Working in Groups : Communication Principles and Strategies

by Engleberg, Isa N.; Wynn, Dianna R.

• ISBN13: 9780205554874
• ISBN10: 0205554873
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Working in Groups provides students with strategies for using theory and contemporary research findings to enhance group communication, group productivity, and member satisfaction.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Basic Group Concepts	p. 1
Introduction to Group Communication	p. 2
Succeeding in Groups	p. 3
Defining Group Communication	p. 4
Three or More People	p. 5
Interaction	p. 6
Common Goal	p. 6
Interdependence	p. 7
Working	p. 7
The Process of Group Communication	p. 7
Types of Groups	p. 9
Primary Groups	p. 9
Social Groups	p. 10
Self-Help Groups	p. 10
Learning Groups	p. 10
Service Groups	p. 11
Work Groups	p. 12
Public Groups	p. 12
Advantages and Disadvantages of Working in Groups	p. 15
Advantages	p. 15
Disadvantages	p. 18
Balance: The Guiding Principle of Group Work	p. 20
Group Dialectics	p. 20
Ethics and Balance	p. 25
GroupWork: It Was the Best of Groups; It Was the Worst of Groups	p. 27
GroupAssessment: Essential Group Elements	p. 28
Group Development	p. 31
The Life Cycle of Groups	p. 32
Group Development Stages	p. 32
Characteristics of Effective Groups	p. 34
Forming: Balancing Individual and Group Needs	p. 35
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	p. 36
Schutz's Theory of Interpersonal Needs	p. 38
Forming Tensions	p. 41
Storming: Balancing Conflict and Cohesion	p. 45
Norming: Balancing Conformity and Nonconformity	p. 46
Types of Norms	p. 46
Conformity	p. 47
Nonconformity	p. 48
Performing: Balancing Task and Maintenance Dimensions	p. 51
Group Task Roles	p. 54
Group Maintenance Roles	p. 55
Self-Centered Roles	p. 56
Adjourning: Balancing Engagement and Disengagement	p. 58
Balancing Needs, Norms, and Roles	p. 58
GroupWork: Classroom Norms	p. 60
GroupAssessment: Group Attraction Survey	p. 60
Group Member Diversity	p. 63
Heterogeneous Groups	p. 64
Personality Dimensions	p. 65
Personality Theory	p. 66
Implications of Personality Dimensions	p. 71
Cultural Dimensions	p. 72
Individualism-Collectivism	p. 74
Power Distance	p. 75
Uncertainty Avoidance	p. 76
Masculine-Feminine	p. 77
High Context-Low Context	p. 77
Monochronic Time-Polychronic Time	p. 78
Barriers to Cultural Understanding	p. 79
Gender Dimensions	p. 82
Generational Dimensions	p. 85
Balanced Diversity	p. 87
GroupWork: Personality Preferences	p. 89
GroupAssessment: Identifying Cultural Dialectics	p. 91
Interaction Skills	p. 95
Confidence in Groups	p. 96
Group and Member Confidence	p. 97
Communication Apprehension	p. 97
Sources of Anxiety	p. 98
Apprehension in Groups	p. 99
Strategies for High Apprehensives	p. 102
You Are Not Alone	p. 102
Be Well Prepared	p. 103
Learn Communication Skills	p. 103
Re-lax, Re-think, Re-vision	p. 104
Strategies for Low Apprehensives	p. 106
Be Supportive	p. 106
Provide Constructive Feedback	p. 107
Include Anxious Members	p. 108
Stop Talking	p. 108
Assertiveness	p. 108
Balancing Passivity and Aggression	p. 110
Assertiveness and Diversity	p. 112
Assertiveness Skill Building	p. 113
Balancing Ability and Confidence	p. 116
GroupWork: Sorting the Symptoms	p. 116
GroupAssessment: Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24)	p. 117
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication in Groups	p. 121
Two Essential Tools	p. 122
Language and Meaning	p. 122
Denotation and Connotation	p. 122
Levels of Meaning	p. 123
Team Talk	p. 124
Language Difficulties	p. 126
Bypassing	p. 126
Offensive Language	p. 126
Jargon	p. 127
Adapting to Language Differences	p. 129
Language and Gender	p. 129
Language and Culture	p. 130
Improving Verbal Communication	p. 130
Improve Your Vocabulary	p. 131
Use I, You, and We Language	p. 132
Use Appropriate Grammar	p. 132
The Importance of Nonverbal Communication	p. 133
Nonverbal Behavior	p. 134
Personal Appearances	p. 134
Facial Expression	p. 134
