Women and Work

by Dubeck, Paula J.; Borman, Kathryn M.

• ISBN13: 9780813524733
• ISBN10: 0813524733
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-09-01
• Publisher: Rutgers Univ Pr

Summary

Despite benefiting from the struggles of previous generations, working women today still face a dismaying gauntlet of sexual discrimination. This encyclopedic collection of 150 original articles by top scholars takes an inter-disciplinary look at the issues faced by women of all ages, races, ethnic backgrounds, and nationalities in a spectrum of diverse occupations, from doctors to journalists, from nuns to soldiers. A variety of perspectives are used to investigate women's work experience at individual, organizational, and societal levels. Some of the essays focus on how women fare in a variety of occupations, summarizing women's representation in different jobs, and discussing the unique problems they face. Others examine the influences of religious and educational institutions on women's career choices. Women and Work also reviews the history of protective legislation. The contributors consider current research on women's work interests, commitment, and satisfaction, and examine sexual discrimination, harassment and coercion, as well as gender bias in job evaluations and personnel decisions. They also explore various strategies for reducing or eliminating discrimination, harassment, and wage discrimination. Issues surrounding the work/family intersection are addressed, including when to have children, the difficulties that arise from the competing demands of work and child care, the consequences for women's careers, research examining the effects of mothers' employment on children's development, and issues surrounding eldercare. The volume surveys the status of women in an international framework, analyzing women and work in selected countries, arranged to reflect the varying levels of development. Women and Work is a valuable reference book, providing a thoughtful overview of the issues facing working women.

Table of Contents

Introduction	xv
Paula J. Dubeck
Kathryn Borman
Section I. Women's Labor-Force Participation in the U.S.: Patterns and Issues	3	(100)
GENERAL PATTERNS OF EMPLOYMENT/UNEMPLOYMENT	3	(32)
Women's Changing Labor-Force Participation in the U.S.	3	(4)
Dayle A. Mandelson
Women and Part-Time Work	7	(3)
Martha L. Shockey
Self-Employed Women in the United States	10	(3)
Sandra Boyd-Davis
Working-Class Women and Work	13	(4)
Nanette Page
Young Women at Work	17	(4)
Barbara Schneider
Jennifer A. Schmidt
Women and Unemployment in the U.S.	21	(4)
Carolyn C. Perrucci
Dena B. Targ
Women and Retirement in the U.S.	25	(2)
Angela M. O'Rand
Women in the U.S. Labor Movement	27	(3)
Daniel B. Cornfield
Women's Status in American Labor Unions	30	(5)
Judith Stepan-Norris
INTERSECTION OF GENDER, RACE/ETHNICITY, AND WORK	35	(26)
African-American Women and Work	35	(3)
Young-Hee Yoon
Latinas in the U.S. Labor Force	38	(3)
Susan E. Moreno
Chandra Muller
Immigrant Women in the U.S. and Work	41	(3)
David G. Hogan
Domestic Workers and Their Employers	44	(3)
Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo
Appalachian Women and Work	47	(4)
H. Virginia McCoy
Diana Gullett Trevino
Greek Ethnic Women in the U.S.	51	(3)
Vasilikie Demos
Women and Work in the South after the Civil War	54	(4)
Sabine Rieble
Women in the Civil Rights Movement	58	(3)
Regina E. Werum
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WOMEN'S LABOR-FORCE PARTICIPATION	61	(26)
Gender and Earnings	61	(3)
Dana Dunn
Income Inequality	64	(4)
Heidi Gottfried
David Wright
