World Prehistory and Archaeology... | Buy

World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways throughTime integrates world prehistory with a discussion of archaeological methods and techniques-emphasizing the relevance ofhowwe know what we know about our human prehistory,providing the tools to allow for a lifelong engagement with archaeology and drawing students into the process of archaeological research and discovery. Chazan brings students right up to the cutting edge of archaeological research by presenting the most recent discoveries and theoretical perspectives. Howwe know the past is inseparable fromwhatwe know of the past. This new text allows students to see that archaeology is a dynamic field in which knowledge is continuously refined through scientific inquiry while providing a sense of the relevance of archaeology in the contemporary world. As the cornerstone of this book is to present an integrated picture of prehistory as an active process of discovery, we cannot relegate methodological issues to the opening chapters alone. While the introduction to archaeological method in the first two chapters is necessary, the questions ofhowwe know the past cannot be abandoned at that point. A number of features have been developed to draw together an integrated presentation of prehistory throughout the entire text.

Michael Chazan is an associate professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Toronto. He earned his Ph.D. in anthropology at Yale University. Before coming to Toronto, Dr. Chazan was a postdoctoral fellow with the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris and at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Among his field experience are excavations in New Jersey, France, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, and South Africa. Dr. Chazan’s publications include a monograph on the Lower Paleolithic site of Holon, Israel, coauthored with Liora Horwitz. Dr. Chazan is currently engaged in a project on the Earlier Stone Age of South Africa.

BRIEF CONTENTS

PART ONE:

THE PAST IS A FOREIGN COUNTRY: GETTING FROM HERE TO THERE

CHAPTER 1 GETTING STARTED IN ARCHAEOLOGY

CHAPTER 2 PUTTING THE PICTURE TOGETHER

PART TWO:

HUMAN EVOLUTION

CHAPTER 3 EARLY HOMININS

CHAPTER 4 FROM Homo erectus TO NEANDERTHALS

CHAPTER 5 THE ORIGIN OF MODERN HUMANS

CHAPTER 6 THE PEOPLING OF AUSTRALIA AND THE NEW WORLD

PART THREE:

PERSPECTIVES ON AGRICULTURE

CHAPTER 7 TOWERS, VILLAGES, AND LONGHOUSES

CHAPTER 8 MOUNDS AND MAIZE

CHAPTER 9 A FEAST OF DIVERSITY

PART FOUR:

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY

CHAPTER 10 COMPLEXITY WITHOUT THE STATE

CHAPTER 11 CITIES AND PYRAMIDS: Early States of Mesopotamia and Egypt

CHAPTER 12 ENIGMAS AND DIVERSITY: Early States in Europe and Asia

CHAPTER 13 FROM CITY TO EMPIRE: Social Complexity in Mesoamerica

CHAPTER 14 BRINGING THE FOUR PARTS TOGETHER: States and Empire in the Andes

EPILOGUE BRINGING IT BACK HOME

APPENDICES

GLOSSARY

REFERENCES

FIGURE AND PHOTO CREDITS

NAME INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX

FULL CONTENTS

Preface

About the Author

PART ONE

THE PAST IS A FOREIGN COUNTRY: GETTING FROM HERE TO THERE

Introduction: Questions of Time and Ethics

CHAPTER 1: GETTING STARTED IN ARCHAEOLOGY

1.1 Reading the Landscape

Survey Design

Geological Factors

Recovery Methods and GIS

1.2 Excavation

Horizontal Excavation

Vertical Excavation

Controlling Horizontal and Vertical Space

Recovery Methods

Recording Methods

1.3 Artifacts and Ecofacts

FROM THE FIELD: The Author on His Fieldwork at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa

1.4 Biases in Preservation

1.5 Quantification and Sampling

Counting Bones

Counting Artifacts

TOOLBOX: Ethnoarchaeology

1.6 Creating a Chronology

1.7 Comparison

TOOLBOX: Radiocarbon Dating

1.8 Conservation and Display

ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Community Archaeology

Chapter Summary

Key Terms

Review Questions

CHAPTER 2: PUTTING THE PICTURE TOGETHER

2.1 Origins of Archaeology

ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Thomas Jefferson, the Archaeologist

2.2 The Emergence of Archaeology

Organizing Time

The Establishment of Human Antiquity

Imperial Archaeology

2.3 Developing Method and Theory

Stratigraphic Method and Culture History

V. Gordon Childe

2.4 Archaeology as Science

Developing Scientific Methods

The New Archaeology

Systems Theory

TOOLBOX: Faunal Analysis and Taphonomy

2.5 Alternative Perspectives

Postprocessual Archaeology

Gender and Agency

TOOLBOX: Archaeoacoustics

Evolutionary Archaeology

2.6 Archaeology at the Trowel’s Edge

FROM THE FIELD: Different Views of a Site, by Peter Robertshaw

Summary

Key Terms

Review Questions

PART TWO: HUMAN EVOLUTION

Introduction: Our Place in Nature

CHAPTER 3: EARLY HOMININS

3.1 The Fossil Record

The Early Hominin Radiation

3.2 Setting the Scene

The East African Rift Valley

ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Fraud–Piltdown and Kama-takamori

Lower Paleolithic

FROM THE FIELD: Following the Footsteps of Our Ancestors, by Andrew Du

TOOLBOX: Stone Tools 69

3.3 The Origin of Tool Use

Tool Use by Animals

The Archaeological Evidence

3.4 Hunting and Sharing Food

Were They Hunters?

