Yeast Stress Responses

by Hohmann, Stefan; Mager, Willem H.

• ISBN13: 9783540439264
• ISBN10: 3540439269
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-02-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Every cell has developed mechanisms to respond to changes in its environment and to adapt its growth and metabolism to unfavorable conditions. The unicellular eukaryote yeast has long proven as a particularly useful model system for the analysis of cellular stress responses, and the completion of the yeast genome sequence has only added to its powerThis volume comprehensively reviews both the basic features of the yeast genral stress response and the specific adapations to different stress types (nutrient depletion, osmotic and heat shock as well as salt and oxidative stress). It includes the latest findings in the field and discusses the implications for the analysis of stress response mechanisms in higher eukaryotes as well.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(1)
Stefan Hohmann
Willem H. Mager
What is stress?	1	(1)
Studies of stress responses	2	(1)
Cell proliferation and stress	3	(1)
Aim of the stress response	4	(1)
Phases of the stress response	5	(1)
Sensing and signalling	6	(2)
Adaptation to stress	8	(1)
Yeast as a model	8	(3)
The environmental stress response: a common yeast response to diverse environmental stresses	11	(60)
Audrey P. Gasch
Abstract	11	(1)
Introduction	11	(2)
The environmental stress response	13	(2)
Responsiveness of ESR gene expression	15	(3)
Transcript levels versus protein synthesis levels	18	(1)
Functions represented by genes repressed in the ESR	19	(4)
Ribosome synthesis	20	(1)
tRNA synthesis	21	(1)
General transcription	22	(1)
RNA splicing and export	22	(1)
Translation	22	(1)
Functions represented by genes induced in the ESR	23	(9)
Carbohydrate metabolism	23	(3)
Fatty acid metabolism	26	(1)
Respiration	26	(1)
Oxidative stress defense	27	(1)
Autophagy and vacuolar functions	28	(1)
Protein folding and degradation	29	(1)
Cytoskeletal reorganization	30	(1)
Signaling	31	(1)
Functional themes in the ESR	32	(2)
Differential expression of isozymes	32	(1)
Coinduction of genes with counterproductive functions	32	(2)
Regulation of control steps of metabolic processes	34	(1)
The role of the ESR	34	(3)
Regulation of ESR gene expression	37	(17)
Raplp	37	(2)
Chromatin remodeling	39	(2)
Regulated mRNA turnover	41	(2)
Msn2p and Msn4p	43	(5)
Condition-specific transcriptional induction	48	(2)
Condition-specific cellular signaling	50	(3)
Advantages of the complex regulation of ESR gene expression	53	(1)
Orchestration of cellular responses to stress	54	(2)
Conclusions	56	(15)
Acknowledgements	57	(1)
References	57	(14)
The yeast response to heat shock	71	(50)
Amy Trott
Kevin A. Morano
Abstract	71	(1)
Introduction	71	(1)
The heat shock and environmental stress responses	72	(6)
Transcriptional regulators of heat shock gene induction	72	(1)
Delineation of the Hsflp and Msn2p/Msn4p heat shock regulons	73	(3)
The role of trehalose in thermotolerance	76	(1)
Thermal stress phenotypes in yeast	77	(1)
Regulation of the heat shock factor Hsflp	78	(13)
Regulation of Hsflp transcriptional activation	79	(2)
The role of phosphorylation in Hsflp regulation	81	(1)
Genetic and structural insights into DNA binding and regulation	82	(2)
Sensing the proteome: regulation by protein chaperones	84	(2)
Hsflp-like proteins in yeast	86	(2)
Hsflp and the cell cycle	88	(3)
New directions in protein chaperone biology	91	(14)
Hsp90 chaperone complex subunits in yeast	91	(7)
Endogenous yeast Hsp90 substrates	98	(1)
Hsfl	99	(2)
Protein chaperones and yeast prion propagation	101	(4)
Stress and aging	105	(3)
Conclusions	108	(13)
Acknowledgements	108	(1)
References	109	(12)
The osmotic stress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae	121	(80)
Markus J. Tamas
Stefan Hohmann
Abstract	121	(1)
Introduction	121	(2)
Structural and morphological effects caused by osmotic stress	123	(1)
Glycerol and glycerol metabolism	124	(6)
Glycerol metabolic pathways	125	(1)
Glycerol transport	126	(1)
Glycerol accumulation under osmotic stress: multiple levels of control	127	(3)
Transport processes affected by osmotic stress	130	(3)
