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Marcello Napolitano is a Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at West Virgina University, and has received numerous teaching, research and professional awards, including 11 teaching awards, 4 research awards and the NASA Outstanding Service Achievement Award. He is recognized as an authority on the subject of?Aircraft Dynamics.
Aircraft Equations of Motion | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Reference Frames and Assumptions | p. 2 |
Conservation of the Linear Momentum Equations (CLMEs) | p. 3 |
Conservation of the Angular Momentum Equations (CAMEs) | p. 6 |
Conservation of the Angular Momentum Equations (CAMEs) with Rotor Effects | p. 10 |
Euler Angles | p. 11 |
Flight Path Equations (FPEs) | p. 12 |
Kinematic Equations (KEs) | p. 14 |
Gravity Equations (GEs) | p. 16 |
Summary of the Aircraft Equations of Motion | p. 16 |
Definition of Steady-State and Perturbation Conditions | p. 17 |
Aircraft Equations of Motion at Steady-State Conditions | p. 18 |
Aircraft Equations of Motion at Perturbed Conditions | p. 19 |
Small Perturbation Equations from a Steady-State Level Flight | p. 22 |
Summary | p. 23 |
References | p. 26 |
Student Sample Problems | p. 26 |
Problems | p. 32 |
Review of Basic Concepts of Aerodynamic Modeling | p. 37 |
Introduction | p. 37 |
Review of Key Aerodynamic Characteristics for Wing Sections | p. 37 |
Wing Planforms and Wing Lift Curve Slope | p. 42 |
Review of the Downwash Effect and Effectiveness of Control Surfaces | p. 48 |
Determination of the Aerodynamic Center for Wing and Wing1Fuselage | p. 53 |
Approaches to the Modeling of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments | p. 57 |
Wind Tunnel Analysis | p. 57 |
CFD Analysis | p. 58 |
Parameter IDentification from Flight Data | p. 59 |
Correlation from Wind Tunnel Data and Empirical "Build-Up" Analysis | p. 60 |
Summary | p. 60 |
References | p. 61 |
Student Sample Problems | p. 62 |
Problems | p. 75 |
Modeling of Longitudinal Aerodynamic Forces and Moments | p. 78 |
Introduction | p. 78 |
Aircraft Stability Axes | p. 79 |
Modeling of the Longitudinal Steady-State Aerodynamic Forces and Moment | p. 79 |
Modeling of FAX1 | p. 80 |
Modeling of FAZ1 | p. 83 |
Modeling of MA1 | p. 87 |
Aircraft Aerodynamic Center | p. 89 |
Summary of the Longitudinal Steady-State Aerodynamic Forces and Moment | p. 91 |
Modeling of the Longitudinal Small Perturbation Aerodynamic Forces and Moments | p. 91 |
Modeling of (cD1 , cL1 , cm1) | p. 93 |
Modeling of ðcDu , cLu , cmu Þ | p. 93 |
Modeling of (cDa_ , cLa_ , cma_ ) and (cDq , cLq , cmq) | p. 94 |
Summary of Longitudinal Stability and Control Derivatives | p. 96 |
Summary | p. 100 |
References | p. 100 |
Student Sample Problems | p. 101 |
Case Study | p. 110 |
Short Problems | p. 127 |
Problems | p. 128 |
Modeling of Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Forces and Moments | p. 135 |
Introduction | p. 135 |
Modeling of FAY1 | p. 137 |
Conceptual Modeling of cYß | p. 138 |
Mathematical Modeling of cYß | p. 140 |
Modeling of cYdA | p. 147 |
Modeling of cYdR | p. 147 |
Modeling of LA1 | p. 149 |
Conceptual Modeling of clß | p. 150 |
Mathematical Modeling of clß | p. 155 |
Modeling of cldA | p. 160 |
Modeling of cldR | p. 166 |
Modeling of NA1 | p. 168 |
Conceptual Modeling of cnß | p. 169 |