Occupational Skill, Gender, and Earnings	68	(3)
Barbara Stanek Kilbourne
Paula England
Gender and Race Impacts on Occupational Segregation, Prestige, and Earnings	71	(3)
Ann Leffler
Wu Xu
Comparable Worth and the Labor Market	74	(3)
Robin Stryker
Gender-Related Differences in Pension Coverage	77	(4)
William E. Even
David A. Macpherson
Income Possession in Couples	81	(2)
David Cheal
Economics of Housework	83	(4)
Joni Hersch
GENDER-BASED DIVISION OF LABOR IN THE U.S.	87	(16)
Occupational Sex-Typing	87	(2)
Samuel Cohn
Sex Type and Prestige of Occupations	89	(2)
Annette M. Girondi
David F. Bush
Gender-Segregated Occupations	91	(3)
Dana Dunn
Sex Segregation in the Workplace	94	(4)
Barbara F. Reskin
Full-Time Homemaker as Unpaid Laborer	98	(5)
Linda L. Lindsey
Section II. Approaches to Analyzing Women and Work	103	(36)
The Measure of Female Labor-Force Attachment	103	(2)
Elizabeth Maret
Geographic Aspects of Women and Work	105	(2)
Geraldine Pratt
Susan Hanson
Human Capital Theory	107	(3)
Samuel Cohn
The Interdependence of Housework and Paid Work	110	(4)
Juanita M. Firestone
Beth Anne Shelton
The Sex Segregation of Occupations: Structural Approaches	114	(2)
Jerry A. Jacobs
Dimensions of Sex Segregation in the Workplace	116	(2)
Jerry A. Jacobs
Women in the Professions: Assessing Progress	118	(5)
Rodolfo Alvarez
Leah Robin
Mia Tuan
Amily Shui-I Huang
Sex Stereotypes: An Underlying Dimension	123	(4)
Lloyd B. Lueptow
Women's Adult Development	127	(1)
Joan V. Gallos
Integrated Women: A Conceptual Framework	128	(3)
Phylis Lan Lin
Flexible Conceptual Style: Its Implications for Cultural Redefinition	131	(8)
Rosalie A. Cohen
Section III. Women in Diverse Occupations	139	(88)
OVERVIEW OF WOMEN'S OCCUPATIONAL DIVERSITY	139	(14)
Women in High-Status, Nontraditional Occupations	139	(2)
Jeanette N. Cleveland
Gender and the Scientific Professions	141	(2)
Anne E. Figert
Women in the Service Occupation Sector	143	(4)
Rosalie A. Cohen
Women in Blue-Collar Occupations	147	(6)
Irene Padavic
WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND MEDICINE	153	(12)
Women Physicians	153	(3)
Linda Grant
Layne A. Simpson
Women in Science	156	(2)
Yehouda Shenhav
Yitchak Haberfeld
Women in Nursing	158	(1)
Beth Rushing
Midwives	159	(3)
Beth Rushing
Health Care Professionals	162	(3)
Beth Rushing
WOMEN IN EDUCATION	165	(16)
Women in Academia	165	(3)
Linda Grant
Kathryn B. Ward
Women of Color in Academe	168	(5)
Mia Tuan
Leah Robin
Rodolfo Alvarez
Amily Shui-I Huang
Women as Teachers: A Historical Perspective (1830-1990)	173	(3)
Susan R. Martin Macke
Women in the K-12 Public School Superintendency	176	(5)
Susan E. Chase
Colleen S. Bell
WOMEN IN OTHER PROFESSIONS	181	(26)
Women Clergy	181	(4)
Paula D. Nesbitt
American Catholic Sisters	185	(4)
Silvia Cancio
Women in Journalism	189	(3)
Chris Von Der Haar
Women in Broadcasting	192	(3)
Sue A. Lafky
Women in Law	195	(4)
Daniel Poor
Women in Organizational Communications and Public Relations	199	(3)
Paula D. Nesbitt
Women in Public Accounting	202	(5)
Vicki Meredith
Sandra French
WOMEN IN OTHER OCCUPATIONS	207	(20)
Women Entrepreneurs	207	(2)
Lynda L. Moore
Women in the Military (1890-1990)	209	(3)
Cynthia Riffe Hancock
Women Office Workers	212	(2)
Roberta Goldberg
Women in Factory Work	214	(2)
Sandy Welsh
Women in the Garment Industry	216	(5)
Joyce N. Chinen
Prostitution	221	(6)
Barbara G. Brents
Gayle Morris
Lisa Licausi
Section IV. Factors Influencing Career and Occupational Choice	227	(22)
White Women's Higher Education: Coeducation and Gender Role Expectations, 1870-1890	227	(3)
Regina E. Werum
