World Englishes in Asian Contexts

by Kachru, Yamuna; Nelson, Cecil L.

• ISBN13: 9789622097568
• ISBN10: 9622097561
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-07-30
• Publisher: AMAZON

Summary

This book is the first comprehensive treatment of the spread, acculturation, functions and evolution of English in Asia. It discusses all major issues resulting from the introduction of English in culturally different contexts and the two-way interactiono

Author Biography

Yamuna Kachru is professor emerita of linguistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Cecil L. Nelson is an associate professor of linguistics at Indiana State University

Table of Contents

List of illustrations	xv
Series editor's preface	xvii
Preface	xix
Acknowledgements	xxi
List of abbreviations and symbols	xxii
Map of Greater Asia	xxiv
Introduction	1	(1)
World Englishes	2	(1)
Asian Englishes	2	(1)
Resources on world Englishes	3	(1)
Structure of this book	4	(3)
Part I: Theory, Method and Contexts	7	(70)
World Englishes today	9	(14)
Introduction	9	(1)
The world-wide diffusion of English	9	(1)
Language, dialect and variety	10	(1)
Accent	11	(1)
Varieties of world Englishes	12	(1)
Diffusion and variation	12	(1)
Standards	13	(1)
External models in the Outer and Expanding Circles	14	(1)
Internal models in the Outer and Expanding Circles	15	(2)
Ideological perspectives	17	(1)
Literatures in world Englishes	18	(1)
Multilingual English users	19	(1)
Issues in English language education	20	(1)
Conclusion	21	(1)
Suggested activities	22	(1)
Conceptual framework	23	(12)
Introduction	23	(1)
The reality of native vs. non-native	23	(2)
EFL vs. ESL: The prevailing view	25	(1)
Speech community and speech fellowship	26	(1)
The Three Circles	27	(2)
Range and depth	29	(1)
Institutionalization	29	(1)
Norm-providing and norm-accepting	30	(1)
Nativization and acculturation	31	(1)
Bilinguals' creativity	32	(1)
Multilingualism and models	33	(1)
Conclusion	33	(1)
Suggested activities	34	(1)
Structural variation	35	(16)
Introduction	35	(1)
Phonology	35	(3)
Grammar	38	(9)
Discourse	47	(1)
Conclusion	48	(1)
Suggested activities	48	(3)
Contexts and identities	51	(14)
Introduction	51	(1)
Conventions of speaking	52	(3)
Conversation analysis	55	(1)
Speech acts in world Englishes	56	(4)
Conventions of writing	60	(2)
Conclusion	62	(1)
Suggested activities	62	(3)
Parameters of intelligibility	65	(12)
Introduction	65	(1)
Intelligibility, comprehensibility and interpretability	66	(4)
Researching intelligibility	70	(1)
Smith and Rafiqzad's study of intelligibility	70	(1)
Smith and Bisazza's study of comprehensibility	71	(1)
Matsuura, Chiba and Fujieda's study of intelligibility and comprehensibility	72	(1)
Conclusion	73	(2)
Suggested activities	75	(2)
Part II: Acquisition, Creativity, Standards and Testing	77	(74)
World Englishes and language acquisition	79	(14)
Introduction	79	(1)
Theoretical orientation of SLA research	79	(1)
SLA in multilingual contexts	80	(1)
SLA and formal instruction	81	(1)
Issues of proficiency and communicative competence	82	(2)
Nativization and Englishization	84	(1)
Interlanguage and world Englishes	85	(1)
Why SLA theories and world Englishes do not connect	86	(2)
The ground realities	88	(1)
Acquisition of English in the Outer and Expanding Circles	89	(2)
Conclusion	91	(1)
Suggested activities	91	(2)
Standards, codification and world Englishes	93	(16)
Introduction	93	(1)
Standard British English	94	(2)
External vs. internal models in Outer and Expanding Circles	96	(1)
Two constructs of standards and codification	96	(6)
Issues in standards and codification	102	(2)
Codification and teacher education	104	(2)
The notion of foreignness	106	(1)
Conclusion	106	(1)
Suggested activities	106	(3)
Creativity and innovations	109	(12)
Introduction	109	(1)
Background	110	(1)
Contact literatures	111	(2)
Multilinguals' language use	113	(4)
Reading contact literatures	117	(1)
Conclusion	118	(1)
Suggested activities	119	(2)
Teaching and testing world Englishes	121	(16)
Introduction	121	(1)
Myths about English	122	(2)
Discourses of marginality	124	(1)
World Englishes in teacher education	125	(2)
Curricular changes in teacher training	127	(1)
Implementation of curriculum	127	(3)
Classroom procedures	130	(1)
Testing world Englishes	131	(1)
