Women And the Criminal Justice System

by van Wormer, Katherine Stuart; Bartollas, Clemens F.

• ISBN13: 9780205482184
• ISBN10: 020548218X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This text examines the various roles of women in the criminal justice system within a social context in which women are oppressed. It emphasizes gender and ethnic diversity along with the strengths of oppressed people, especially women of color. A wide range of issues are covered, including the rate of early childhood sexual abuse, victimization in female inmates, priest abuse of girls, female inmate rape by male prison guards, and obstacles for women lawyers achieving partnerships in their firms. The text examines three roles of women in criminal justice: Women as victims of crimes Women as criminals convicted and sentenced for crimes Women as workers in various agencies in the criminal justice system

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
PART ONE Introduction	1	(24)
1 Gender, Patriarchy, and Social Control	3	(22)
The Study of Crime and the Male Perspective	4	(2)
Importance of Patriarchy	5	(1)
Feminist Theories	6	(3)
Liberal Feminism	6	(1)
Socialist Feminism	7	(1)
Marxist Feminism	7	(1)
Radical Feminism	8	(1)
Third-Wave Feminism	8	(1)
Post-Modern Feminism	9	(1)
Backlash to the Women's Movement	9	(1)
Human Agency	9	(1)
Oppression, Patriarchal Society, and the Criminal Justice System	10	(5)
Laws Defining Women's Place	12	(1)
Sexual Harassment of Women in Criminal Justice Institutions	13	(2)
Gender, Class, and Race and Women in the Criminal Justice System	15	(2)
The Empowerment Perspective	17	(2)
Paradigm Shift	19	(1)
Summary	19	(6)
PART TWO Women Criminals	25	(74)
2 Women in Crime	27	(26)
Explanations of Female Crime	28	(11)
Gender, Class, and Race	36	(2)
The Total Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts	38	(1)
Extent and Nature of Female Crime	39	(6)
Is Female Crime Increasing?	39	(2)
Trends in Violent Crimes among Women Offenders	41	(4)
Women and Drug Offenses	45	(1)
Processing of Female Offenders	46	(1)
Summary	47	(6)
3 Feminist Theory and Research	53	(17)
Key Features That Distinguish Feminist Theories	53	(2)
The Problem of Generalizability	55	(3)
Gendered Pathways	57	(1)
Gendered Crime	57	(1)
Gendered Lives	58	(1)
Masculinities and Crime	58	(1)
Feminist Epistemologies	59	(2)
Research Methods and Methodology	61	(4)
Choice of Research Topic	61	(1)
Choice of Research Methods and Methodologies	61	(3)
Reflexivity	64	(1)
Policy and Action	65	(1)
Summary	66	(4)
4 Delinquency across the Life Span	70	(29)
The Life Course Perspective	71	(3)
Continuity of Delinquency into Adult Criminality	72	(1)
Desistance from Crime	73	(1)
Female Delinquency across the Life Course	74	(8)
Relationship Between Male and Female Patterns of Delinquency	74	(2)
Female Use of Drugs and Alcohol	76	(1)
Gang Behavior among Female Adolescents	77	(2)
Prostitution	79	(1)
Adolescent Females and Violent Behavior	79	(3)
Gender across the Life Course	82	(2)
Desistance from Crime	83	(1)
A Feminist Theory of Delinquency	84	(2)
How Gender Bias Affects the Processing of the Female Delinquent	86	(6)
Gender Relations	86	(3)
Influence of Class	89	(2)
Racial Discrimination	91	(1)
The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of the Parts	92	(1)
Summary	92	(7)
PART THREE Drug Addiction, Prison, and Restoration	99	(92)
5 Women, Substance Abuse, and Criminal Justice	101	(34)
First, the Statistics	102	(5)
The Meaning of the Statistics	107	(1)
Biological Factors	107	(7)
The Brain on Drugs	109	(2)
Co-occurring Disorders	111	(1)
The Role of Early Childhood Sexual Abuse	112	(2)
Psychological Factors	114	(3)
Pathways to Crime	114	(2)
Partner Violence	116	(1)
Social/Societal Factors	117	(3)
Punishment of Pregnant Drug Addicts	119	(1)
Treatment Issues	120	(6)
Promising Developments	126	(2)
Drug Courts and Community Treatment	126	(1)
Empowerment and Gender-Responsive Approaches	127	(1)
Summary	128	(7)
6 The Prison Environment	135	(39)
History of the Women's Prison	136	(3)
The Population Profile	139	(5)
Mothers in Prison	141	(3)
Prison Structure	144	(5)
The Social World of the Women's Prison	144	(1)
Prison Families	145	(2)
Prison Sexuality	147	(2)
Attitudes toward Women in Prison	149	(4)
Prison Health Care	150	(2)
The Bad Mother Image	152	(1)
Degrading Practices	153	(4)
Prison Sexual Abuse	154	(3)
Inmate Litigation	157	(2)
Women on Death Row	159	(3)
Innovative Programs	162	(4)
Feminist Empowering Programs	163	(1)
Family Programs	164	(2)
Ethnic-Specific Programs	166	(1)
Summary	166	(8)
7 Restorative Justice Programs: Innovation and Advocacy	174	(17)
Role Models	175	(2)
Linda Harvey	176	(1)
Mary Roche	176	(1)
Principles of Restorative Justice	177	(3)