Gender Ideology in Early-Twentieth-Century Black Educational Reform	230	(2)
Regina E. Werum
Contemporary College Women's Career Plans	232	(3)
Margaret A. Eisenhart
Computer Language Effects on Educational/Career Choices of Women	235	(3)
Margaret Anne Bly
Women, Work, and Religion	238	(4)
William A. Mirola
Role Models and Occupational Choice	242	(1)
Michael Betz
Lenahan O' Connell
Sex, Gender Stereotypes, and Work	243	(6)
Aleta Esther Geib
Lloyd B. Lueptow
Section V. Legal Factors Affecting Women's Work and Opportunity	249	(32)
Protective Legislation in American Courts	249	(2)
David L. Sterling
Women's Work and Protective Legislation	251	(4)
David L. Sterling
Women's Rights in the Labor Market	255	(2)
Mary Ann Rossi
Affirmative Action	257	(3)
Russel J. Summers
Sexual Harassment	260	(4)
Russel J. Summers
Sexual Harassment: Legal and Policy Issues	264	(3)
Douglas D. Baker
Dana L. Stover
Family Support Act	267	(7)
Rosalie G. Genovese
Job-Protected Leave for Family and Medical Reasons	274	(7)
Kathleen C. Brannen
Section VI. Work Experiences and the Organizational Context of Work	281	(104)
WOMEN'S WORK EXPERIENCES	281	(26)
Gender and Orientation toward Work	281	(3)
Lloyd B. Lueptow
Gender Differences in Work Interests	284	(4)
Lenahan O'Connell
Michael Betz
Women's Work Commitment	288	(4)
Denise D. Bielby
Women and Job Satisfaction	292	(3)
Randy Hodson
Women's Educational Leadership Experience	295	(2)
Constance Counts
Women's Drinking and the Workplace	297	(3)
Susan M. Cunningham
Race and Sex Discrimination: A Comparison	300	(3)
Lenahan O'Connell
Sexual Harassment: Psychological and Behavioral Issues	303	(4)
Douglas D. Baker
FACTORS INFLUENCING WORK PERFORMANCE AND EFFECTIVENESS	307	(10)
Computers, Gender, and Elementary-School Teaching	307	(2)
Melissa Evans-Andris
Male-Female Communication in the Workplace: Invisible Barriers to Upward Mobility	309	(3)
Rosemary Booth
Terri A. Scandura
Successful Job Search and Informal Networks	312	(2)
Jonathan Marx
Kevin T. Leicht
Human Resource's Challenge: The Work-Family Interface	314	(3)
Teresa Joyce Covin
Christina Christenson Brush
GENDER'S INFLUENCE ON ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND CULTURE	317	(12)
The Stratification of Women within Organizations	317	(4)
Dana L. Stover
Organizational Culture	321	(2)
Albert J. Mills
Organizational Sexuality	323	(2)
Albert J. Mills
Sexual Coercion in the Workplace	325	(4)
Lori K. Sudderth
GENDER-BASED BIAS AND DISCRIMINATION	329	(18)
Sex Discrimination at Work	329	(3)
Richard F. Martell
Discrimination against Married Women	332	(2)
Samuel Cohn
Sex Bias in Performance Evaluations	334	(4)
Jeffrey D. Facteau
Gregory H. Dobbins
Persistent Gender Bias in Personnel Decisions	338	(3)
Jeanette N. Cleveland
Gender and Workplace Dispute Resolution	341	(6)
Patricia A. Gwartney-Gibbs
Denise H. Lach
MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL MOBILITY	347	(20)
Academic Mentors as Gatekeepers	347	(4)
Sandra French
Alice C. Wilson
Influences on Women's Managerial Advancement	351	(3)
Phyllis Tharenou
The Advancement of Women in Post-Secondary Educational Administration	354	(3)
Laura L. O'Toole
Beyond the Stereotypes: Women in Leadership Roles	357	(4)
Stephanie D. Myers
Gregory H. Dobbins
The Upward Mobility of Women in Organizations: Directions for Future Research	361	(6)
Terri A. Scandura
PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE	367	(18)
Resistance in the Workplace	367	(4)
Patricia Sotirin
Heidi Gottfried
Corporate Programs for Preventing Sexual Harassment	371	(4)
Cynthia Berryman-Fink
Remedying Gender-Based Wage Discrimination: The Comparable Worth Approach	375	(10)