Critiques of existing tests	131	(3)
Conclusion	134	(1)
Suggested activities	134	(3)
Teaching world English literatures	137	(14)
Introduction	137	(1)
The rationale for contact literatures in the classroom	138	(1)
Stylistic devices	139	(2)
Reading a text cross-culturally	141	(3)
Teaching other-culture literatures	144	(5)
Conclusion	149	(1)
Suggested activities	149	(2)
Part III: Profiles across Cultures	151	(72)
South Asian English	153	(14)
Introduction	153	(1)
Historical background	153	(2)
Status of South Asian English	155	(1)
Nativization: Characteristics of South Asian English	156	(3)
Bilinguals' creativity	159	(1)
Englishization in South Asia	160	(1)
Attitudes towards English	161	(2)
Models for South Asian Englishes	163	(1)
Conclusion	163	(1)
Suggested activities	164	(3)
East Asian Englishes	167	(14)
Introduction	167	(1)
Chinese English	167	(2)
Characteristics of Chinese English	169	(2)
Japanese English	171	(1)
Characteristics of Japanese English	172	(5)
Korean English	177	(1)
Characteristics of Korean English	177	(1)
Englishization of Korean	178	(1)
Conclusion	179	(1)
Suggested activities	179	(2)
Southeast Asian Englishes	181	(16)
Introduction	181	(2)
Historical background	183	(3)
Status and function of English	186	(1)
Sociolinguistic profile	187	(1)
Characteristics of Southeast Asian Englishes	188	(5)
Conclusion	193	(1)
Suggested activities	194	(3)
African Englishes	197	(14)
Introduction	197	(1)
Historical background	198	(1)
Grammatical and idiomatic innovations	199	(5)
Black South African English	204	(1)
The Black South African English education context	204	(2)
Ideological issues	206	(1)
Characteristics of Black South African English	206	(2)
Conclusion	208	(1)
Suggested activities	209	(2)
African-American Vernacular English	211	(12)
Introduction	211	(1)
African-American Vernacular English: Basic considerations	212	(1)
Origins and development of African-American Vernacular English	213	(1)
Characteristics of African-American Vernacular English	214	(5)
Two co-existing systems	219	(1)
Conclusion	220	(1)
Suggested activities	220	(3)
Part IV: Applied Theory and World Englishes	223	(96)
Researching grammar	225	(16)
Introduction	225	(1)
Grammatical agreement	226	(2)
Variation study	228	(2)
Corpus analysis: Grammatical and style variation	230	(1)
Modals of obligation and necessity	230	(4)
Relevance of corpora to research	234	(1)
Analysing literatures in five Englishes	234	(3)
Conclusion	237	(1)
Suggested activities	238	(3)
Dictionaries of world Englishes	241	(14)
Introduction	241	(1)
The Asian context	242	(4)
The Australian context	246	(1)
Philippine English	247	(3)
Singaporean English	250	(2)
Conclusion	252	(1)
Suggested activities	253	(2)
Code-mixing and code-switching	255	(12)
Introduction	255	(1)
The phenomenon of code-mixing	255	(3)
The pragmatics of code-switching	258	(3)
Code-switching/mixing as communication	261	(2)
Conclusion	263	(1)
Suggested activities	264	(3)
Culture and conventions of speaking	267	(16)
Introduction	267	(1)
Gender and age in language use	268	(4)
Gender in Indian English	272	(4)
Ethnic variation in discourse	276	(5)
Conclusion	281	(1)
Suggested activities	282	(1)
Culture and conventions of writing	283	(10)
Introduction	283	(1)
Argumentation and persuasion	284	(5)
Contrastive rhetoric illustrated	289	(2)
Conclusion	291	(1)
Suggested activities	291	(2)
Genre analysis across cultures	293	(12)
Introduction	293	(1)
Definition of genre	294	(5)
Ideology of genre	299	(1)
Gatekeeping	300	(1)
Implications for world Englishes	300	(1)
Genres across cultures	301	(2)
Conclusion	303	(1)
Suggested activities	303	(2)
Power, ideology and attitudes	305	(14)
Introduction	305	(1)
Formulation of linguistic imperialism	306	(1)
Formulation of cultural politics	307	(3)
Ideological bases of applied linguistics	310	(1)
Views from the `periphery'	311	(1)
The strategies of the marginalized	312	(3)
Contrasting ideologies	315	(1)
Ideologies and world Englishes	315	(1)
Conclusion	316	(1)
Suggested activities	317	(2)
Conclusion: Current trends and future directions	319	(8)
Introduction	319	(1)
Aims and goals	319	(3)
Future directions	322	(2)
Conclusion	324	(3)
Notes	327	(4)
Glossary	331	(16)
Annotated bibliography	347	(10)
Additional resources	357	(4)
References	361	(36)
Index	397