Writing Paragraphs and Essays

by Wingersky, Joy; Boerner, Jan; Holguin-Balogh, Diana

• ISBN13: 9780534523985
• ISBN10: 0534523986
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Table of Contents

List of Readings Organized by Writing Skill	xiii	(2)
Preface	xv	(6)
Acknowledgments	xxi
Introduction to Writing	1	(22)
About Writing	2	(2)
Ways to Help Yourself Become a Better Writer	2	(1)
Being Willing to Take a Risk	2	(1)
Being Receptive	2	(1)
Being Genuine	2	(1)
Benefits of Becoming a Better Writer	3	(1)
The Writing Process	4	(17)
Prewriting	4	(8)
Talking	4	(3)
Freewriting	7	(2)
Brainstorming	9	(1)
Journal Writing	10	(1)
Reading	11	(1)
Searching the Internet	11	(1)
Organizing	12	(2)
Grouping	12	(2)
Outlining	14	(1)
Drafting	14	(1)
Revising	15	(2)
First Revision	15	(1)
Second Revision	16	(1)
Third Revision	16	(1)
Editing	17	(1)
Working in Small Groups	18	(2)
Collaborative Learning	18	(1)
Peer Review	19	(1)
Revising with a New Perspective	19	(1)
Using Computers	20	(1)
Putting It All Together	21	(2)
Collaborative Activity	21	(1)
Web Activities	21	(2)
Unit 1: Writing Sentences and Paragraphs	23	(66)
Topic Sentences and Paragraphs	24	(34)
Parts to Whole	24	(24)
The Topic Sentence	24	(1)
Parts of a Topic Sentence	24	(3)
Distinguishing Topic Sentences from Simple Facts	27	(4)
The Paragraph	31	(1)
Parts of a Paragraph	31	(1)
The Paragraph Writing Process	31	(5)
Elements of a Strong Paragraph	36	(11)
Collaborative Activity	47	(1)
Something to Think About, Something to Write About	48	(3)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	50	(1)
Paragraphs for Discussion and Analysis	51	(7)
Basic Sentence Skills	58	(26)
The Writer's Tools	58	(26)
Parts of Speech	58	(1)
Nouns	59	(1)
Pronouns	59	(2)
Verbs	61	(1)
Adjectives	61	(1)
Adverbs	61	(1)
Prepositions	61	(1)
Conjunctions	62	(1)
Interjections	62	(1)
Finding Prepositional Phrases	63	(3)
Finding Subjects and Verbs	66	(1)
Subjects	66	(3)
Verbs	69	(1)
Recognizing Sentence-Structure Errors	70	(1)
Sentence Fragments	71	(1)
Comma Splices	72	(1)
Run-On Sentences	72	(1)
Maintaining Subject-Verb Agreement	72	(1)
Forming Plural Nouns	73	(1)
Forming Plural Verbs	73	(3)
Recognizing Singular and Plural Pronouns	76	(4)
Maintaining Consistent Verb Tense	80	(4)
Putting It All Together	84	(5)
Cumulative Unit Exercise	84	(1)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	85	(1)
Web Activities	86	(3)
Unit 2: Being a Sensitive Writer	89	(40)
Interaction of Topic, Purpose, Audience, and Voice	90	(24)
Parts to Whole	90	(14)
Topic and Purpose Influence Voice	93	(1)
Purpose and Audience Influence Voice	94	(1)
Word Choice Alters Voice	95	(8)
Collaborative Activity	103	(1)
Something to Think About, Something to Write About	104	(3)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	106	(1)
Paragraphs and Essays for Discussion and Analysis	107	(7)
Consistent Point of View	114	(10)
The Writer's Tools	114	(10)
Determining Point of View	115	(1)
Maintaining Consistent Point of View	116	(2)
Revising Inconsistent Point of View	118	(1)
Consistent 3rd Person Point of View	119	(1)
Consistent 1st Person Point of View	120	(1)
Consistent 2nd Person Point of View	120	(4)
Putting It All Together	124	(5)
Cumulative Unit Exercise	124	(1)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	125	(1)
Web Activities	126	(3)
Unit 3: Organizing Ideas and Writing Them Clearly	129	(56)
The Thesis Sentence	130	(30)
Parts to Whole	130	(18)
Thesis Sentence That States the Direction	131	(1)
Thesis Sentence That States The Direction and Previews Main Points	131	(1)
Coordinate and Subordinate Ideas in Thesis Sentences	131	(5)
Overlapping Coordinate Ideas	136	(1)
Parallel Grammatical Form in Thesis Sentences	137	(4)
Generating a Thesis Sentence	141	(5)
Arranging the Order of Divisions of Subtopics	146	(2)
Collaborative Activity	148	(1)
Something to Think About, Something to Write About	148	(6)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	152	(2)
Essays for Discussion and Analysis	154	(6)
Eliminating Fragments, Run-On Sentences, and Comma Splices	160	(18)
The Writer's Tools	160	(18)
Fragments	160	(1)
Fragments That Contain Subject	160	(1)
Fragments That Have No Verb	161	(1)
Fragments with Verb Forms That Cannot Be the Main Verb	162	(5)
Fragments That Have Both a Subject and a Verb but Are Preceded by a Subordinator	167	(2)
Run-On Sentences	169	(1)
Ways to Revise Run-On Sentences	170	(1)
Add a Period at the End of Each Complete Thought	170	(1)
Use a Comma and a Coordinate Conjunction	170	(1)
Use a Semicolon	171	(1)
Use a Semicolon, a Conjunctive Adverb, and a Comma	172	(1)
Use a Subordinator	173	(1)
Comma Splices	174	(1)
Ways to Revise Comma Splices	174	(4)
Putting It All Together	178	(7)
Cumulative Unit Exercise	178	(2)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	180	(2)
Web Activities	182	(3)
Unit 4: Writing with More Depth and Variety	185	(50)
Writing with Examples	186	(35)