Mathematical Modeling of cnß | p. 172 |
Modeling of cndA | p. 174 |
Modeling of cndR | p. 176 |
Summary of the Lateral Directional Steady-State Force and Moments | p. 177 |
Modeling of the Small Perturbation Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Force and Moments | p. 178 |
Modeling of cYß_ , cl _ ß , cn _ ß | p. 180 |
Modeling of cYp | p. 180 |
Modeling of clp | p. 181 |
Modeling of cnp | p. 183 |
Modeling of cYr | p. 185 |
Modeling of clr | p. 185 |
Modeling of cnr | p. 187 |
Summary of Longitudinal and Lateral Directional Aerodynamic Stability and Control Derivatives | p. 189 |
Final Overview and Ranking of the Importance of the Aerodynamic Coefficients | p. 196 |
Summary of the Modeling of the Longitudinal and Lateral-Directional Aerodynamic Forces and Moments | p. 198 |
References | p. 200 |
Student Sample Problems | p. 200 |
Case Study | p. 236 |
Short Problems | p. 262 |
Problems | p. 263 |
Review of Basic Aircraft Performance and Modeling of Thrust Forces and Moments | p. 268 |
Introduction | p. 268 |
Review of Different Aircraft Propulsion Systems | p. 268 |
Piston Engine (Propeller) Aircraft Engines | p. 269 |
Turboprop Aircraft Engines | p. 270 |
Turbojet Aircraft Engines | p. 271 |
Turbofan Aircraft Engines | p. 272 |
Ramjet Aircraft Engines | p. 273 |
Review of Basic Aircraft Performance | p. 273 |
Power at Level Flight | p. 274 |
Maximum Aerodynamic Efficiency | p. 275 |
Minimum Aerodynamic Drag | p. 275 |
Minimum Power Required | p. 277 |
Determination of Power Required | p. 279 |
Determination of Power Available | p. 282 |
Modeling of the Thrust Forces and Moments | p. 287 |
Modeling of the Steady-State Thrust Forces and Moments | p. 288 |
Modeling of the Small Perturbation Thrust Forces and Moments | p. 291 |
Summary | p. 294 |
References | p. 296 |
Student Sample Problems | p. 296 |
Problems | p. 304 |
Aircraft Stability and Design for Trim Conditions | p. 305 |
Introduction | p. 305 |
Concept of Aircraft Stability | p. 305 |
Criteria for Aircraft Static Stability | p. 306 |
Static Stability Criteria #1 (SSC #1) | p. 307 |
Static Stability Criteria #2 (SSC #2) | p. 308 |
Static Stability Criteria #3 (SSC #3) | p. 308 |
Static Stability Criteria #4 (SSC #4) | p. 309 |
Static Stability Criteria #5 (SSC #5) | p. 310 |
Static Stability Criteria #5, #6, and #7 (SSC #5, SSC #6, SSC #7) | p. 311 |
Static Stability Criteria #9 (SSC #9) | p. 311 |
Static Stability Criteria #10 (SSC #10) | p. 312 |
Longitudinal Analysis of Steady-State Straight Flight | p. 313 |
Lift Chart and Trim Diagram | p. 322 |
Lift Chart | p. 322 |
Trim Diagram | p. 324 |
Trim Diagrams for Different Classes of Aircraft | p. 329 |
Trim Diagrams for Thrust Axis Above/Below Center of Gravity | p. 329 |
Lateral Directional Analysis of Steady-State Straight Flight | p. 332 |
Summary | p. 340 |
References | p. 340 |
Student Sample Problems | p. 340 |
Problems | p. 349 |
Solution of the Aircraft Equations of Motion Based on Laplace Transformations and Transfer Functions | p. 352 |
Introduction | p. 352 |
Application of Laplace Transformations to the Longitudinal Small Perturbation Equations | p. 353 |
RouthHurwitz Analysis of the Longitudinal Stability | p. 358 |
Longitudinal Dynamic Modes: Short Period and Phugoid | p. 360 |
Solution of the Longitudinal Equations | p. 361 |
Short Period Approximation | p. 363 |
Phugoid Approximation | p. 366 |
