World Politics Trend and Transformation, 2007-2008 Update

by Kegley, Charles W.

• ISBN13: 9780495410737
• ISBN10: 049541073X
• Edition: 11th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-02-22
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

WORLD POLITICS: TREND AND TRANSFORMATION is the best selling text in International Relations, because of its trusted balance in coverage and approach, unmatched by any other text for the course. By analyzing both historical and contemporary trends and developments, utilizing theoretical concepts, and weaving in the interactions of global actors, WORLD POLITICS: TREND AND TRANSFORMATION resists the temptation to overly simplify world politics, presenting the material in a thought-provoking yet accessible manner while preparing students to assess the possibilities for the global future and its potential impact on their lives. The major theories scholars use to explain the dynamics underlying international relations?realism, liberalism, and their variants?frame the text. At the same time, this book incorporates the reconstructed theories newly advanced to interpret contemporary developments (such as constructivism and feminist theory) and resists the temptation to oversimplify world politics with a superficial treatment that would mask complexities and distort realities. In addition, major actors and current issues such as global welfare, international economics, ecology, and the environment are covered, as well as issues of global conflict, including the changing face of terrorism, national security, warfare, and approaches to peace.

Table of Contents

Controversy Boxes and Maps	p. xvii
Preface	p. xix
About the Author	p. xxx
Trend and Transformation in World Politics	p. 1
Exploring Twenty-First-Century World Politics	p. 2
The Investigative Challenge	p. 5
How Perceptions Influence Images of Reality	p. 8
The Nature and Sources of Images	p. 9
How Images Affect Visions of World Political Realities	p. 12
Breaking the Global Puzzle into Parts: Interpreting at Different Levels of Analysis	p. 14
The Book's Approach: Actors, Issues, and Their Interactions	p. 15
Facing the Future: Some Key Questions to Consider	p. 17
Key Terms	p. 18
Suggested Reading	p. 19
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 19
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 21
Theories of World Politics	p. 22
Understanding World Politics	p. 24
The Elusive Quest for Theory	p. 24
The Evolution of Theoretical Inquiry	p. 24
Liberalism	p. 25
The Liberal Worldview	p. 25
The Liberal Reform Program	p. 27
Realism	p. 29
The Realist Worldview	p. 29
Realism in the Nuclear Age	p. 31
The Limitations of Realism	p. 31
The Neorealist or "Structural" Extension of Realism	p. 34
The Neoclassical Extension of Realism	p. 35
Neoliberalism	p. 36
Transnational Interdependence as a Neoliberal Counter Worldview to Realism	p. 38
International Regimes	p. 39
Alternative Theories	p. 42
Theorizing about Theory: The Constructivist Conception	p. 42
Constructivism	p. 43
International Theory and the Future	p. 48
Key Terms	p. 49
Suggested Reading	p. 49
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 50
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 51
The Globe's Actors and Their Relations	p. 53
Foreign Policy Decision Making	p. 54
The Emergence of the Modern State System	p. 56
The Global and Domestic Determinants of States' Foreign Policy Behavior	p. 56
Geopolitics	p. 58
Military Capabilities	p. 60
Economic Conditions	p. 61
Type of Government	p. 62
The Unitary Actor and Rational Decision Making	p. 67
States as Unitary Actors?	p. 67
Policy Making as Rational Choice	p. 67
Impediments to Rational Choice	p. 69
The Bureaucratic Politics of Foreign Policy Decision Making	p. 75
Bureaucratic Efficiency and Rationality	p. 76
The Limits of Bureaucratic Organization	p. 76
Attributes and Consequences of Bureaucratic Behavior	p. 79
The Role of Leaders in Foreign Policy Decision Making	p. 83
Leaders as Makers and Movers of World History	p. 84
Factors Affecting the Capacity to Lead	p. 85
Refinements to the History-Making Individuals Model	p. 87
Constraints on Foreign Policy Making: Problems and Prospects	p. 89
Key Terms	p. 89
Suggested Reading	p. 90
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 90
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 91
Great-Power Rivalries and Relations	p. 92
The Quest for Great-Power Hegemony	p. 94
The First World War	p. 96
The Causes of World War I	p. 96
The Consequences of World War I	p. 99
The Second World War	p. 102
The Causes of World War II	p. 102
The Consequences of World War II	p. 107
The Cold War	p. 108
The Causes and Evolutionary Course of the Cold War	p. 109
The Consequences of the Cold War	p. 117
The Future of Great-Power Politics: A Cold Peace?	p. 117
America's Unipolar Moment in History	p. 118
From Unipolarity to Multipolarity?	p. 120
Responding to Multipolarity's Challenge	p. 124
Key Terms	p. 126
Suggested Reading	p. 127
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 127
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 128
The Global South in a World of Powers	p. 129
The Colonial Origins of the Global Souths Plight	p. 132
The First Wave of European Imperialism	p. 135
