The authors use regulation to explain the antecedents to current welfare developments in Britain. They show how first a Conservative and more recently "New Labour" governments have used in-work benefits so that today they have become the preferred instrument of intervention in the labor market for setting wages. The authors discuss the ways in which these measures address issues of child poverty and the adequacy of incomes, and how far they are disciplining devices to encourage a new moral order.

Chris Grover is Lecturer in Applied Social Science and John Stewart is Senior Lecturer in Social Policy, both in the Department of Applied Social Science, Lancaster University.

Acknowledgements

x

List of Illustrations

xi

Abbreviations

xii

Introduction -- Welfare to Work-Welfare: Making the Connection to Work

1

(18)

Regulation theory

3

(3)

Welfare to work?

6

(2)

Work-welfare policies: what are they?

8

(4)

Researching The Work Connection

12

(2)

Structure of the book

14

(5)

The Conservatives, Neo-Liberalism and Social Security Policy: the Development of Market Workfare

19

(25)

What is workfare?

22

(4)

`Classic' workfare: a reflection of command economies?

26

(3)

Social security and the Conservatives

29

(3)

The stricter benefit regime

32

(3)

The in-work benefit regime

35

(2)

The relationship between the stricter benefit regime and the in-work benefit regime: market workfare

37

(1)

Market workfare: a neo-liberal social mode of economic regulation

38

(4)

Conclusion

42

(2)

`New Labour' and the Modernisation of Welfare: Extending Market Workfare

44

(28)

`New Labour' and the free market

44

(3)

The `Third Way' and the individualising of social exclusion

47

(4)

`New Labour' and unemployment: a (lack of) motivation discourse

51

(3)

The New Deals: developing a pro-active welfare system?

54

(6)

Managing economic growth: the New Deals and employment

60

(3)

Tax credits and the working poor: maintaining low wages?

63

(3)

The national minimum wage: increasing low wages?

66

(3)

Conclusion

69

(3)

Role Models and Traditional Moralities: the Development of In-Work Relief for Lone Mothers

72

(22)

Reproducing labour: household production and `the family'

72

(2)

Hayek: free markets, `traditional moralities' and `the family'

74

(2)

The `underclass' arrives: what to do about lone mothers?

76

(4)

Lone mothers and formal employment: role models and the re-regulation of public patriarchy

80

(3)

Re-regulating public patriarchy (I): lone mothers, role models and the Conservatives

83

(5)

Re-regulating public patriarchy (II): `new Labour', lone mothers and role models

88

(3)

Role models, the double burden and public patriarchy

91

(3)

Taming `Barbarians': Young Men, the Patriarchal Family and In-Work Relief

94

(26)

Fratriarchy: a threat to patriarchy?

94

(2)

Unemployment and social disorder: respectable fears and the regulation of neo-liberal accumulation

96

(4)

Responding to unrest: pacifying young people through work

100

(4)

The 1990s: `barbarians', lone mothers and the `underclass'

104

(4)

Market workfare and the Conservatives: civilising the `barbarians'

108

(4)

`New Labour' and the lads' New Deal

112

(6)

Conclusion

118

(2)

Speenhamland: In-Work Relief at the Dawn of Modernity

120

(28)

Loaves and working men

122

(3)

Speenhamland, political economy and the capture of the `natural'

125

(3)

1834: political economy and the Poor Law Commission Report

128

(5)

Implementing what is natural

133

(1)

A spectre haunts in-work benefits: Family Income Supplement

134

(8)

`New Labour' and the national minimum wage

142

(3)

Conclusion

145

(3)

Family Allowances to Child Benefit: Keynesian In-Work Relief Delivered by Beveridge?

148

(27)

Family allowances

149

(1)

Assumption A

150

(5)

Interest groups

155

(2)

The movement for family allowances

157

(5)

Keynes and the war

162

(3)

But when?

165

(1)

Servicemen's dependants' allowance

166

(1)

A scheme is outlined

167

(1)

`The baby is a very little one' -- the Family Allowances Act, 1945

168

(4)

Ending child poverty in the millennium -- a role for children allowances?

172

(3)

Conclusion: Regulation and Income Maintenance into the Twenty-First Century

175

(17)

Regulating accumulation

175

(4)

Controlling incomes in an age of uncertainty

179

(5)

Pragmatism, rationalism and the regulation of The Work Connection

184

(1)

But does it work?

185

(4)

Back to the future? Income maintenance in the twenty-first century

189

(3)

Notes

192

(12)

References and index of author citation

204

(17)

Index

221

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