Summary of the Longitudinal Equations | p. 369 |
Application of Laplace Transformations to the Lateral Directional Small Perturbation Equations | p. 371 |
RouthHurwitz Analysis of the Lateral Directional Stability | p. 376 |
Lateral Directional Dynamic Modes: Rolling, Spiral, and Dutch Roll | p. 377 |
Solution of the Lateral Directional Equations | p. 379 |
Rolling Approximation | p. 382 |
Summary of Lateral Directional Equations | p. 385 |
Sensitivity Analysis for the Aircraft Dynamics | p. 386 |
Short Period Sensitivity Analysis | p. 387 |
Phugoid Sensitivity Analysis | p. 394 |
Sensitivity Analysis for the Lateral Directional Parameters | p. 398 |
Summary | p. 407 |
References | p. 407 |
Student Sample Problems | p. 407 |
Problems | p. 430 |
State Variable Modeling of the Aircraft Dynamics | p. 432 |
Introduction | p. 432 |
Introduction to State Variables for Nonlinear Systems | p. 433 |
Introduction to State Variables for Linear/Linearized Systems | p. 433 |
State Variable Modeling of the Longitudinal Dynamics | p. 435 |
State Variable Modeling of the Lateral Directional Dynamics | p. 440 |
Augmentation of the Aircraft State Variable Modeling | p. 445 |
Modeling of the Altitude ðhÞ | p. 445 |
Modeling of the Flight Path Angle ð?Þ | p. 446 |
Modeling of the Engine Dynamics | p. 446 |
Modeling of the Actuator Dynamics | p. 446 |
Modeling of the Atmospheric Turbulence | p. 447 |
Summary of State Variable Modeling of the Aircraft Dynamics | p. 447 |
Summary | p. 450 |
References | p. 450 |
Student Sample Problems | p. 450 |
Problems | p. 470 |
Introduction to Modern Flight Simulation Codes | p. 476 |
Introduction | p. 476 |
Introduction to the Flight Dynamics & Control (FDC) Toolbox | p. 479 |
Equations of Motion within the FDC Simulation Environment | p. 479 |
FDC Modeling of Beaver Aerodynamic Forces and Moments | p. 483 |
Alternative Approach for FDC Modeling of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments | p. 485 |
Case Study #1: FDC Modeling of Look-Up Tables Based Aerodynamic Coefficients | p. 486 |
FDC Modeling of the Gravity Force | p. 493 |
FDC Modeling of the Atmospheric Turbulence Force | p. 493 |
FDC Modeling of the Beaver Propulsive Forces and Moments | p. 494 |
Case Study #2: FDC Modeling of Propulsive Forces and Moments | p. 496 |
Auxiliary FDC Blocks | p. 498 |
Additional FDC Blocks | p. 503 |
Introduction to the Aerospace Blockset by Mathworks | p. 503 |
General Organization of the Aerospace Blockset | p. 503 |
Introduction to the Environment Library | p. 504 |
Introduction to the Flight Parameters Library | p. 506 |
Introduction to the Equations of Motion Library | p. 506 |
Introduction to the Aerodynamics Library | p. 508 |
Introduction to the Propulsion Library | p. 508 |
Introduction to the Utilities Library | p. 509 |
Introduction to the Mass Properties Library | p. 510 |
Introduction to the Actuators Library | p. 511 |
Introduction to the GNC and Animation Libraries | p. 511 |
Introduction to AIRLIB | p. 512 |
AIRLIB's Strucure | p. 512 |
Generic Aircraft Model: Continuous-time Block | p. 512 |
Generic Aircraft Model: Discrete-time Block | p. 515 |
Collection of Aircraft Models | p. 516 |
Alternative Model Implementation | p. 517 |
Additional Tools within AIRLIB: The Function 'air3m' | p. 517 |
Additional Tools within AIRLIB: The Function 'ab2dv' | p. 518 |
Summary | p. 518 |