The Second Wave of European Imperialism	p. 138
Colonialism, Self-Determination, and Decolonization in the Twentieth Century	p. 140
North and South Today: Worlds Apart	p. 142
Theoretical Explanations of Underdevelopment	p. 144
Classical Economic Development Theory	p. 145
Two Structural Theories: Dependency Theory and World Systems	p. 145
Closing the Gap? The Global South's Prospects	p. 147
The Global South's Foreign Policy Response to a World Ruled by the Great Powers	p. 150
In Search of Power	p. 150
Trade, Aid, Investment, Debt Relief-or Nothing?	p. 156
The Future Role of the Global South	p. 163
Key Terms	p. 164
Suggested Reading	p. 165
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 165
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 167
Nonstate Actors in a System of States	p. 168
Nonstate Actors, Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs), and Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs): An Introduction	p. 170
Global Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)	p. 173
The United Nations	p. 173
The Organization of the United Nations: System and Structure	p. 176
Other Prominent Global IGOs: The World Trade Organization, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund	p. 181
The European Union as a Model Regional IGO	p. 186
Other Regional IGOs	p. 191
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)	p. 193
Nonstate Nations: The Indigenous Ethnic Groups of the Fourth World	p. 195
Religious Movements	p. 197
Multinational Corporations and Transnational Banks	p. 205
Are NGOs Capable of Transforming World Politics?	p. 209
Nonstate Actors: Saviors or Stranglers of the State?	p. 212
Key Terms	p. 214
Suggested Reading	p. 215
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 215
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 217
Humanitarian Challenges and the Protection of Human Rights	p. 218
Putting People into the Picture	p. 220
How Does Humanity Fare? Assessing the Human Condition	p. 222
Measuring Human Development and Human Security	p. 226
Political and Economic Preconditions for Human Development	p. 227
Human Development in the Age of Globalization	p. 230
The Global Refugee Crisis	p. 232
Indigenous Peoples: Precarious Life in the Fourth World	p. 236
Fourth World Reactions to Human Rights Violations	p. 237
The Threat of State Disintegration to Human Security	p. 238
Gender Politics: The Subordinate Status of Women and Its Consequences	p. 239
Human Rights and the Protection of People	p. 243
International Ethics: Reconciling National Interests and Human Interests	p. 246
Key Terms	p. 253
Suggested Reading	p. 254
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 254
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 256
The Politics of Global Welfare	p. 257
Globalization and the Prospects for Global Governance	p. 258
The Global Information Age	p. 262
Global Communications	p. 262
The Media: Markets or Monopoly?	p. 267
Global Health or Global Infection?	p. 273
Global Migration	p. 277
The Globalization of Finance	p. 279
The Globalization of Trade	p. 282
Globalization and the State: What Future?	p. 293
Key Terms	p. 297
Suggested Reading	p. 297
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 298
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 299
Money and Markets in the Global Political Economy	p. 300
The Global Context for Interpreting Contemporary World Economic Change	p. 302
The Shadow of Past Commercial Policy Philosophy	p. 303
The Clash between Liberal and Mercantile Values	p. 304
Hegemony: A Precondition for Economic Order?	p. 309
Monetary Matters: Can Financial Regimes Promote Growth?	p. 312
The Nuts and Bolts of Monetary Policy	p. 312
The Bretton Woods Monetary System	p. 314
The End of Bretton Woods	p. 315
Floating Exchange Rates	p. 319
Reforming the International Financial Architecture?	p. 320
Free-Trade Trends and Troubles	p. 323
Threats to Free Trade	p. 334
Triumph or Trouble for the Global Economy's Future?	p. 338
Key Terms	p. 341
Suggested Reading	p. 342
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 343
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 344
Population and Resource Pressures on the Global Environment	p. 345
Population Change as a Global Political Challenge	p. 347
Understanding Growth Rates: The Persian Chessboard	p. 347
The Demographic Divide between Global North and Global South	p. 350
Population Momentum	p. 350
From Population Explosion to Population Implosion-A Demographic Transition?	p. 352
New Plagues? The Global Impact of Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and Avian Flu	p. 356
The International Response to Population Issues	p. 360
Food Fights: The Clash of Optimists and Pessimists	p. 361
A Prescription for Optimism or Pessimism?	p. 364
Environmental Security and Sustainable Development	p. 364
The Ecopolitics of Energy	p. 367
The Global Politics of Oil Supply and Consumption	p. 368
Running on Empty: Is Energy Security an Elusive Goal?	p. 368
The Ecopolitics of the Atmosphere	p. 374
Climate Change	p. 374
Climate-Change Culprits	p. 376
Ozone Protection	p. 380
The Ecopolitics of Forests and Biodiversity	p. 381
Shrinking Forests and Dust Bowls	p. 381
Biodiversity	p. 385
Toward Preservation: The International Response	p. 387
