Suzanne Romaine

Introduction WORLD ENGLISHES: STANDARDS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER This article examines some key similarities between the rhetoric about standards for World English and the New World Order in order to show how the continuing debate about standards for World Englishes is also very much about the politics of the New World Order.

James Alatis

Carolyn A. Straehle

THE UNIVERSE OF ENGLISH: IMPERIALISM, CHAUVINISM, AND PARANOIA This paper takes issue with the position held in some recent research that imputes linguistic imperialism to Americans involved in the field of English language education. Using examples from the U.S. government, TESOL and other U.S. academic and professional educational institutions, it is argued that the U.S. has never had an explicit policy aimed at the global spread of English. As the most widely spoken language in the world, English (or, more accurately, its many varieties) has taken on a life of its own, with or without the assistance of explicit policy-making.

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Yukio Tsuda

HEGEMONY OF ENGLISH VS ECOLOGY OF LANGUAGE: BUILDING EQUALITY IN INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION The author first discusses the hegemony of English and its negative consequences including communicative inequality, cultural domination, and the colonization of the mind. He then discusses what he calls "the Ecology of Language" as a new paradigm against the hegemony of English by referring to some of the latest developments in the criticisms of the hegemony of English.

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Kimberley Brown

Jay Peterson

EXPLORING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS: FRAMING A WORLD ENGLISHES PARADIGM This paper reports on two strands of research which attempt to describe how changes from the field of World Englishes affect the way teachers and scholars think about language research and teaching. The results of two studies designed to look at how pre-service ESOL teachers integrate key concepts from World Englishes (WE) into their pre-existing knowledge structures are presented. Tools of analysis include hierarchical cluster analysis, multi-step graphic scaling, and multidimensional scaling. The findings represent a set of empirical questions and approaches that have not been presented in prior research and suggest that important changes for ESOL teacher education programs are needed, most specifically that an introductory World Englishes class become a mandatory component of the curriculum.

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Yamuna Kachru

CULTURE AND ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING IN WORLD ENGLISHES This paper explores the interaction of culture and conventions of writing in order to understand the current trends in the study of genres of academic writing across languages and cultures. The primary focus is on the relationship between argumentative-persuasive writing and differing cultural concepts of argumentation-persuasion in three distinct, broadly defined literate societies to understand how culture and literacy practices interact. The paper also discusses the implications of such explorations for contrastive rhetoric in the context of writing in world Englishes.

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Braj B. Kachru

PAST IMPERFECT: THE OTHER SIDE OF ENGLISH IN ASIA This paper presents a variety of dimensions of English in Asia, specifically in Japan, that are traditionally ignored in the professional literature. These dimensions provide important insights for a better understanding of theoretical, methodological, attitudinal, and ideological issues about the users and uses of English in that vast region.

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Susan Butler

WORLD ENGLISH IN THE ASIAN CONTEXT: WHY A DICTIONARY IS IMPORTANT This paper discusses the ways in which a dictionary tunes in to the language community it documents, the way in which its power derives from that community. A dictionary which attempts to describe the English of South-East Asia faces a number of problems ranging from a paucity of informants, to conflicting language attitudes and loyalties in the English-speaking communities. Notwithstanding such difficulties, the need for such a dictionary of the region is apparent.

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Wimal Dissanayake

CULTURAL STUDIES AND WORLD ENGLISHES: SOME TOPICS FOR FURTHER EXPLORATION One of the most significant developments in the past decade and a half in both the humanities and social sciences has been the phenomenal ascendancy of cultural studies as a vital mode of inquiry. Cultural studies is multifaceted and interdisciplinary. It has no single subject, but is increasingly drawn to issues of representation, ideology, race, ethnicity, gender, colonialism and power. It is interdisciplinary; it draws on such fields of inquiry as anthropology, literary studies, media studies, feminist studies, philosophy, psychoanalysis and history, In this essay, the author seeks to point out certain ways in which the study of World Englishes would benefit by drawing on the work of cultural studies. In particular, he focuses on questions of power, ideology, politics of location, decolonization of English and interventionist readings.

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Elizabeth de Kadt

MCWORLD VERSUS LOCAL CULTURES: ENGLISH IN SOUTH AFRICA AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM The author discusses the increasing hegemony of English in post-apartheid South Africa and reviews the various attempts made by language planners and educationalists to develop multilingual policies. The local language debate is presented within the world-wide contest between globalization and local ethnicities, and it is asked which language scenario is most likely to contribute to ongoing democratization in South Africa.

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Anne Pakir

STANDARDS AND CODIFICATION FOR WORLD ENGLISHES This paper addresses the substantial problem of standards and codification for World Englishes. The multivariate types of English that exist today known by cover-all labels such as "World Englishes," "New Englishes," "More Englishes," or "Global Englishes" have given rise to new studies, including the forms and functions of English around the world in new Englishes, contrastive rhetoric in World Englishes, models of English, standards in World Englishes and issues of intelligibility. The lessons from the Diaspora of English are presented here, with a view to examining standardization and codification issues for World Englishes (with Singapore English presented as a case study). Finally, some abstract features of a possible kind of codification for World Englishes are presented.

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Salikoko S. Mufwene

THE LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE OFFSPRING OF ENGLISH This essay highlights similarities in the developments of English creoles, of native Englishes, and of indigenized Englishes, arguing that in all cases contact has played a far greater role than has been admitted. Taking into account dialect contact, it is argued that structural differences among these varieties are due to variation in the contact ecologies that produced them, including whether the lexifier was standard or nonstandard, and whether the contact was limited to varieties of the lexifier only or involved other languages. Note that calling the different varieties English dialects or creoles (i.e., separate languages) has had to do more with social ideology than with the light the distinction sheds on language evolution.

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Ayo Bamgbose

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR WORLD ENGLISHES (IAWE) AND WORLD ENGLISHES: WHICH WAY FORWARD? In looking ahead to the future of IAWE and World Englishes, the author focuses on three main aspects: research concerns (including the challenges of revisionism and codification), attitudes to the scope and context of World Englishes, and a revised structure for IAWE.

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Braj B. Kachru

WORLD ENGLISHES 2000: RESOURCES FOR RESEARCH AND TEACHING This paper is a state-of-the-art survey of the history and conceptualization of what is now established as the scholarly field of "world Englishes." The survey provides a selected guide to various theoretical, applied, and ideological issues related to world Englishes. It also contextualizes the major positions concerning the ongoing debates on this topic in the English-using world. The survey is divided into twenty subsections and includes over 315 references to scholarly research and pedagogical resources on this topic.

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About the Contributors

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About the Editors

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