311	(2)
B Maximum Likelihood Detection	313	(1)
C MSK Signal Representation	314	(1)
D Derivation of the Rician Distribution	315	(2)
E Pseudorandom Noise Sequences	317	(2)
F The Erlang-B and Erlang-C Tables	319	(8)
Abbreviations and Acronyms	327	(6)
Bibliography	333	(12)
Answers to Selected Problems	345	(5)
Index	350

Excerpts

Signal propagation through a guided wire (e.g., a coaxial cable or an optical fiber) is relatively free of interference. With a wireless channel, the impairments are much more severe. A signal propagating through the wireless channel will be subject to additive background noise, and will experience signal fading, multipath spread, cochannel interference, adjacent channel interference, etc. However, a wireless system has the flexibility to support user roaming, while a wired system lacks this flexibility. Because of its ability to support user mobility, the wireless system has emerged as the key information transport platform to meet the demands of modern society. However, wireless systems suffer a number of shortcomings, the most important being the severe channel impairments that limit the usable spectral width. Also, a wireless system has either a limited geographical coverage (e.g., ground radio) or a long propagation delay (e.g., geostationary satellite). Wireless cellular communication based on radio propagation has been evolving from narrowband (i.e., the first generation (1G) and second generation (2G) wireless systems) to wideband (i.e., the third generation (3G) wireless systems). With their geographical coverage limitation, wireless systems need a backbone network to extend their geographical coverage to enable global communications. A wireline network such as the Internet has universal appeal. The interworking of a wireless network as the front-end and the Internet as the backbone has been receiving much attention in recent years. With a hybrid wireless/Internet network, the wireless front-end supports user roaming while the Internet backbone offers global coverage. The severe impairments in the wireless channel introduce a set of challenging problems for the network provider. When the demand for system bandwidth is not very high, the problems of spectral limitation and transmission errors associated with conventional modulation and coding methods may not be so intolerable. This is the case with narrowband cellular communications Systems (e.g., 1G and 2G). To support multimedia communications (e.g., in 3G) mitigation of channel dispersive fading and multiple access interference effects are critically important. The present text is aimed at providing the fundamentals of wireless communications and networking to senior undergraduate students. The materials in the text have been given as a one-semester course to fourth year students several times at the University of Waterloo. The student who takes this course would have in prior semesters already had courses in the principles of analog and digital communications, probability theory, and signal analysis methods. The book begins with an overview of wireless communications and networking by providing a road map on these topics. The salient features of first and second generation wireless cellular systems, and those perceived for the third generation wireless systems, are highlighted in this overview. The focus of the text is on fundamentals at the senior undergraduate level. The materials on wireless communications and networking are organized into seven chapters, Chapters 2 through 8. Chapter 2 aims at providing an informative exposition and an understanding of the characteristics of the wireless channel, which form the basis for the development of bandpass transmission techniques in Chapter 3 and reception techniques in Chapter 4. These three chapters focus on the properties of the physical transmission layer, with the objective of providing an understanding of the characteristics of the various types of interference and the methods used at both the transmitter and receiver for mitigating these types of interference. The fundamentals of cellular communications, including the rationales for cellular systems and the properties of frequency reuse to enlarge system capacity, are described and discussed in Chapter 5. One of the main benefits from