Vocal Expression	p. 135
Physical Expression	p. 137
The Nonverbal Environment	p. 137
Arrangement of Space	p. 137
Perceptions of Personal Space	p. 139
Nonverbal Communication and Culture	p. 141
Creating a Supportive Communication Climate	p. 141
Evaluation and Description	p. 142
Control and Problem Orientation	p. 143
Strategy and Spontaneity	p. 143
Neutrality and Empathy	p. 143
Superiority and Equality	p. 143
Certainty and Provisionalism	p. 144
Balancing Language and Nonverbal Behavior	p. 144
GroupWork: Context, Context, Context	p. 144
GroupAssessment: Auditing Team Talk	p. 145
Listening in Groups	p. 148
The Challenge of Listening in Groups	p. 149
The Nature of Listening	p. 149
The Dialectics of Listening	p. 151
Types of Listening	p. 152
Discriminative Listening	p. 152
Comprehensive Listening	p. 152
Empathic Listening	p. 153
Analytical Listening	p. 154
Appreciative Listening	p. 155
Group Roles and Listening	p. 155
Task Roles and Listening	p. 155
Maintenance Roles and Listening	p. 156
Leadership Functions and Listening	p. 157
Improving Listening	p. 151
Use Your Extra Thought Speed	p. 157
Apply the Golden Listening Rule	p. 158
Listening Strategies	p. 158
The Art of Paraphrasing	p. 161
Listening to Differences	p. 164
Taking Notes in Groups	p. 165
Self-Listening in Groups	p. 165
Balanced Listening	p. 167
GroupWork: Practice Paraphrasing	p. 169
GroupAssessment: Shafir's Self-Listening Test	p. 170
Conflict and Cohesion in Groups	p. 174
Conflict in Groups	p. 175
Substantive Conflict	p. 175
Affective Conflict	p. 175
Procedural Conflict	p. 176
Constructive and Destructive Conflict	p. 176
Conflict Styles	p. 178
Avoidance	p. 179
Accommodation	p. 180
Competition	p. 180
Compromise	p. 181
Collaboration	p. 181
Choosing a Conflict Style	p. 181
Conflict Management Strategies	p. 182
The 4Rs Method	p. 183
The A-E-I-O-U Model	p. 184
Negotiation	p. 185
Mediation	p. 186
Arbitration	p. 187
Group Cohesion	p. 188
Enhancing Cohesion	p. 188
Groupthink	p. 189
Adapting to Differences	p. 191
Cultural Responses to Conflict	p. 191
Gender Responses to Conflict	p. 192
Balancing Conflict and Cohesion	p. 193
GroupWork: Win as Much as You Can	p. 194
GroupAssessment: Ross-DeWine Conflict Management Message Style Instrument	p. 195
Achieving Group Goals	p. 201
Group Leadership	p. 202
What Is Leadership?	p. 203
Leadership and Power	p. 203
Reward Power	p. 203
Coercive Power	p. 204
Legitimate Power	p. 204
Expert Power	p. 205
Referent Power	p. 205
Becoming a Leader	p. 207
Designated Leaders	p. 207
Emergent Leaders	p. 209
Strategies for Becoming a Leader	p. 209
Leadership Theories	p. 211
Trait Theory	p. 211
Styles Theory	p. 212
Situational Theory	p. 215
Transformational Theory	p. 217
The 4M Model of Leadership Effectiveness	p. 219
Model Leadership Behavior	p. 220
Motivate Members	p. 220
Manage Group Process	p. 221
Make Decisions	p. 221
Diversity and Leadership	p. 222
Gender and Leadership	p. 223
Cultural Diversity and Leadership	p. 224
Balanced Leadership	p. 226
GroupWork: The Least-Preferred-Coworker-Scale	p. 227
GroupAssessment: Are You Ready to Lead?	p. 228
Structured and Creative Problem Solving in Groups	p. 232
Group Decision Making	p. 233
Decision Making and Problem Solving	p. 233
Decision-Making Methods	p. 234
Decision-Making Goals	p. 237
The Need for Procedures	p. 238
The Need for Structured Procedures	p. 239
The Need for Creative Procedures	p. 239
Structured Problem Solving	p. 241
The Standard Agenda	p. 242
The Functional Theory Approach	p. 246
The Single Question Format	p. 248
Creative Problem Solving	p. 251
Brainstorming	p. 251
Nominal Group Technique (NGT)	p. 252
Decreasing Options Technique (DOT)	p. 254
Enhancing Group Creativity	p. 257
Problem-Solving Realities	p. 260
Politics	p. 260
Preexisting Preferences	p. 260
Power	p. 261
Balanced Problem Solving	p. 261
GroupWork: Game Building	p. 262
GroupAssessment: Problem-Solving Competencies	p. 262
Argumentation in Groups	p. 266
Why Argue?	p. 267
Arguments and Argumentation	p. 267
