The World of Children

by Cook, Greg; Cook, Joan Littlefield

• ISBN13: 9780205447435
• ISBN10: 0205447430
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The World of Children Joan Littlefield Cook and Greg Cook From the very first chapter, this chronologically organized child development text engages students in the development process by exposing them to real people facing real world child development challenges. The World of Children encourages students to think critically about issues and situations from multiple perspectives, helping them connect the science and practice of child development in a way that can positively change their lives. "I, personally, have never seen a text that does such a good job in critical thinking. There are very few times students have to just give the information back without having to apply it. This is one of the things I like best about this text." Cathy Pollock, Asheville Buncombe Technical Community College "The implementation of critical thinking is quite excellent in this text. Most of it seems to be induced by the pedagogical tools used by the authors, particularly the Thinking Back notes, As You Study, and the Perspective and Social Policy features." Mark P. Rittman, Cuyahoga Community College "I like the positive approach used when discussing ethnic and cultural differences." Steven A. Dennis, Brigham Young University, Idaho "This text is beautifully written and engaging. It is not pedantic and it maintains student interest. In particular, "Your Perspective Notes" and the vignettes are inspiring." Lila Snow, Los Angeles Pierce College

Table of Contents

Preface	xiv
About the Authors	xxxiii
part one Beginnings	3	(116)
Exploring Child Development	5	(38)
Defining the Field	6	(4)
What Develops?	7	(1)
What Drives Development? Nature and Nurture	8	(2)
Theories of Child Development	10	(14)
What Is a Theory, and Why Are Theories Useful?	10	(1)
Psychoanalytic Theories	11	(3)
Behavioral and Social Learning Theories	14	(3)
Cognitive Theories	17	(2)
Biological Theories	19	(1)
Systems Theories	20	(4)
Using the Scientific Method: Research in Child Development	24	(10)
Descriptive Research Methods	25	(1)
Correlational Research Methods: Measuring Associations	26	(3)
Experimental Research Methods: Determining Cause and Effect	29	(1)
Methods for Assessing Development	30	(2)
Ethics in Research with Children	32	(2)
Applications of Child Development Research and Careers Related to Children	34	(9)
Practical Applications of Child Development Research	34	(1)
A Personal Perspective: Meet First-Time Parents	35	(1)
A Social Policy Perspective: Every Day in America	36	(1)
Careers Related to Children	37	(1)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet a Child Social Worker	38	(1)
Thinking Back to Jennifer . . .	39	(1)
Chapter Review	40	(1)
Key Terms	41	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	41	(2)
Heredity and the Environment	43	(40)
Genes and Human Reproduction	44	(11)
Genes and the Magical Four-Letter Code	44	(3)
Human Reproduction and Cell Division	47	(1)
A Social Policy Perspective: Protecting the Genetic Privacy of Citizens	48	(2)
A Personal Perspective: Meet a Mother Who Used Artificial Insemination	50	(5)
How Traits and Genetic Abnormalities Are Inherited	55	(10)
Dominant--Recessive Traits	56	(4)
Chromosome Abnormalities	60	(1)
Prenatal Screening and Genetic Testing	61	(3)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet a Genetic Counselor	64	(1)
How Genes and Environments Interact	65	(6)
Range of Reaction	66	(1)
Canalization	66	(2)
Niche-Picking: I Gotta Be Me . . .	68	(1)
Probabilistic Epigenesis: Activating Your Genes	69	(2)
Behavior Genetics: Measuring the Heritability of Traits	71	(12)
Behavior Genetics, Heritability, and Shared and Nonshared Environments	71	(1)
How Is Heritability Estimated?	72	(1)
Heritability of Complex Characteristics	73	(5)
Thinking Back to Daniel and Teri . . .	78	(1)
Chapter Review	79	(1)
