Wireless Positioning Technologies... | Buy

GPS may get the headlines, but several other short-range wireless-positioning methods play a huge role of their own in networks like Bluetooth and applications like electronic toll collection. This first-of-its-kind book brings all of these methods together in a single source, surveying each technique's theory of operation, advantages and disadvantages, and implementation procedures. It helps engineers to select the right technology for any application and ensure the best results possible. This one-stop resource covers fundamental principles and guides engineers, step by step, through radio signal time of flight methods, the signal strength method, the angle of arrival system, and the geometric use of distance measurement to determine location.

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
Fundamentals and Terms	p. 1
Basic Measurements	p. 2
Terms	p. 3
Applications	p. 4
Cellular Networks	p. 4
Person and Asset Tracking	p. 5
Wireless Network Security	p. 6
Location-Based Advertising	p. 6
Location Services for Vehicles and Traffic	p. 6
Overview of Distance Measurement and Location Methods	p. 6
Organization of the Book	p. 10
References	p. 11
Basic Principles and Applications	p. 13
Signal Parameters	p. 14
Time Resolution	p. 14
Pulse Width and Duty Cycle	p. 15
Bandwidth	p. 15
Noise	p. 17
Pulse Compression	p. 20
Basics of Location	p. 27
Rho-Theta	p. 27
Theta-Theta or AOA	p. 28
Rho-Rho or TOA	p. 29
TDOA and Hyperbolic Curves	p. 30
Navigation Systems	p. 32
DME	p. 33
VOR	p. 37
Loran-C	p. 38
GPS	p. 44
Conclusions	p. 51
References	p. 52
Spread Spectrum	p. 53
Principles of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum	p. 53
Transmitter and Receiver Configurations for DSSS	p. 54
DSSS Waveforms	p. 55
Despreading and Correlation	p. 57
Code Sequence Generation	p. 59
Synchronization	p. 60
Velocity Estimation	p. 62
Acquisition	p. 63
Code Acquisition	p. 64
Carrier Acquisition	p. 69
Code Rate Matching	p. 70
Effect of Data Modulation on Acquisition	p. 71
Radiometric Detection	p. 71
Tracking	p. 72
Carrier Tracking	p. 72
Code Tracking	p. 73
Measurement of Elapsed Time	p. 77
One-Way Systems	p. 78
Two-Way Systems	p. 78
The Time Measurement Process	p. 79
High-Resolution Elapsed Time-Measuring Receiver	p. 82
Duplex and Half Duplex Two-Way Ranging Examples	p. 83
Sequence Length and Chip Period	p. 87
Propagation Time Resolution	p. 88
Tracking Accuracy and Noise	p. 88
Multipath	p. 90
Increased Range Resolution Using Carrier Phase	p. 92
Conclusions	p. 93
References	p. 94
Time Transfer	p. 95
Time Transfer Basics	p. 95
Calibration Constants	p. 97
Range Uncertainty	p. 98
Clock Drift and Measurement Time	p. 99
Noise	p. 101
Multipath	p. 102
Relative Motion	p. 102
Ranging Procedure in Wireless Network	p. 103
Conclusions	p. 105
References	p. 105
Multicarrier Phase Measurement	p. 107
Principle of Multicarrier Phase Measurement	p. 107
Phase Slope Method	p. 108
Phase Error Versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio	p. 111
Estimation of Distance Variance Versus SNR	p. 115
Multipath	p. 118
System Implementation	p. 123
Phase Difference Measurements and Analogy to TDOA	p. 125
OFDM	p. 126
The Basics of OFDM	p. 126
OFDM Distance Measurement	p. 130
Location Based on OFDM Distance Measurement	p. 134
Resolution of OFDM Distance Measurement	p. 136
Conclusions	p. 137
References	p. 138
Received Signal Strength	p. 139
Advantages and Problems in RSS Location	p. 139
Propagation Laws	p. 140
Free Space	p. 140
Free-Space dB	p. 140
Open Field	p. 141
Logarithmic Approximation	p. 142
Randomizing Term X	p. 143
Outdoor Area Networks	p. 144
Path Loss and Received Signal Strength	p. 146
RSS Location Methods	p. 146
RSS Location from Range Estimations	p. 146
RSS Location Based on Database Comparison	p. 147
Conclusions	p. 158
References	p. 158
Time of Arrival and Time Difference of Arrival	p. 161
TOA Location Method	p. 162
Overdetermined TOA Equation Solution	p. 163
TOA Method in GPS Positioning	p. 166
TDOA	p. 170
TDOA Measurement Techniques	p. 171
Multilateral and Unilateral Topologies for TDOA	p. 173
TDOA Geometric Model	p. 175
TDOA Example	p. 177
Performance Impairment	p. 181
Uncertainties in Data Measurement	p. 181
Random Noise	p. 182
Dilution of Precision (DOP)	p. 182
Multipath	p. 184
Cochannel Interference	p. 186
Conclusions	p. 186
References	p. 187
Angle of Arrival	p. 189
Triangulation	p. 189
Antenna Performance Terms and Definitions	p. 191
Finding Direction from Antenna Patterns	p. 194
Direction-Finding Methods	p. 198
Amplitude Comparison	p. 198
Phase Interferometer	p. 200
Electronically Steerable Beam Antennas	p. 207
ESPAR Antenna Array	p. 214
Conclusions	p. 220
References	p. 221
Cellular Networks	p. 223
Cellular Location-Based Services	p. 223
Cellular Network Fundamentals	p. 224
GSM Transmissions	p. 226
CDMA	p. 227
UMTS	p. 228
Categories of Location Systems	p. 229
GPS Solution	p. 230
Cell-ID	p. 231
Location Technologies Using TDOA	p. 232
Enhanced Observed Time Differences	p. 234
Observed Time Difference of Arrival	p. 235
Uplink Time Difference of Arrival	p. 236
Angle of Arrival	p. 236
Received Signal Strength and Pattern Recognition	p. 236
Problems and Solutions in Cellular Network Positioning	p. 237
Narrowband Networks	p. 237
CDMA	p. 237
GSM	p. 238
Handset-Based Versus Network-Based Systems	p. 238
Accuracy Factors	p. 239
Conclusions	p. 239
References	p. 240
Short-Range Wireless Networks and RFID	p. 241
WLAN/WiFi	p. 242
TOA	p. 242
TDOA Methods for WLAN Location	p. 248
Fingerprinting	p. 249
WPAN	p. 251
Bluetooth	p. 251
ZigBee	p. 255
Alternate Low Rate WPAN Physical Layer IEEE 802.15.4a	p. 257
ECMA-368 Standard	p. 258
RFID	p. 259
Proximity Location	p. 260
Distance Bounding for Security	p. 260
Accurate RFID Location	p. 262
Conclusions	p. 262
References	p. 263
Ultrawideband (UWB)	p. 265
Telecommunication Authority Regulations	p. 265
FCC Regulations	p. 265
UWB in the European Community	p. 267
UWB Implementation	p. 268
Impulse Radio UWB	p. 268
OFDM	p. 272
IEEE 802.15.4a	p. 274
Physical Layer Characteristics and Synchronization	p. 274
Ranging Protocol	p. 280
Dealing with Multipath and Nonline of Sight	p. 283
Multipath	p. 283
Nonline of Sight	p. 284
Conclusions	p. 286
References	p. 286
Bibliography	p. 289
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations	p. 293
About the Author	p. 297
Index	p. 299
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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