References | p. 518 |
Student Sample Problems | p. 519 |
Pilot Ratings and Aircraft Handling Qualities | p. 523 |
Introduction | p. 523 |
Aircraft Flight Envelope | p. 524 |
Levels of Aircraft Flying Qualities: Cooper-Harper Pilot Rating | p. 526 |
Aircraft Control Authority | p. 526 |
Pilot Workload | p. 526 |
Pilot Compensation | p. 529 |
Levels of Flying Qualities | p. 529 |
Classes of Aircraft | p. 531 |
Classification of Aircraft Maneuvers and Mission Profile | p. 531 |
Flying Quality Requirements for the Longitudinal Dynamics | p. 532 |
Longitudinal Control Forces | p. 533 |
Requirements for the Damping for the Phugoid Mode | p. 535 |
Requirements for the Short Period Mode | p. 536 |
Flying Quality Requirements for the Lateral Directional Dynamics | p. 536 |
Lateral Directional Control Forces | p. 536 |
Requirements for the Dutch Roll Mode | p. 538 |
Requirements for the Spiral Mode | p. 539 |
Requirements for the Rolling Mode | p. 539 |
Requirements for the Roll Control Effectiveness | p. 539 |
Additional Requirements for Steady Sideslips | p. 541 |
Summary | p. 541 |
References | p. 541 |
Review of Useful Topics | p. 543 |
Review of Vector Operations | p. 544 |
Review of Matrix Operations | p. 548 |
Review of Center of Gravity and Inertial Properties | p. 558 |
Review of Application of Laplace Transform to Linear Constant Coefficients Differential Equations | p. 564 |
Review of First and Second Order Systems | p. 575 |
Review of Standard Atmospheric Model | p. 581 |
Data for Different Aircraft | p. 584 |
Introduction | p. 584 |
Aircraft 1-Cessna 182 | p. 586 |
Aircraft 2-Cessna 310 | p. 589 |
Aircraft 3-Beech 99 | p. 592 |
Aircraft 4-Cessna T37-A | p. 595 |
Aircraft 5-Cessna 620 | p. 598 |
Aircraft 6-Learjet 24 | p. 601 |
Aircraft 7-Boeing 747-200 | p. 604 |
Aircraft 8-SIAI Marchetti S-211 | p. 607 |
Aircraft 9-Lockheed F-104 | p. 610 |
Aircraft 10-McDonnell Douglas F-4 | p. 613 |
Reference | p. 615 |
Detailed Drawings for Different Aircraft | p. 616 |
Introduction | p. 617 |
Aircraft 1-Aeritalia Fiat G-91 | p. 618 |
Aircraft 2-Beech 99 | p. 621 |
Aircraft 3-Boeing B52 | p. 624 |
Aircraft 4-Boeing B727-200 | p. 627 |
Aircraft 5-Boeing B737-600 | p. 630 |
Aircraft 6-Boeing B747-200 | p. 633 |
Aircraft 7-Boeing B757-200 | p. 637 |
Aircraft 8-Boeing B767-200 | p. 640 |
Aircraft 9-Cessna Citation CJ3 | p. 643 |
Aircraft 10-Cessna T37 | p. 645 |
Aircraft 11-General Dynamics F-16 | p. 649 |
Aircraft 12-Grumman F-14 | p. 652 |
Aircraft 13-Learjet 24 | p. 655 |
Aircraft 14-Lockheed F-104 | p. 658 |
Aircraft 15-Lockheed F-22 | p. 661 |
Aircraft 16-Lockheed L-1011 | p. 664 |
Aircraft 17-McDonnell Douglas C-17 | p. 667 |
Aircraft 18-McDonnell Douglas DC-8 | p. 670 |
Aircraft 19.1-McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 10 | p. 673 |
Aircraft 19.2-McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 30 | p. 677 |
Aircraft 19.3-McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 40 | p. 679 |
Aircraft 19.4-McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 50 | p. 681 |
Aircraft 20-McDonnell Douglas DC-10 | p. 683 |
Aircraft 21-McDonnell Douglas F-4 | p. 686 |
Aircraft 22-McDonnell Douglas F-15 | p. 689 |
Aircraft 23-Rockwell B-1 | p. 692 |
Aircraft 24-SIAI Marchetti S211 | p. 695 |
Aircraft 25-Supermarine Spitfire | p. 699 |
Index | p. 703 |
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