Key Terms	80	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	81	(2)
Prenatal Development and Birth	83	(36)
Prenatal Development	84	(6)
Conception	84	(1)
Stages of Prenatal Development	85	(5)
Teratogens: Health Risks for the Baby	90	(11)
Alcohol	92	(1)
Cocaine	93	(1)
A Personal Perspective: Meet a Family Who Adopted a Child with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	94	(1)
Cigarette Smoking	95	(1)
Maternal Health	95	(1)
A Social Policy Perspective: The Case of Malissa Ann Crawley	96	(1)
Maternal Age	97	(1)
Critical Periods	98	(1)
The Role of Fathers	99	(2)
The Process of Birth	101	(5)
Stages of Birth	101	(2)
Birthing Complications: Something Isn't Right	103	(1)
The Newborn Baby	103	(1)
Becoming a Family: Psychological Adjustments to Having a Newborn	104	(2)
Options in Giving Birth: Choices and Alternatives	106	(13)
Approaches to Labor and Delivery	106	(2)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet a Certified Nurse--Midwife	108	(2)
Drugs During Labor and Delivery	110	(1)
The Partner's Role: Helping During Birth	111	(2)
Thinking Back to Kendra and James	113	(1)
Chapter Review	114	(1)
Key Terms	115	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	116	(1)
part one Summary	117	(2)
part two Infants and Toddlers: The First Years (Birth through 2 years)	119	(104)
Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers	121	(32)
Infants at Risk: Prematurity and Infant Mortality	122	(5)
What Is Prematurity?	123	(1)
Infant Mortality	124	(1)
A Personal Perspective: Meet the Parents of a Very Premature Baby	125	(1)
Having a Healthy Baby	126	(1)
Growth of the Body and Brain	127	(9)
Physical Growth	127	(1)
Feeding and Nutrition	128	(3)
Structure of the Brain and Nervous System	131	(2)
Forming the Brain and Nervous System	133	(1)
A Social Policy Perspective: Can Mozart Stimulate Neural Connections in Infants?	134	(2)
Sensory Capabilities	136	(4)
Basic Components of Vision	136	(2)
How Well Do Infants Hear?	138	(1)
Smell and Taste	139	(1)
Motor Development	140	(13)
Reflexes: The Infant's First Coordinated Movements	141	(1)
Voluntary Movements: The Motor Milestones	142	(2)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet a Physical Therapist	144	(2)
Cultural Differences in Early Experience	146	(1)
Toilet Training	147	(1)
Thinking Back to Beverly	148	(1)
Chapter Review	149	(1)
Key Terms	150	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	151	(2)
Cognitive Development in Infants and Toddlers	153	(36)
Perceptual Development	154	(7)
Robert Fantz and the Early Work in Testing Visual Preferences	155	(2)
Habituation--Dishabituation Research	157	(1)
Intermodal Perception: Putting It All Together	158	(1)
A Social Policy Perspective: Assessing Infant Intelligence: A Good Idea?	159	(2)
Explaining Cognitive Development: Piaget's Constructivist View	161	(10)
Piaget as a Child Prodigy	162	(1)
Constructivism and Interaction with the Environment	162	(4)
Piaget's Stage 1: Sensorimotor Thought (Birth to 2 Years)	166	(4)
A Personal Perspective: Where Did It Go?	170	(1)
Learning to Communicate	171	(18)
What Is Language?	172	(1)
Learning Theory: Language as a Learned Skill	172	(1)
Nativist Theory: Born to Talk	173	(4)
Interaction Theories: Cognitive and Social Interactionist Approaches	177	(2)
Early Communication: How Language Starts	179	(4)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet a Speech--Language Pathologist	183	(2)
Thinking Back to Diana . . .	185	(1)
Chapter Review	185	(2)
Key Terms	187	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	187	(2)
Socioemotional Development in Infants and Toddlers	189	(34)
Attachment	190	(13)
The Story of Attachment Research	190	(3)
Mary Ainsworth and the Strange Situation	193	(3)
Parent, Infant, and Cultural Factors in Attachment	196	(3)
Fathers, Day Care, and Attachment	199	(1)
A Social Policy Perspective: Parental Leave Policies in the United States and Other Nations	200	(1)
Early Attachment and Long-Term Outcomes	201	(1)
Other Measures of Attachment	202	(1)