MIP channels: aquaporins and glycerol channels	130	(2)
Osmolyte uptake systems	132	(1)
Ion channels	133	(1)
Perception of and response to osmotic stress: the role of signalling pathways	133	(34)
S. cerevisiae MAPK pathways	134	(1)
The HOG MAPK pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	135	(6)
Control of gene expression	141	(9)
The cell integrity pathway	150	(6)
Skn7p: a putative link between osmosensing pathways	156	(6)
Additional systems involved in osmotic stress signalling	162	(3)
Mechanisms of osmosensing	165	(2)
Metabolic adjustments	167	(1)
Osmotic signalling in other yeasts: the S. pombe Styl pathway	168	(7)
Conclusions	175	(26)
Acknowledgements	177	(1)
References	177	(24)
Ion homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under NaCl stress	201	(40)
Ingrid Wadskog
Lennart Adler
Abstract	201	(1)
Introduction	201	(1)
Yeast Na+ and K+ relations	202	(2)
Growth and intracellular ion levels	202	(1)
Why is K+ but not Na+ a preferred intracellular cation?	203	(1)
Na+ toxicity	203	(1)
Adaptation to high concentrations of salt: role of ion transporters	204	(8)
The plasma membrane H+-ATPase	205	(2)
K+ transport systems	207	(1)
The Pmr2Ap/Enalp sodium transporter	208	(1)
The Nhalp Na+/H+ antiporter	209	(1)
Compartmentalization of Na+	210	(2)
Regulation of ion homeostasis	212	(9)
Control at transcriptional level: ENAl	212	(8)
Control on protein level	220	(1)
Regulation of the Trkl/2p system	221	(1)
Ion transporters and membrane targeting	221	(5)
Targeting of P-type ATPases to the plasma membrane	222	(3)
Nhxlp is involved in membrane traffic out of the prevacuolar compartment	225	(1)
The genome-wide transcriptional response	226	(2)
Conclusions	228	(13)
References	229	(12)
Oxidative stress responses in yeast	241	(64)
Michel B. Toledano
Agnes Delaunay
Benoit Biteau
Daniel Spector
Dulce Azevedo
Abstract	241	(1)
Introduction	241	(1)
Effects of oxygen free radicals on biological molecules	242	(3)
Some concepts of free radical chemistry	242	(3)
Biological effects of oxygen free radicals in yeast	245	(6)
Methods for measuring the cellular toxicity of ROS	245	(2)
Cellular effects of ROS in S. cerevisiae	247	(4)
Antioxidant defenses and thiol redox homeostasis	251	(11)
Metal containing antioxidants	251	(3)
Thiol redox control pathways and peroxidase systems	254	(8)
Adaptive oxidative stress responses	262	(3)
S. cerevisiae adaptive responses to oxidative stress	262	(1)
The genomic response underlying oxidative stress adapted states	263	(2)
Control of S. cerevisiae oxidative stress responses	265	(13)
The Yapl pathway	266	(7)
Skn7 as a stress response coordinator	273	(1)
An H2O2-inducible Msn2/4 pathway	274	(1)
Other regulators of the oxidative stress response in S. cerevisiae	275	(3)
Control of S. pombe oxidative stress responses	278	(8)
The stress-activated MAP kinase pathway	279	(2)
Atfl, a bZip transcription factor substrate of Spcl/Styl	281	(1)
The S. pombe Yapl homologue Papl	282	(1)
The response regulator Prrl, a homologue of Skn7	283	(1)
Two two-component phosphorelay systems contribute to the H2O2 response	284	(2)
Regulators of the oxidative stress response in other yeasts	286	(1)
Conclusions	287	(18)
Acknowledgements	287	(1)
References	287	(18)
From feast to famine; adaptation to nutrient availability in yeast	305	(82)
Joris Winderickx
Inge Holsbeeks
Ole Lagatie
Frank Giots
Johan Thevelein
Han de Winde
Abstract	305	(1)
Introduction	306	(1)
7.2	306	(3)
Setting the stage: limitation, starvation, and cell cycle checkpoints	306	(3)
Specific responses to nutrient depletion	309	(31)
Carbon Source Signalling	309	(17)
Nitrogen Source Signalling	326	(7)
Phosphor Limitation and Starvation	333	(4)
Sulphur Limitation and Starvation	337	(3)
Common responses to nutrient depletion	340	(17)
General Concepts	340	(3)
Nutrient signal integration and the control of metabolism and growth	343	(2)
The FGM pathway; an integrator of responses to nutrient availability	345	(2)
Nutritional control by targets of rapamycin (Tor) proteins	347	(3)
Glycogen and Trehalose metabolism	350	(3)
Morphological differentiation as a response to nutrient limitation	353	(4)
Conclusions	357	(30)
References	358	(29)
Index	387