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P.M.S. Hacker is the leading authority on the philosophy of Wittgenstein. He is author of the four-volume Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations, the first two volumes co-authored with G.P. Baker (Blackwell, 1980–96) and of Wittgenstein’s Place in Twentieth-century Analytic Philosophy (Blackwell, 1996). His other previous works include The Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience (Blackwell, 2003) and History of Cognitive Neuroscience (Wiley-Blackwell, 2008), both co-authored with M.R. Bennett. Most recently he has published Human Nature: The Categorical Framework (Blackwell, 2007), the first volume of a trilogy on human nature.Together with Joachim Schulte, he has produced the 4th edition and extensively revised translation of Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations (Wiley-Blackwell, forthcoming 2009).
Acknowledgements | p. xi |
Introduction to Part I: Essays | p. xiii |
Note to the paperback edition 2009 | p. xix |
Abbreviations | p. xx |
The Augustinian conception of language (§1) | p. 1 |
Augustine's picture | p. 1 |
The Augustinian family | p. 4 |
word-meaning | p. 4 |
correlating words with meanings | p. 6 |
ostensive explanation | p. 7 |
metapsychological corollaries | p. 9 |
sentence-meaning | p. 11 |
Moving off in new directions | p. 14 |
Frege | p. 19 |
Russell | p. 23 |
The Tractatus | p. 26 |
Explanation (§6) | p. 29 |
Training, teaching and explaining | p. 29 |
Explanation and meaning | p. 33 |
Explanation and grammar | p. 35 |
Explanation and understanding | p. 39 |
The language-game method (§7) | p. 45 |
The emergence of the game analogy | p. 45 |
An intermediate phase: comparisons with invented calculi | p. 54 |
The emergence of the language-game method | p. 57 |
Invented language-games | p. 61 |
Natural language-games | p. 63 |
Descriptions and the uses of sentences (§18) | p. 65 |
Flying in the face of the facts | p. 65 |
Sentences as descriptions of facts: surface-grammatical paraphrase | p. 67 |
Sentences as descriptions: depth-grammatical analysis and descriptive contents | p. 70 |
Sentences as instruments | p. 73 |
Assertions, questions, commands make contact in language | p. 76 |
Ostensive definition and its ramifications (§28) | p. 81 |
Connecting language and reality | p. 81 |
The range and limits of ostensive explanations | p. 83 |
The normativity of ostensive definition | p. 88 |
Samples | p. 92 |
Misunderstandings resolved | p. 97 |
Samples and simples | p. 103 |
Indexicals (§39) | p. 107 |
Logically proper names (§39) | p. 113 |
Russell | p. 113 |
The Tractatus | p. 117 |
The criticisms of the Investigations: assailing the motivation | p. 120 |
The criticisms of the Investigations: real proper names and simple names | p. 124 |
Meaning and use (§43) | p. 129 |
The concept of meaning | p. 129 |
Setting the stage | p. 136 |
Wittgenstein: meaning and its internal relations | p. 144 |
Qualifications | p. 152 |
Contextual dicta and contextual principles (§50) | p. 159 |
The problems of a principle | p. 159 |
Frege | p. 164 |
The Tractatus | p. 170 |
After the Tractatus | p. 171 |
Compositional theories of meaning | p. 173 |
Computational theories of understanding | p. 181 |
The standard metre (§50) | p. 189 |
The rudiments of measurement | p. 189 |
The standard metre and canonical samples | p. 192 |
Fixing the reference or explaining the meaning? | p. 193 |
Defusing paradoxes | p. 197 |
Family resemblance (§65) | p. 201 |
Background: definition, logical constituents and analysis | p. 201 |
Family resemblance: precursors and anticipations | p. 208 |
Family resemblance: a minimalist interpretation | p. 212 |
Sapping the defences of orthodoxy | p. 216 |
Problems about family-resemblance concepts | p. 219 |
Psychological concepts | p. 222 |
Formal concepts | p. 224 |
Proper names (§79) | p. 227 |
Stage-setting | p. 227 |
Frege and Russell: simple abbreviation theories | p. 230 |
Cluster theories of proper names | p. 233 |
Some general principles | p. 235 |
Some critical consequences | p. 238 |
The significance of proper names | p. 239 |
Proper names and meaning | p. 244 |
Turning the inquiry round: the recantation of a metaphysician (§89) | p. 251 |
Reorienting the investigation | p. 251 |
The sublime vision | p. 253 |
Diagnosis: projecting the mode of representation on to what is represented | p. 256 |
Idealizing the prototype | p. 259 |
Misunderstanding the role of the Ideal | p. 263 |
Turning the inquiry round | p. 266 |
Philosophy (§109) | p. 271 |
A revolution in philosophy | p. 271 |
The sources of philosophical problems | p. 277 |
The goals of philosophy: conceptual geography and intellectual therapy | p. 284 |
The difficulty of philosophy | p. 287 |
The methods of philosophy | p. 290 |
Negative corollaries | p. 294 |
Misunderstandings | p. 299 |
Retrospect: the Tractatus and the Investigations | p. 303 |
Surveyability and surveyable representations (§122) | p. 307 |
Surveyability | p. 307 |
Precursors: Hertz, Boltzmann, Ernst, Goethe, Spengler | p. 311 |
The morphological method and the difficulty of surveying grammar | p. 320 |
Surveyable representations | p. 326 |
Truth and the general propositional form (§134) | p. 335 |
The demands of the picture theory | p. 335 |
'That's the way the cookie crumbles' | p. 340 |
'...do we have a single concept of proposition?' (PG 112) | p. 344 |
'...the use of the words "true" and "false" ... belongs to our concept "proposition" but does not fit it...' (PI §136) | p. 346 |
Truth, correspondence and multi-valued logic | p. 349 |
Understanding and ability (§143) | p. 357 |
The place of the education of understanding in the Investigations | p. 357 |
Meaning and understanding as the soul of signs | p. 359 |
Categorial misconceptions of understanding | p. 362 |
Categorial clarification | p. 367 |
Understanding is not an experience | p. 368 |
Understanding is not a process | p. 369 |
Understanding is not a mental state | p. 371 |
Understanding is neither a dispositional state of the brain nor a disposition | p. 373 |
Powers and abilities | p. 375 |
Understanding and ability | p. 380 |
Index | p. 387 |
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