Community Conferencing and Circle Sentencing	178	(1)
Family Group Conferences (FGCs)	179	(1)
Reparation and Restitution	179	(1)
Victim-Offender Conferencing	180	(1)
Female Offender Special Needs	180	(1)
Innovative Programming	181	(1)
Adult Corrections	182	(1)
A Look at Program Effectiveness	183	(2)
Advocacy	185	(2)
Summary	187	(4)
PART FOUR Women as Victims and Survivors	191	(116)
8 Rape	193	(38)
Historical Overview	195	(2)
African American Women and Rape	195	(1)
Reconceptualization of Rape	196	(1)
Prevalence	197	(3)
Impact of the Mass Media	200	(5)
Blaming the Victim	201	(4)
Types of Rape	205	(9)
Acquaintance Rape	205	(3)
Mass Rape	208	(2)
Child Sexual Abuse	210	(2)
Priest Abuse	212	(2)
Criminal Justice Response	214	(3)
Victims' Rights	216	(1)
Psychological Trauma	217	(2)
Treatment and Empowerment	219	(4)
Denial-Avoidance	220	(1)
Guilt and Sexualization	221	(1)
Reexperience and Rage	222	(1)
Healing	222	(1)
Summary	223	(8)
9 Wife and Partner Abuse	231	(46)
Historical Overview	233	(1)
Nature and Scope of the Problem	233	(6)
Lesbian and Gay Couples	235	(1)
Rates of Violence among Ethnic Minorities	236	(1)
International Research	237	(2)
Dynamics of Intimate Abuse	239	(3)
Marital Rape	242	(1)
Murder-Suicide	243	(3)
Women Who Kill Their Husbands/Partners	246	(2)
Theories of Partner Abuse	248	(3)
Societal Stress	248	(1)
Family Violence Framework	249	(1)
Systems Theory	250	(1)
Feminist Therapy	250	(1)
The Substance Abuse Connection	251	(3)
The Psychology of Male Abuse	254	(1)
Children Witnessing Violence	255	(2)
Criminal Justice Process	257	(3)
Human Rights Issues	260	(1)
Empowerment	261	(6)
Crisis Intervention	261	(2)
Shelters for Battered Women	263	(1)
Treatment for Batterers	264	(3)
Summary	267	(10)
10 Women's Victimization: Global Perspectives	277	(30)
The Impact of Globalization	280	(4)
Women's Rights Are Human Rights	284	(3)
Violations of Women Domestically	287	(5)
Wife Beating	289	(1)
Honor Killing	290	(1)
Immigration and Domestic Violence	290	(1)
The Legacy of the Iraq War	291	(1)
Community-Level Victimization: Sex Trafficking	292	(1)
Victimization of Women at the State Level	293	(5)
Rape in War	293	(4)
Women, War, and Peace	297	(1)
Treatment of Immigrants in U.S. Detention	297	(1)
Global Initiatives for Rights and Justice	298	(3)
Restorative Justice	299	(2)
Summary	301	(6)
PART FIVE Women as Professionals	307	(94)
11 Women in Law Enforcement	309	(30)
A History of Women in Policing	310	(4)
Barriers to Women in Policing	314	(1)
Comparison of Male and Female Officers' Job Performance	315	(1)
Gender, Race, and Culture	316	(8)
Gender and Culture: Women Are Not Wanted—This Is a Man's Job	316	(4)
Community to Community: Changing Roles for Police Officers	320	(1)
Sexual Harassment in the Police Culture	321	(2)
African American Women in Policing	323	(1)
Success in a Difficult Career Path	324	(3)
Legal Protections	327	(3)
United States Civil Rights Act	327	(1)
Fair Employment Practices (FEP)	328	(1)
Tort Laws and Criminal Charges	328	(1)
Statute 42 United States Code Section 1983	329	(1)
The Courts and Findings of Sexual Harassment	330	(3)
The Reasonable Woman Standard	331	(1)
Issues of Women Working as Police Officers	332	(1)
Summary	333	(6)
12 Women in the Legal Profession	339	(30)
History of Women in Law	341	(3)
Law School Socialization	344	(2)
Patriarchal Nature of the World of Law	346	(1)
Legal Practice: Struggles in a Man's World	347	(6)
Women on the Bench	351	(2)
Race, Class, and Gender	353	(4)
Gender and Discrimination	353	(1)
Sexual Harassment	354	(1)
Synergistic Nature of Race, Class, Gender, and Sexual Orientation	355	(2)
Mass Media Images	357	(2)
Television and Film Portrayals	358	(1)
Strengths of Women Attorneys	359	(2)
Significance of Women's Entrance into the Law	361	(2)
Summary	363	(6)
13 Women in Corrections	369	(24)
History of Women in Corrections	370	(3)
Women Probation Officers	373	(2)
Women Jail Officers	375	(2)
Women Wardens	377	(2)
The Correctional Counselor	379	(3)
Stages in Counselors' Correctional Careers	380	(2)
The Female Correctional Officer	382	(7)
Toxic Environment	383	(3)
Privacy-Equal Employment Dilemma	386	(1)
Comparison of How Female and. Male Correctional Officers Do Their Jobs	387	(1)
Issues of Women Working as Correctional Officers	387	(2)
Summary	389	(4)
14 Summary and New Directions for the Future	393	(8)
Theme of Gender, Class, Race/Ethnicity, Sexual Orientation, and Age	393	(1)
Theme of Multiple Oppressions of Gender, Class, Race/Ethnicity, Sexual Orientation, and Age	394	(1)
Theme of Male-Oriented Social Construction of Knowledge	395	(1)
Importance of Social Context	396	(1)
Empowerment of Women Involved with the Justice System	397	(1)
Future Trends	398	(3)
Index	401