Parts to Whole	186	(21)
The Purpose of Examples	186	(1)
Sources of Examples	187	(1)
Personal Experiences	187	(1)
Observations of Other People	188	(1)
Short Stories, Novels, Television, or Movies	188	(1)
Facts, Statistics, or Reports from Authoritative Sources	189	(1)
Generating Examples Through Freewriting and Brainstorming	190	(1)
Freewriting for Examples	190	(1)
Brainstroming for Examples	191	(4)
How Finding Examples Fits into Writing Process	191	(4)
Extended Examples and Shorter, Interrelated Examples	195	(1)
Extended Examples	195	(2)
Shorter, Detailed, Interrelated Examples	197	(2)
Stressing Relevance in Short, Interrelated Examples	199	(1)
Deciding How Many Short Examples to Use	200	(7)
Collaborative Activity	207	(4)
Something to Think About, Something to Write About	207	(4)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	209	(2)
Paragraphs and Essays for Discussion and Analysis	211	(10)
Sentence Variety-Forming and Punctuating Compound Sentences	221	(9)
The Writer's Tools	221	(9)
Using a Comma and a Coordinate Conjunction	221	(2)
Using a Conjunctive Adverb	223	(2)
Using a Semicolon	225	(5)
Putting It All Together	230	(5)
Cumulative Unit Exercise	230	(2)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	232	(1)
Web Activities	233	(2)
Unit 5: Reaching an Audience by Creating Interest	235	(54)
Introductory and Concluding Paragraphs	236	(34)
Parts to Whole	236	(22)
The Purpose of Introductory Paragraphs	236	(1)
Developing Introductory Paragraphs	236	(1)
Composing the Thesis Sentence	237	(1)
Developing the Hook	237	(9)
Creating Transition to the Thesis Sentence	246	(5)
The Purpose of Concluding Paragraphs	251	(1)
Recognizing Weak Conclusions	251	(2)
Recognizing and Writing Strong Conclusions	253	(5)
Collaborative Activity	258	(1)
Something to Think About, Something to Write About	258	(5)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	261	(2)
Essays for Discussion and Analysis	263	(7)
Sentence Variety-Using Complex Sentences	270	(13)
The Writer's Tools	270	(13)
Independent and Dependent Clauses	270	(1)
Using Subordinators to Form Complex Sentences	271	(9)
Choosing Who or Whom	280	(3)
Putting It All Together	283	(6)
Cumulative Unit Exercise	283	(3)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	286	(1)
Web Activities	287	(2)
Unit 6: Making Ideas Flow Clearly	289	(48)
Coherence	290	(20)
Parts to Whole	290	(9)
Creating Coherence Within Paragraphs	290	(1)
Repeating Key Words	291	(1)
Using Time Words and Transitional Words	292	(1)
Using Pronouns and Words That Point Out	293	(2)
Creating Coherence Between Paragraphs	295	(4)
Collaborative Activity	299	(1)
Something to Think About, Something to Write About	299	(4)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	301	(2)
Essays for Discussion and Analysis	303	(7)
Reviewing Punctuation	310	(17)
The Writer's Tools	310	(17)
Using Commas	310	(1)
Items in a Series	310	(2)
Introductory Expressions	312	(2)
Commas for Clarity	314	(3)
Addresses and Dates	317	(1)
Direct Address	317	(2)
Using Quotation Marks	319	(1)
Other Punctuation with Quotation Marks	319	(1)
Quotations Within Quotations	319	(1)
Words or Phrases That Require Special Attention	320	(1)
Titles Contained Within Larger Works	320	(1)
Using Apostrophes	320	(1)
Possessive Nouns	320	(1)
Possessive Pronouns	321	(1)
Contractions	321	(1)
Using Underlining	321	(1)
Using Parentheses	321	(2)
Punctuating Sentences	323	(1)
Simple Sentences	323	(1)
Compound Sentences	323	(4)
Putting It All Together	327	(10)
Cumulative Unit Exercise	327	(3)
Collaborative Activity	330	(3)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	333	(1)
Web Activities	334	(3)
Unit 7: Composing with Effective Alternate Patterns	337	(62)
Methods of Development	338	(47)
Parts to Whole	338	(26)
Illustration	339	(3)
Comparision / Contrast	342	(1)
Items Discussed in Alternate Paragraphs	343	(2)
Items Discussed in Two Distinct Parts Within Each Paragraph	345	(2)
Items Discussed in Alternate Sentences Within Each Paragraph	347	(3)
Classification	350	(2)
Definition	352	(2)
Cause/Effect Analysis	354	(2)
Process Analysis	356	(3)
Argumentation	359	(4)
Collaborative Activity	363	(1)
Something to Think About, Something to Write About	364	(5)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	367	(2)
Paragraphs and Essays for Discussion and Analysis	369	(16)
Capitalization	385	(6)
The Writer's Tools	385	(6)
Capitalizing First Words	385	(1)
Capitalizing Names	385	(1)
Capitalizing Places, Events, Brand Names, and Dates	386	(2)
More Capitalization Rules	388	(3)
Putting It All Together	391	(8)
Cumulative Unit Exercise	391	(2)
Collaborative Writing Project: Working and Learning Together	393	(1)
Web Activities	394	(5)
Appendix A Confusing Words	399	(16)
Appendix B Keeping a Journal	415	(2)
Appendix C Irregular Verbs	417	(2)
Appendix D Spelling	419	(6)
Appendix E Answers to Odd-Numbered Items in Exercises (Including Appendices A and D)	425