Temperament	203	(6)
Types of Temperaments	204	(2)
Other Approaches to Temperament	206	(1)
A Personal Perspective: Meet the Parent of a Difficult Child	207	(2)
Emotion	209	(3)
Infant Responses to Emotions	209	(2)
Toddler Self-Conscious Emotions	211	(1)
Social Relations and Play	212	(11)
Infant Social Interactions	212	(1)
Infant Sensorimotor Play	213	(1)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet a Toy Company Executive	214	(1)
Toddler Friends	215	(1)
Toddler Conflicts	215	(1)
Toddler Symbolic Play	216	(1)
Thinking Back to Erin . . .	217	(1)
Chapter Review	218	(1)
Key Terms	219	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	220	(1)
part two Summary	221	(2)
part three Early Childhood: The Playful Years (3 through 6 years)	223	(102)
Physical Development in Early Childhood	225	(30)
Growth of the Body and Brain	226	(8)
Physical Growth	226	(2)
Nutrition	228	(1)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet a Family Nutrition Counselor	228	(2)
Growth and Development of the Brain	230	(1)
The Role of Experience in Brain Development	230	(2)
Larger Developmental Patterns in the Brain	232	(2)
Motor Development and Physical Activity	234	(7)
Gross-Motor Development	235	(1)
Fine-Motor Development	236	(1)
Physical Activity and Exercise	237	(2)
Cerebral Palsy	239	(1)
A Personal Perspective: Living with Cerebral Palsy	240	(1)
Health and Safety Issues	241	(14)
Childhood Deaths and Safety Issues	242	(1)
Child Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect	243	(3)
Effects of Abuse and Neglect	246	(3)
A Social Policy Perspective: Protecting Children from Neglect	249	(1)
Thinking Back to Tammi and Her Neighbors	250	(1)
Chapter Review	251	(1)
Key Terms	252	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	253	(2)
Cognitive Development in Early Childhood	255	(34)
Piaget's Stage 2: Preoperational Thought	256	(6)
Flourishing Mental Representations	256	(2)
Emergence of Intuitive Thought: ``It Seems Like . . .''	258	(1)
Conservation Problems	259	(1)
Piaget's Legacy	260	(1)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet a Constructivist Teacher	261	(1)
Vygotsky's Sociocultural View of Cognitive Development	262	(5)
Vygotsky's Background: The Sociocultural Context for a New Theory	262	(1)
The Role of Speech and Language	263	(1)
Mediation: With a Little Help from Your Friends	264	(1)
The Zone of Proximal Development	264	(1)
Scaffolding and Collaborative Learning	265	(2)
Information Processing	267	(7)
What Is the Information-Processing Approach?	267	(2)
The Development of Basic Cognitive Processes	269	(2)
Metacognition and the Child's Developing Theory of Mind	271	(3)
Language Development	274	(6)
An Expanding Vocabulary	274	(1)
Learning Grammar	275	(1)
Learning the Social Rules of Discourse	275	(2)
Bilingual Children: Learning Two Languages	277	(2)
A Personal Perspective: Meet a Bilingual Family	279	(1)
Early Childhood Education and Kindergarten Readiness	280	(9)
Early Childhood Education	280	(3)
Kindergarten Readiness	283	(1)
A Social Policy Perspective: Project Head Start: What Lies Ahead?	284	(1)
Thinking Back to Maria	285	(1)
Chapter Review	286	(1)
Key Terms	287	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	287	(2)
Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood	289	(36)
The Social and Emotional Self	290	(8)
The Self	290	(1)
Self-Regulation	291	(2)
The Self and Emotions	293	(1)
Developing Ideas about Gender	293	(2)
Moral Development	295	(3)
Parenting	298	(10)
Dimensions of Parenting	298	(1)
Parenting Styles: Best Practices for Raising Children	299	(3)
Discipline: Spare the Rod and Spare the Child?	302	(1)
A Social Policy Perspective: Should Parents Have to Be Licensed?	303	(2)
Positive Discipline	305	(2)
A Personal Perspective: Carrots or Sticks? Family Discipline at Different Ages	307	(1)
Friends and Play	308	(8)
Gender Segregation	309	(2)
Play	311	(1)
The Social Levels of Play: Parten's Classic Study	311	(1)
A Professional Perspective: Meet the Director of a Child Care Center	312	(1)
