Aircraft Dynamics From Modeling to Simulation

by Napolitano, Marcello R.

• ISBN13: 9780470626672
• ISBN10: 0470626674
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-11-15
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Napolitano's Aircraft Dynamics is designed to help readers extrapolate from low level formulas, equations, and details to high level comprehensive views of the main concepts. the text also helps readers with fundamental skills of learning the "basic modeling" of the aircraft aerodynamics and dynamics. The main objective is to organize the topics in "modular blocks" each of them leading to the understanding of the inner mechanisms of the aircraft aerodynamics and dynamics, eventually leading to the development of simple flight simulations schemes.

Author Biography

Marcello Napolitano is a Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at West Virgina University, and has received numerous teaching, research and professional awards, including 11 teaching awards, 4 research awards and the NASA Outstanding Service Achievement Award. He is recognized as an authority on the subject of?Aircraft Dynamics.

Table of Contents

Aircraft Equations of Motion	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Reference Frames and Assumptions	p. 2
Conservation of the Linear Momentum Equations (CLMEs)	p. 3
Conservation of the Angular Momentum Equations (CAMEs)	p. 6
Conservation of the Angular Momentum Equations (CAMEs) with Rotor Effects	p. 10
Euler Angles	p. 11
Flight Path Equations (FPEs)	p. 12
Kinematic Equations (KEs)	p. 14
Gravity Equations (GEs)	p. 16
Summary of the Aircraft Equations of Motion	p. 16
Definition of Steady-State and Perturbation Conditions	p. 17
Aircraft Equations of Motion at Steady-State Conditions	p. 18
Aircraft Equations of Motion at Perturbed Conditions	p. 19
Small Perturbation Equations from a Steady-State Level Flight	p. 22
Summary	p. 23
References	p. 26
Student Sample Problems	p. 26
Problems	p. 32
Review of Basic Concepts of Aerodynamic Modeling	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
Review of Key Aerodynamic Characteristics for Wing Sections	p. 37
Wing Planforms and Wing Lift Curve Slope	p. 42
Review of the Downwash Effect and Effectiveness of Control Surfaces	p. 48
Determination of the Aerodynamic Center for Wing and Wing1Fuselage	p. 53
Approaches to the Modeling of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 57
Wind Tunnel Analysis	p. 57
CFD Analysis	p. 58
Parameter IDentification from Flight Data	p. 59
Correlation from Wind Tunnel Data and Empirical "Build-Up" Analysis	p. 60
Summary	p. 60
References	p. 61
Student Sample Problems	p. 62
Problems	p. 75
Modeling of Longitudinal Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 78
Introduction	p. 78
Aircraft Stability Axes	p. 79
Modeling of the Longitudinal Steady-State Aerodynamic Forces and Moment	p. 79
Modeling of FAX1	p. 80
Modeling of FAZ1	p. 83
Modeling of MA1	p. 87
Aircraft Aerodynamic Center	p. 89
Summary of the Longitudinal Steady-State Aerodynamic Forces and Moment	p. 91
Modeling of the Longitudinal Small Perturbation Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 91
Modeling of (cD1 , cL1 , cm1)	p. 93
Modeling of ðcDu , cLu , cmu Þ	p. 93
Modeling of (cDa_ , cLa_ , cma_ ) and (cDq , cLq , cmq)	p. 94
Summary of Longitudinal Stability and Control Derivatives	p. 96
Summary	p. 100
References	p. 100
Student Sample Problems	p. 101
Case Study	p. 110
Short Problems	p. 127
Problems	p. 128
Modeling of Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
Modeling of FAY1	p. 137
Conceptual Modeling of cYß	p. 138
Mathematical Modeling of cYß	p. 140
Modeling of cYdA	p. 147
Modeling of cYdR	p. 147
Modeling of LA1	p. 149
Conceptual Modeling of clß	p. 150
Mathematical Modeling of clß	p. 155
Modeling of cldA	p. 160
Modeling of cldR	p. 166
Modeling of NA1	p. 168
Conceptual Modeling of cnß	p. 169
Mathematical Modeling of cnß	p. 172
Modeling of cndA	p. 174
Modeling of cndR	p. 176
Summary of the Lateral Directional Steady-State Force and Moments	p. 177
Modeling of the Small Perturbation Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Force and Moments	p. 178
Modeling of cYß_ , cl _ ß , cn _ ß	p. 180
Modeling of cYp	p. 180
Modeling of clp	p. 181
Modeling of cnp	p. 183
Modeling of cYr	p. 185
Modeling of clr	p. 185
Modeling of cnr	p. 187
Summary of Longitudinal and Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Stability and Control Derivatives	p. 189