Melissa A. Barker
Section VII. Issues Emerging from the Intersection of Work and Family	385	(46)
OVERVIEW OF WORK AND FAMILY LINKAGES	385	(16)
Work-Family Linkages in Early Industrialization: The Public-Private Split	385	(6)
Marie Withers Osmond
Gender Segregation of Housework	391	(4)
Sampson Lee Blair
Career, Family, and Changing Life Course Patterns	395	(2)
Catherine A. Faver
Working Women and Eldercare	397	(4)
LouEllen Crawford
PROVIDING FOR CHILDREN IN THE WORK/FAMILY ARRANGEMENT	401	(30)
Planning to Combine Work and Child-Rearing	401	(3)
Cherlyn Skromme Granrose
Employment and Child Care	404	(2)
Diane E. Wille
Shift Work and Child Care	406	(2)
Allie Funk
Margaret McLean Hughes
Maternal Role Conflict	408	(1)
Diane E. Wille
Maternal Occupational Conditions and Children's Family Environments	409	(4)
Elizabeth G. Menaghan
Maternal Working Conditions, Childcare, and Cognition	413	(3)
Toby L. Parcel
Maternal Employment and Children's Achievement	416	(3)
Chandra Muller
Maternal Working Conditions and Children's Behavior Problems	419	(3)
Stacy J. Rogers
Childbirth and Career Interruptions	422	(2)
William E. Even
The "Mommy Track": Impact of Family Life on Women in the Professoriate	424	(7)
Ellen J. Kennedy
Mary Carsky
Mary Ellen Waller Zuckerman
Section VIII. Cross-Cultural Issues and International Studies	431	(80)
CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISONS	431	(14)
Women's Labor-Force Participation in Advanced Industrial Countries	431	(4)
Isabella Bakker
Women and Agriculture in the Developing World	435	(2)
Linda L. Lindsey
Gender Inequality in Labor-Force Participation across Nations (circa 1980)	437	(3)
Gay Young
Lucia Fort
Mona Danner
The Division of Household Labor in Cross-Cultural Perspective	440	(5)
Sampson Lee Blair
WOMEN IN ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES	445	(26)
Australian Women in Paid Employment	445	(2)
Gerard Sullivan
Karen Herne
Australian Men and Women Managers	447	(6)
Phyllis Tharenou
Denise K. Conroy
Australia: Immigrant Women and Work	453	(4)
Gerard Sullivan
Joanne Travaglia
French Women's Educational Opportunities	457	(3)
Frederique Van de Poel-Knottnerus
Women in East Germany	460	(2)
Marilyn Rueschemeyer
Japanese Women: A Historical Overview	462	(2)
Merry White
Contemporary Japanese Women: Family, Education, and Workplace	464	(2)
Merry White
Occupational Sex Segregation in New Zealand, 1971, 1976, 1981	466	(2)
Patricia A. Gwartney-Gibbs
Efforts toward Gender Equity in Sweden	468	(3)
Lisa A. Cubbins
WOMEN IN NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETIES	471	(16)
`Women, Work, Patriarchy, and Development in India	471	(4)
Priti Ramamurthy
Women's Earnings in Israel	475	(1)
Yitchak Haberfeld
Women and Work in Mexico	476	(4)
Robert C. Williamson
Filipino Women's Educational and Occupational Opportunities	480	(3)
Sonia D. Carreon
Women and Work in Singapore	483	(4)
Gerard Sullivan
Mui Teng Yap
WOMEN IN DEVELOPING SOCIETIES	487	(24)
African Women in Economic Development	487	(2)
Chi Anyansi-Archibong
Changing Roles of Chinese Women: 2000 B.C. to 1949	489	(3)
Michael R. Ball
Women in the People's Republic of China (1949-the Present)	492	(3)
Michael R. Ball
Nicaraguan Women in the Formal and Informal Economy	495	(5)
Richard A. Dello Buono
Nigerian Women	500	(2)
Chi Anyansi-Archibong
Palestinian Women in the Israeli-Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip	502	(3)
Souad Dajani
Birth Control and Development in Three Latin American Countries	505	(6)
Kathryn Stout
Richard A. Dello Buono
Contributors	511	(18)
Subject Index	529	(10)
Author Index	539