TOOLBOX: Dating Early Hominin Sites

Living Floors and Base Camps

The Use of Fire

3.5 The Expansion of the Hominin World

Ubeidiya and Dmanisi

East Asia

Summing Up the Evidence

Summary 83 Key Terms

Review Questions

CHAPTER 4: FROM Homo erectus TO NEANDERTHALS

4.1 Defining the Ice Age

4.2 Before the Neanderthals

The Initial Occupation of Western Europe

The Acheulian Problem

Beyond Stone Tools

4.3 Neanderthals

Neanderthal Genetics

Chronology and Ecology

ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Religion and Evolution

4.4 Aspects of Neanderthal Culture and Adaptation

Stone Tools

TOOLBOX: Chaîne Opératoire and the Levallois Method

Hunting

Site Organization and the Use of Fire

Treatment of the Dead

TOOLBOX: Geoarchaeology and Micromorphology

FROM THE FIELD: A Paleoepiphany, by Lynne A. Schepartz

Artwork

Neanderthal Society

Summary

Key Terms

Review Questions

CHAPTER 5: THE ORIGIN OF MODERN HUMANS

5.1 What Is a Modern Human?

5.2 Early Modern Humans in Africa

The African Middle Stone Age

FROM THE FIELD: The Strange Case of the Grimaldi Figurines, by Michael S. Bisson

Comparing the Middle Stone Age and the Middle Paleolithic

5.3 Early Modern Humans in the Middle East

The Archaeological Record

Chronology

Assessing the Middle Eastern Pattern

TOOLBOX: Luminescence Dating

5.4 The Arrival of Modern Humans in Europe and the Fate of the Neanderthals

The Fossil Record

ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Modern Human Origins and Questions of Race

Genetic Evidence

Archaeological Evidence

The Last Neanderthals

Summing Up the Evidence

5.5 The Upper Paleolithic

Chronology

Stone and Bone Tools

Human Burials

TOOLBOX: Use—Wear Analysis

Artwork

Site Structure

Subsistence

5.6 Explaining the Upper Paleolithic

Summary

Key Terms

Review Questions

CHAPTER 6: THE PEOPLING OF AUSTRALIA AND THE NEW WORLD

6.1 Modern Humans in East Asia

6.2 Australia

Dating the Earliest Human Occupation

Megafauna Extinction

Rock Art

Voyaging On

TOOLBOX: Experimental Archaeology

6.3 The New World

Clovis First

TOOLBOX: Radiocarbon Calibration

Pre-Clovis

Early Arrival Model

ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Repatriation of Indigenous Burial Remains

The Solutrean Hypothesis

The Skeletal Evidence

FROM THE FIELD: Mawlukhotepun–Working Together, by Susan Blair

Clovis Adaptations and Megafauna Extinction

Summary

Key Terms

Review Questions

PART THREE: PERSPECTIVES ON AGRICULTURE

Introduction: Definitions of Agriculture

CHAPTER 7: TOWERS, VILLAGES, AND LONGHOUSES

7.1 Setting the Scene

ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Political Borders and Archaeology

7.2 Stage 1: Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran

Technology

Settlements

FROM THE FIELD: The Author on His Fieldwork at Wadi Mataha

Domestication

7.3 Stage 2: The Natufian

Technology

Settlements

Domestication

7.4 Stage 3: The Early Neolithic

Technology

Settlements

Ritual

TOOLBOX: Harris Matrix

Domestication

7.5 Stage 4: Late Neolithic

TOOLBOX: Paleoethnobotany

Technology

Settlement and Ritual

Domestication

7.6 Assessing the Neolithic Revolution

7.7 The Spread of Agriculture to Europe

Summing Up the Evidence

Summary

Key Terms

Review Questions

CHAPTER 8: MOUNDS AND MAIZE

8.1 Plant Domestication in Mesoamerica

TOOLBOX: AMS Radiocarbon Dating

8.2 Maize Agriculture in the

American Southwest

The Formative Period

Summing Up the Evidence

TOOLBOX: Hand-Built Pottery

8.3 Eastern North America

The Indigenous Domestication of Plants

The Adena and Hopewell

Intensification of Maize Agriculture

ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Who Owns the Past?

The People Behind the Transition

Summing Up the Evidence

FROM THE FIELD: “Towns They Have None:” In Search of New England’s Mobile Farmers, by Elizabeth S. Chilton

Summary

Key Terms

Review Questions

CHAPTER 9: A FEAST OF DIVERSITY

9.1 Africa

Villages of Hunter—Gatherers

Pastoralists

The First Farmers

FROM THE FIELD: Ethiopian Farmers Yesterday and Today, by Catherine D’Andrea

Summing Up the Evidence

9.2 New Guinea

Clearing Forests and Draining Swamps

TOOLBOX: Pollen, Phytoliths, and Starch Grains

9.3 The Andes 234

Domestication in the Andean Highlands

Coastal Villages

The Cotton Preceramic

The Role of El Niño

Summing Up the Evidence

9.4 East Asia 239

Early Pottery

The First Farmers

TOOLBOX: Residue Analysis

The Development of Farming Societies

Summing Up the Evidence

ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Archaeology and the Environment

9.5 Questioning the Neolithic 243

Summary

Key Terms

Review Questions

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