Final Overview and Ranking of the Importance of the Aerodynamic Coefficients	p. 196
Summary of the Modeling of the Longitudinal and Lateral-Directional Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 198
References	p. 200
Student Sample Problems	p. 200
Case Study	p. 236
Short Problems	p. 262
Problems	p. 263
Review of Basic Aircraft Performance and Modeling of Thrust Forces and Moments	p. 268
Introduction	p. 268
Review of Different Aircraft Propulsion Systems	p. 268
Piston Engine (Propeller) Aircraft Engines	p. 269
Turboprop Aircraft Engines	p. 270
Turbojet Aircraft Engines	p. 271
Turbofan Aircraft Engines	p. 272
Ramjet Aircraft Engines	p. 273
Review of Basic Aircraft Performance	p. 273
Power at Level Flight	p. 274
Maximum Aerodynamic Efficiency	p. 275
Minimum Aerodynamic Drag	p. 275
Minimum Power Required	p. 277
Determination of Power Required	p. 279
Determination of Power Available	p. 282
Modeling of the Thrust Forces and Moments	p. 287
Modeling of the Steady-State Thrust Forces and Moments	p. 288
Modeling of the Small Perturbation Thrust Forces and Moments	p. 291
Summary	p. 294
References	p. 296
Student Sample Problems	p. 296
Problems	p. 304
Aircraft Stability and Design for Trim Conditions	p. 305
Introduction	p. 305
Concept of Aircraft Stability	p. 305
Criteria for Aircraft Static Stability	p. 306
Static Stability Criteria #1 (SSC #1)	p. 307
Static Stability Criteria #2 (SSC #2)	p. 308
Static Stability Criteria #3 (SSC #3)	p. 308
Static Stability Criteria #4 (SSC #4)	p. 309
Static Stability Criteria #5 (SSC #5)	p. 310
Static Stability Criteria #5, #6, and #7 (SSC #5, SSC #6, SSC #7)	p. 311
Static Stability Criteria #9 (SSC #9)	p. 311
Static Stability Criteria #10 (SSC #10)	p. 312
Longitudinal Analysis of Steady-State Straight Flight	p. 313
Lift Chart and Trim Diagram	p. 322
Lift Chart	p. 322
Trim Diagram	p. 324
Trim Diagrams for Different Classes of Aircraft	p. 329
Trim Diagrams for Thrust Axis Above/Below Center of Gravity	p. 329
Lateral Directional Analysis of Steady-State Straight Flight	p. 332
Summary	p. 340
References	p. 340
Student Sample Problems	p. 340
Problems	p. 349
Solution of the Aircraft Equations of Motion Based on Laplace Transformations and Transfer Functions	p. 352
Introduction	p. 352
Application of Laplace Transformations to the Longitudinal Small Perturbation Equations	p. 353
RouthHurwitz Analysis of the Longitudinal Stability	p. 358
Longitudinal Dynamic Modes: Short Period and Phugoid	p. 360
Solution of the Longitudinal Equations	p. 361
Short Period Approximation	p. 363
Phugoid Approximation	p. 366
Summary of the Longitudinal Equations	p. 369
Application of Laplace Transformations to the Lateral Directional Small Perturbation Equations	p. 371
RouthHurwitz Analysis of the Lateral Directional Stability	p. 376
Lateral Directional Dynamic Modes: Rolling, Spiral, and Dutch Roll	p. 377
Solution of the Lateral Directional Equations	p. 379
Rolling Approximation	p. 382
Summary of Lateral Directional Equations	p. 385
Sensitivity Analysis for the Aircraft Dynamics	p. 386
Short Period Sensitivity Analysis	p. 387
Phugoid Sensitivity Analysis	p. 394
Sensitivity Analysis for the Lateral Directional Parameters	p. 398
Summary	p. 407
References	p. 407
Student Sample Problems	p. 407
Problems	p. 430
State Variable Modeling of the Aircraft Dynamics	p. 432
Introduction	p. 432
Introduction to State Variables for Nonlinear Systems	p. 433
Introduction to State Variables for Linear/Linearized Systems	p. 433
State Variable Modeling of the Longitudinal Dynamics	p. 435
State Variable Modeling of the Lateral Directional Dynamics	p. 440
Augmentation of the Aircraft State Variable Modeling	p. 445
Modeling of the Altitude ðhÞ	p. 445
Modeling of the Flight Path Angle ð?Þ	p. 446
Modeling of the Engine Dynamics	p. 446
Modeling of the Actuator Dynamics	p. 446
Modeling of the Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 447
Summary of State Variable Modeling of the Aircraft Dynamics	p. 447
Summary	p. 450
References	p. 450
Student Sample Problems	p. 450
Problems	p. 470
Introduction to Modern Flight Simulation Codes	p. 476
Introduction	p. 476
Introduction to the Flight Dynamics & Control (FDC) Toolbox	p. 479
Equations of Motion within the FDC Simulation Environment	p. 479
FDC Modeling of Beaver Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 483
Alternative Approach for FDC Modeling of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 485