The Value of Argumentation in Groups	p. 268
Argumentativeness	p. 269
Argumentativeness and Group Decision Making	p. 270
Learning to Be Argumentative	p. 270
The Structure of an Argument	p. 270
Components of the Toulmin Model	p. 271
Applying the Toulmin Model	p. 272
Supporting Evidence	p. 274
Presenting Your Arguments	p. 276
State the Claim	p. 276
Support the Claim with Valid Evidence	p. 277
Provide Reasons for the Claim	p. 277
Summarize Your Argument	p. 278
Refuting Arguments	p. 278
Listen to the Argument	p. 279
State the Claim You Oppose	p. 279
Give an Overview of Your Objections	p. 280
Assess the Evidence	p. 280
Assess the Reasoning	p. 280
Summarize Your Refutation	p. 282
Adapting to Argumentative Styles	p. 282
Gender Differences	p. 282
Cultural Differences	p. 284
Argumentation and Emotional Intelligence	p. 285
Balanced Argumentation	p. 286
GroupWork: Got Water?	p. 288
GroupAssessment: Argumentativeness Scale	p. 289
Goal Setting and Motivation in Groups	p. 292
Goal Setting	p. 293
Goal Theory	p. 293
Setting Motivating Goals	p. 294
Member Motivation	p. 296
Motivating by Meeting Needs	p. 296
Motivating Diverse Personality Types	p. 300
Group Motivation	p. 303
A Sense of Meaningfulness	p. 303
A Sense of Choice	p. 304
A Sense of Competence	p. 305
A Sense of Progress	p. 306
Assessment and Feedback	p. 308
The Role of Assessment	p. 308
The Role of Feedback	p. 308
Rewards and Punishment	p. 311
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Rewards	p. 311
Objective Rewards	p. 313
Effective Rewards	p. 313
The Role of Punishment	p. 316
Balancing Mission and Motivation	p. 318
GroupWork: Your Guiding Motive	p. 318
GroupAssessment: Group Motivation Inventory	p. 320
Participation Tools	p. 325
Planning and Conducting Meetings	p. 326
Meetings, Meetings, Meetings	p. 327
Planning the Meeting	p. 328
Why Are We Meeting?	p. 328
Who Should Attend the Meeting?	p. 330
When Should We Meet?	p. 330
Where Should We Meet?	p. 330
What Materials Do We Need?	p. 331
Preparing the Agenda	p. 332
Elements of an Agenda	p. 332
Determining the Order of Items	p. 333
Double-Checking the Agenda	p. 334
The Chairperson's Responsibilities	p. 335
Dealing with Difficult People	p. 337
Nonparticipants	p. 337
Loudmouths	p. 337
Interrupters	p. 338
Whisperers	p. 338
Latecomers and Early Leavers	p. 338
Adapting to Differences	p. 340
Preparing the Minutes	p. 340
Select a Recorder	p. 341
Determine What Information to Include	p. 341
Taking Minutes	p. 342
Evaluating the Meeting	p. 344
Balanced Meetings	p. 344
GroupWork: Meet the People Problems	p. 345
GroupAssessment: Post-Meeting Reaction (FMR) Form	p. 346
Making Presentations in Groups	p. 348
Presentations in Groups	p. 349
Presentation Guidelines	p. 349
Purpose	p. 350
Audience	p. 351
Logistics	p. 352
Content	p. 353
Organization	p. 353
Credibility	p. 356
Performance	p. 356
Group Presentations	p. 359
Public Group Presentations	p. 360
Team Presentations	p. 360
Questions and Answers	p. 362
Presentation Aids	p. 363
Creating Presentation Aids	p. 364
Pitfalls of PowerPoint	p. 367
Using Presentation Aids	p. 367
Balanced Presentations	p. 369
GroupWork: A Practice Presentation	p. 369
GroupAssessment: Presentation Rating Scale	p. 370
Technology and Virtual Groups	p. 372
Technology and Group Communication	p. 373
Virtual Groups	p. 373
Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication	p. 375
Group Communication Media	p. 376
Audioconferences	p. 376
Videoconferences	p. 379
Text-Based Computer Conferences	p. 382
Groupware	p. 385
Email	p. 386
Bulletin Boards	p. 388
Electronic Chat	p. 391
Electronic Meeting Systems	p. 392
Collaborative Presentation Technology	p. 396
Group Diversity and the Digital Divide	p. 397
The Digital Divide	p. 397
Implications for Virtual Groups	p. 399
Balancing Technology in Groups	p. 400
GroupWork: Computer and Teleconference Simulation	p. 400
GroupAssessment: Virtual Meeting Evaluation	p. 401
Glossary	p. 405
Index	p. 417
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