Sociodramatic Play	313	(1)
Cultural Differences in Play	314	(2)
Nonparental Child Care	316	(9)
Nonparental Care and Its Effects	316	(1)
Child Care Quality	317	(3)
Thinking Back to Cassandra . . .	320	(1)
Chapter Review	320	(2)
Key Terms	322	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	322	(1)
part three Summary	323	(2)
part four Middle Childhood: The School Years (7 through 11 years)	325	(114)
Physical Development in Middle Childhood	327	(36)
Growth of the Body and Brain	328	(5)
Physical Growth	328	(1)
Overweight Children	329	(2)
Growth and Maturation of the Brain	331	(2)
Motor Development and Physical Activity	333	(6)
Motor Development	333	(1)
Physical Activity and Exercise	334	(2)
Organized Sports	336	(3)
Health and Safety Issues	339	(8)
Childhood Injuries and Safety Issues	339	(3)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet a Pediatrician	342	(1)
Child Sexual Abuse	343	(3)
A Personal Perspective: Surviving Child Sexual Abuse: One Survivor's Story	346	(1)
Children with Exceptional Needs	347	(16)
What Is Developmental Psychopathology?	348	(1)
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	349	(1)
Communication and Learning Disorders	350	(3)
Autism Spectrum Disorders	353	(2)
Educating Children with Exceptional Needs	355	(2)
A Social Policy Perspective: Educating Children with Exceptional Needs	357	(1)
Thinking Back to Clayton	358	(1)
Chapter Review	359	(1)
Key Terms	360	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	361	(2)
Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood	363	(38)
Piaget's Stage 3: Concrete Operational Thought (Ages 7 through 11)	364	(2)
What Is Concrete Operational Thinking?	364	(1)
Class Inclusion, Seriation, and Transitive Inference Skills	365	(1)
Information Processing: Memory Development	366	(9)
Two Models of Memory: Stores and Networks	366	(1)
Working Memory	367	(2)
Long-Term Memory	369	(3)
Other Characteristics of Memory Development	372	(2)
A Social Policy Perspective: Children's Eyewitness Testimony: The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth?	374	(1)
Information Processing: Knowledge, Strategies, and New Approaches	375	(10)
A Professional Perspective: Meet a Child and Family Therapist	376	(1)
Knowledge Base	377	(2)
Strategy Development	379	(1)
Newer Approaches to Understanding Cognitive Development	380	(4)
Information Processing: Where Does It Stand?	384	(1)
Learning to Communicate: Language in Middle Childhood	385	(4)
Experts in the Basics	385	(1)
Metalinguistic Awareness	386	(1)
Changes in How Language Is Used	387	(1)
Connectionist Models of Language Development	387	(2)
Cognition in Context	389	(12)
Development of Mathematical Skills	389	(3)
Development of Reading Skills	392	(2)
A Personal Perspective: Meet a Literacy Volunteer	394	(1)
Development of Writing Skills	394	(2)
Thinking Back to Manny and Angelique	396	(1)
Chapter Review	397	(2)
Key Terms	399	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	399	(2)
Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood	401	(38)
The Social and Emotional Self	402	(9)
Self-Evaluations	402	(3)
Emotional Development	405	(1)
Gender Differences	406	(1)
Moral and Prosocial Reasoning	406	(2)
Aggression, Conduct Problems, and Resilient Children	408	(3)
Families	411	(8)
Children and Divorce	411	(6)
Never-Married Households	417	(1)
Stepfamilies	417	(2)
Play, Friends, and Peer Popularity	419	(6)
Logic and Physical Skills in Play	419	(1)
Best Friends	420	(1)
A Personal Perspective: We Are Best Friends	420	(1)
Peer Popularity	420	(3)
A Social Cognition Model of Peer Relations	423	(1)
Helping Rejected Children	424	(1)
Schools and the Media	425	(14)
Children's Beliefs and Teachers' Expectations about Schooling	426	(1)
Classroom Climate and Grouping Practices in Schools	427	(1)
Children and the Media	428	(1)
A Social Policy Perspective: Bilingual Education in the Schools	429	(1)
Children and Television	429	(2)