Case Study #1: FDC Modeling of Look-Up Tables Based Aerodynamic Coefficients	p. 486
FDC Modeling of the Gravity Force	p. 493
FDC Modeling of the Atmospheric Turbulence Force	p. 493
FDC Modeling of the Beaver Propulsive Forces and Moments	p. 494
Case Study #2: FDC Modeling of Propulsive Forces and Moments	p. 496
Auxiliary FDC Blocks	p. 498
Additional FDC Blocks	p. 503
Introduction to the Aerospace Blockset by Mathworks	p. 503
General Organization of the Aerospace Blockset	p. 503
Introduction to the Environment Library	p. 504
Introduction to the Flight Parameters Library	p. 506
Introduction to the Equations of Motion Library	p. 506
Introduction to the Aerodynamics Library	p. 508
Introduction to the Propulsion Library	p. 508
Introduction to the Utilities Library	p. 509
Introduction to the Mass Properties Library	p. 510
Introduction to the Actuators Library	p. 511
Introduction to the GNC and Animation Libraries	p. 511
Introduction to AIRLIB	p. 512
AIRLIB's Strucure	p. 512
Generic Aircraft Model: Continuous-time Block	p. 512
Generic Aircraft Model: Discrete-time Block	p. 515
Collection of Aircraft Models	p. 516
Alternative Model Implementation	p. 517
Additional Tools within AIRLIB: The Function 'air3m'	p. 517
Additional Tools within AIRLIB: The Function 'ab2dv'	p. 518
Summary	p. 518
References	p. 518
Student Sample Problems	p. 519
Pilot Ratings and Aircraft Handling Qualities	p. 523
Introduction	p. 523
Aircraft Flight Envelope	p. 524
Levels of Aircraft Flying Qualities: Cooper-Harper Pilot Rating	p. 526
Aircraft Control Authority	p. 526
Pilot Workload	p. 526
Pilot Compensation	p. 529
Levels of Flying Qualities	p. 529
Classes of Aircraft	p. 531
Classification of Aircraft Maneuvers and Mission Profile	p. 531
Flying Quality Requirements for the Longitudinal Dynamics	p. 532
Longitudinal Control Forces	p. 533
Requirements for the Damping for the Phugoid Mode	p. 535
Requirements for the Short Period Mode	p. 536
Flying Quality Requirements for the Lateral Directional Dynamics	p. 536
Lateral Directional Control Forces	p. 536
Requirements for the Dutch Roll Mode	p. 538
Requirements for the Spiral Mode	p. 539
Requirements for the Rolling Mode	p. 539
Requirements for the Roll Control Effectiveness	p. 539
Additional Requirements for Steady Sideslips	p. 541
Summary	p. 541
References	p. 541
Review of Useful Topics	p. 543
Review of Vector Operations	p. 544
Review of Matrix Operations	p. 548
Review of Center of Gravity and Inertial Properties	p. 558
Review of Application of Laplace Transform to Linear Constant Coefficients Differential Equations	p. 564
Review of First and Second Order Systems	p. 575
Review of Standard Atmospheric Model	p. 581
Data for Different Aircraft	p. 584
Introduction	p. 584
Aircraft 1-Cessna 182	p. 586
Aircraft 2-Cessna 310	p. 589
Aircraft 3-Beech 99	p. 592
Aircraft 4-Cessna T37-A	p. 595
Aircraft 5-Cessna 620	p. 598
Aircraft 6-Learjet 24	p. 601
Aircraft 7-Boeing 747-200	p. 604
Aircraft 8-SIAI Marchetti S-211	p. 607
Aircraft 9-Lockheed F-104	p. 610
Aircraft 10-McDonnell Douglas F-4	p. 613
Reference	p. 615
Detailed Drawings for Different Aircraft	p. 616
Introduction	p. 617
Aircraft 1-Aeritalia Fiat G-91	p. 618
Aircraft 2-Beech 99	p. 621
Aircraft 3-Boeing B52	p. 624
Aircraft 4-Boeing B727-200	p. 627
Aircraft 5-Boeing B737-600	p. 630
Aircraft 6-Boeing B747-200	p. 633
Aircraft 7-Boeing B757-200	p. 637
Aircraft 8-Boeing B767-200	p. 640
Aircraft 9-Cessna Citation CJ3	p. 643
Aircraft 10-Cessna T37	p. 645
Aircraft 11-General Dynamics F-16	p. 649
Aircraft 12-Grumman F-14	p. 652
Aircraft 13-Learjet 24	p. 655
Aircraft 14-Lockheed F-104	p. 658
Aircraft 15-Lockheed F-22	p. 661
Aircraft 16-Lockheed L-1011	p. 664
Aircraft 17-McDonnell Douglas C-17	p. 667
Aircraft 18-McDonnell Douglas DC-8	p. 670
Aircraft 19.1-McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 10	p. 673
Aircraft 19.2-McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 30	p. 677
Aircraft 19.3-McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 40	p. 679
Aircraft 19.4-McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 50	p. 681
Aircraft 20-McDonnell Douglas DC-10	p. 683
Aircraft 21-McDonnell Douglas F-4	p. 686
Aircraft 22-McDonnell Douglas F-15	p. 689
Aircraft 23-Rockwell B-1	p. 692
Aircraft 24-SIAI Marchetti S211	p. 695
Aircraft 25-Supermarine Spitfire	p. 699
Index	p. 703
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.