Trade, the Environment, and Sustainable Development	p. 387
Toward Sustainability?	p. 391
Key Terms	p. 393
Suggested Reading	p. 393
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 394
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 395
Managing Global Conflict	p. 397
The Transformation of Armed Conflict	p. 398
Continuities and Change in Armed Conflict	p. 400
Rival Theories of the Causes of Aggression	p. 403
The First Level of Analysis: Individuals' Human Nature	p. 403
The Second Level of Analysis: States' Internal Characteristics	p. 406
The Third Level of Analysis: Cycles of War and Peace in the Global System	p. 415
Armed Conflict within States	p. 420
The Characteristics of Civil War	p. 420
The Causes of Civil War	p. 422
The International Dimensions of Internal War	p. 428
Terrorism	p. 429
Key Terms	p. 441
Suggested Reading	p. 441
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 442
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 443
Military Power, Coercive Diplomacy, and National Security	p. 444
Power in International Politics	p. 445
The Elements of State Power	p. 446
Distinguishing Power from Capabilities	p. 449
The Changing Character of Power	p. 450
Trends in Military Spending	p. 454
Changes in Military Capabilities	p. 456
Trends in the Weapons Trade	p. 456
Trends in Weapons Technology	p. 463
Military Strategy in the Nuclear Age	p. 471
Compellence	p. 471
Deterrence	p. 473
Preemption	p. 474
The Uses and Limits of Coercive Diplomacy	p. 477
Military Intervention	p. 477
Economic Sanctions	p. 479
The Great Powers' National Security Strategies	p. 485
The U.S. Superpower Embraces a Revolutionary New Security Strategy	p. 485
Russia Adjusts to Its New Geostrategic Circumstances	p. 489
China's Global Clout and Security Posture	p. 490
Japan's Search for a Strategy	p. 493
Germany and the European Union Search for a Strategic Vision	p. 494
The Search for Security in an Insecure World	p. 496
Key Terms	p. 498
Suggested Reading	p. 499
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 500
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 501
The Realist Road to Security Through Alliances, Arms Control, and the Balance of Power	p. 502
The Impact of Alliances on National and Global Security	p. 504
Realpolitik Assumptions of Balance-of-Power Theory	p. 506
Managing the Balance through a Concert of Great Powers	p. 511
Stabilizing Power Balances through Arms Control	p. 511
Arms Control versus Disarmament	p. 512
Bilateral Arms Control and Disarmament	p. 512
Multilateral Arms Control and Disarmament	p. 515
The Problematic Future of Arms Control and Disarmament	p. 516
Balancing Power in the Contemporary Global System	p. 519
Models of the Balance of Power, Past and Present	p. 520
World Domination by the U.S. Superpower, or a Multipolar Future of Balance-of-Power Competition?	p. 522
Key Terms	p. 532
Suggested Reading	p. 533
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 533
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 534
The Liberal Institutional Paths to Peace	p. 535
International Law and World Order	p. 536
Law at the International Level: Core Principles	p. 538
The Limitations of the International Legal System	p. 540
The Relevance of International Law	p. 542
The Legal Control of Warfare	p. 544
International Organizations and World Order	p. 554
The United Nations and the Preservation of Peace	p. 554
Regional Security Organizations and Conflict Management	p. 562
Political Integration: The Functional and Neofunctional Paths to Peace	p. 564
World Federalism: A Single Global Government	p. 564
Functionalism	p. 566
Neofunctionalism	p. 568
Political Disintegration	p. 571
A Democratic Peace: Can Votes Stop Violence?	p. 572
Liberal Institutions and World Order: From Security to Stability?	p. 574
Key Terms	p. 575
Suggested Reading	p. 576
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 577
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 578
The Problematic Twenty-First Century	p. 579
Twelve Questions About Twenty-First-Century Global Prospects	p. 580
Toward the Future: Key Questions for the Twenty-First Century	p. 582
Will States Remain the Primary Actor in World Politics?	p. 583
Should Global Interests Be Placed Ahead of National Interests?	p. 584
As the Disappearance of War between States Transforms the Meaning of National Security, What Is the Purpose of Military Power?	p. 585
Can the New Global Terrorism Be Contained?	p. 588
Will Separatist Conflict within States Lead to Hundreds of New States?	p. 590
Will the Great Powers Intervene to Protect Human Rights?	p. 591
Will the United States, China, or the European Union Reign as the Globe's Supreme Superpower in the Twenty-First Century?	p. 593
Is Globalization a Cure, or a Curse?	p. 595
Is Realism Still Realistic and Is Liberalism Still Too Idealistic?	p. 597
Is the World Preparing for the Wrong War?	p. 601
Is This the "End of History" or the End of Happy Endings?	p. 601
Is There a Reordered Global Agenda?	p. 602
A New World Order or New World Disorder?	p. 603
Key Terms	p. 606
Suggested Reading	p. 607
Where on the World Wide Web?	p. 607
InfoTrac College Edition	p. 608
References	p. R-1
Credits	p. C-1
Author Index	p. A-1
Subject Index	p. I-1
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