Video Games, Computers, and the Internet	431	(2)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet a Marketing Executive	433	(1)
Thinking Back to Katie	434	(1)
Chapter Review	435	(1)
Key Terms	436	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	436	(1)
part four Summary	437	(2)
part five Adolescence: The Transition toward Adulthood (12 years and beyond)	439	(120)
Physical Development in Adolescence	441	(38)
Growth of the Body and Brain During Adolescence	442	(6)
Puberty	442	(2)
Early and Late Maturation	444	(1)
Brain Development	445	(1)
A Personal Perspective: Meet a Young Adolescent	446	(2)
Sexual Activity During Adolescence	448	(8)
Patterns of Sexual Activity	449	(1)
Reasons for Becoming Sexually Active	450	(3)
Contraceptive Use in Adolescence	453	(1)
Sexual Knowledge and Sex Education	454	(1)
A Social Policy Perspective: The Sex Education Debate	455	(1)
Special Concerns about Teenage Sexual Activity	456	(7)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Adolescents	457	(1)
Teenage Pregnancy	458	(3)
Forced Sexual Behavior	461	(2)
Adolescent Health Issues	463	(16)
Nutrition and Exercise	464	(1)
Eating Disorders	465	(1)
Adolescents Need More Sleep	466	(1)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet an Eating Disorders Counselor	467	(1)
Substance Use and Abuse	468	(3)
Depression	471	(1)
Causes of Death	472	(3)
Thinking Back to Marcus	475	(1)
Chapter Review	476	(1)
Key Terms	477	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	477	(2)
Cognitive Development in Adolescence	479	(38)
Piaget's Stage 4: Formal Operational Thought (12 years and Above)	480	(6)
What Is Formal Operational Thought?	480	(2)
Adolescent Egocentrism	482	(2)
Evaluating Piaget's Theory	484	(1)
Piaget's Legacy	485	(1)
Recent Sociocultural Views of Cognitive Development	486	(3)
Situated Cognition	487	(1)
Guided Participation and Communities of Practice	487	(1)
Thinking as Socially Shared Cognition: Two Heads Are Better than One	488	(1)
Intelligence	489	(15)
Theories of Intelligence	490	(5)
Assessing Intelligence	495	(2)
Extremes of Intelligence: Mental Retardation and Giftedness	497	(1)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet a School Psychologist	498	(3)
Ethnic Differences and Questions about Cultural Bias	501	(1)
A Social Policy Perspective: Ethnicity and IQ	502	(2)
Learning to Communicate: Language in Adolescence	504	(3)
The Adolescent Register	504	(1)
Genderlects	505	(1)
Social and Cultural Dialects	505	(2)
Cognition in Context: Adolescents Making Decisions	507	(10)
How Well Do Adolescents Make Decisions?	507	(1)
Making Vocational Choices	508	(2)
The Forgotten Third: Improving the Transition from School to Work	510	(2)
A Personal Perspective: I Graduated--Now What?	512	(1)
Thinking Back to Maya	513	(1)
Chapter Review	514	(1)
Key Terms	515	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	515	(2)
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence	517	(42)
Who Am I? Adolescents' Understanding of Themselves	518	(11)
Identity	518	(3)
Sexual Orientation	521	(1)
Personal Perspective: Developing an Ethnic Identity	522	(3)
Morality	525	(4)
Social Relationships: Family	529	(7)
Teens Developing Autonomy: Conflict with Parents	530	(1)
Family Structures	531	(5)
Social Relationships: Peers	536	(7)
Friends and Peers in Adolescence	536	(1)
Cliques and Crowds	537	(1)
Peer Pressure, Delinquent Behavior, and Aggression	538	(1)
A Professional Perspective: Career Focus: Meet a Juvenile Probation Officer	539	(1)
From Gender Segregation to Dating	540	(1)
Leisure Time in Adolescence	540	(1)
A Social Policy Perspective: How Should We Deal with Aggressive Students?	541	(2)
Contexts of Development	543	(16)
Adolescents in School	543	(1)
Differences in Academic Performance	544	(2)
Cultural Contexts for Development	546	(8)
Thinking Back to Luis	554	(1)
Chapter Review	555	(1)
Key Terms	556	(1)
MyDevelopmentLab	556	(1)
part five Summary	557	(2)
Glossary	559	(8)
References	567	(38)
Name Index	605	(6)
Subject Index	611	(10)
Text and Photo Credits	621