Anthropology : A Global Perspective

by Scupin, Raymond; Decorse, Christopher R.

• ISBN13: 9780130885081
• ISBN10: 0130885088
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-10-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

"Anthropology: A Global Perspective" introduces students to the four fields of anthropology. This text integrates historical, biological, archaeological, and global approaches with ethnographic data available from around the world. Information is drawn from both classic and recent research in the field and reflects the current state-of-the-art understanding of social and cultural changes. Using an applied perspective, "Anthropology: A Global Perspective "demonstrates how anthropologists use research techniques and methods to help solve practical problems, thus showing students how anthropology is relevant to improving human societies.

Table of Contents

Boxes	xiv
Preface	xv
About the Authors	xxii
PART I BASIC CONCEPTS IN ANTHROPOLOGY
Introduction to Anthropology	1	(19)
Anthropology: The Four Subfields	3	(7)
Physical Anthropology	4	(3)
Archaeology	7	(1)
Linguistic Anthropology	8	(2)
Ethnology	10	(1)
Holistic Anthropology, Interdisciplinary Research, and the Global Perpective	10	(2)
Applied Anthropology	12	(1)
Anthropological Explanations	12	(3)
The Scientific Method	14	(1)
Anthropology and the Humanities	15	(1)
Why Study Anthropology?	15	(2)
Critical Thinking and Global Awareness	15	(2)
Summary	17	(1)
Questions to Think About	18	(1)
Key Terms	18	(1)
Internet Exercises	18	(1)
Suggested Readings	18	(2)
The Record of the Past	20	(27)
Answering Questions	24	(3)
Fossils and Fossil Localities	27	(2)
Paleoanthropological Study	27	(2)
The Archaeological Record	29	(8)
Locating Sites	32	(2)
Archaeological Excavation	34	(3)
Dating Methods	37	(5)
Relative Dating	37	(2)
Numerical, or Absolute, Dating	39	(2)
Seriation	41	(1)
Interpretations About the Past	42	(1)
Summary	43	(1)
Questions to Think About	44	(1)
Key Terms	44	(1)
Internet Exercises	45	(1)
Suggested Readings	45	(2)
Evolution	47	(25)
Cosmologies and Human Origins	48	(2)
Western Traditions of Origin	49	(1)
The Scientific Revolution	50	(1)
Catastrophism versus Uniformitarianism	50	(1)
Theories of Evolution	51	(4)
Darwin, Wallace, and Natural Selection	53	(1)
Examples of Natural Selection	54	(1)
Principles of Inheritance	55	(5)
Mendel and Modern Genetics	55	(3)
Molecular Genetics	58	(2)
Population Genetics and Evolution	60	(2)
Mutations	60	(1)
Gene Flow	61	(1)
Genetic Drift	61	(1)
Natural Selection	62	(1)
How Does Evolution Occur?	62	(2)
Speciation	63	(1)
Adaptive Radiation	63	(1)
The Evolution of Life	64	(4)
Analogy and Homology	64	(1)
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift	65	(2)
Blood Chemistry and DNA	67	(1)
The Paleontological Record	67	(1)
Scientific Creationism and Evolution	68	(1)
The Shortcomings of Creationism	68	(1)
Summary	69	(1)
Questions to Think About	70	(1)
Key Terms	70	(1)
Internet Exercises	71	(1)
Suggested Readings	71	(1)
PART II PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
The Primates	72	(28)
Primate Characteristics	74	(1)
Dentition, Eyesight, and Brain Size	74	(1)
Reproduction and Maturation	75	(1)
Classification of Primates	75	(2)
Primate Subdivisions	76	(1)
Classification of Fossil Primates	77	(1)
The Evolution of the Primate Order	77	(17)
Primate Origins	77	(2)
Fossil Prosimians	79	(1)
Modern Prosimians	80	(1)
Evolution of the Anthropoids	80	(4)
Emergence of the Hominoids	84	(6)
Modern Apes	90	(4)
Primate Behavior	94	(2)
Primate Social Groups	94	(1)
Sociobiology	95	(1)
The Human Primate	96	(1)
Summary	97	(1)
Questions to Think About	98	(1)
Key Terms	98	(1)
Internet Exercises	98	(1)
Suggested Readings	99	(1)
Hominid Evolution	100	(27)
Trends in Hominid Evolution	102	(3)
Bipedalism	102	(2)
Reduction of the Face, Teeth, and Jaws	104	(1)
Increase in Cranial Capacity	105	(1)
Other Physical Changes	105	(1)
Fossil Evidence for Hominid Evolution	105	(10)
The Oldest Hominids	105	(2)
The First Australopithecines: Kanapoi and East Turkana	107	(1)
Australopithecus afarensis	107	(2)
The Laetoli Footprints	109	(1)
Taung Child: A South African Australopithecine	110	(2)
Australopithecus aethiopicus: The ``Black Skull''	112	(1)
Australopithecus boisei: The ``Nutcracker Man''	113	(1)
Robust Australopithecines from South Africa	113	(1)
Homo habilis: The ``Handyman''	114	(1)
Java Man: The ``First'' Homo erectus	114	(1)
Peking Man and Other Homo erectus	114	(1)
Interpreting the Fossil Record	115	(3)
Australopithecus africanus as Ancestor	116	(1)
Australopithecus afarensis as Ancestor	116	(1)
Revised Models	116	(1)
Missing Pieces in the Fossil Record?	117	(1)
Genetic Differences and Hominid Evolution	118	(1)
From Homo erectus to Homo sapiens	118	(1)
Transitional Forms	119	(1)
The Evolution of Homo sapiens	119	(2)
Multiregional Evolutionary Model	119	(1)
Replacement Model	120	(1)
Mitochondrial DNA Research	121	(1)
Archaic Homo sapiens	121	(3)
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis	122	(2)
Summary	124	(1)
Questions to Think About	125	(1)
Key Terms	125	(1)
Internet Exercises	125	(1)
Suggested Readings	126	(1)
Human Variation	127	(20)
Sources of Human Variation	128	(2)
Genetics and Evolution	129	(1)
The Physical Environment	129	(1)
Culture	129	(1)
Evaluating Reasons for Variation	130	(1)
The Concept of Race	130	(4)
Ancient Classification Systems	132	(1)
Early ``Scientific'' Studies of Race	132	(1)
Limitations of Classification Systems	132	(1)
Geographical Races	133	(1)
Alternative Approaches to Human Variation	134	(2)
Clinal Distribution	134	(1)
Multivariate Analysis	135	(1)
Adaptive Aspects of Human Variation	136	(5)
Skin Color	136	(1)
Body Build	137	(1)
Cranial and Facial Features	137	(1)
Biochemical Characteristics	138	(1)
Sickle-Cell Anemia	139	(1)
Lactase Deficiency	140	(1)
Effects of the Physical Environment	141	(1)
High-Altitude Adaptations	141	(1)
Cultural Diversity in Human Populations	141	(1)
The Impact of Modern Urban Life	141	(1)
Heredity and Intelligence	142	(3)
Measuring Intelligence	143	(1)
What Do Intelligence Tests Measure?	144	(1)
Summary	145	(1)
Questions to Think About	145	(1)
Key Terms	145	(1)
Internet Exercises	146	(1)
Suggested Readings	146	(1)
PART III ARCHAEOLOGY
Paleolithic Cultures	147	(21)
Lifestyles of the Earliest Hominids	148	(3)
The Oldowan	149	(2)
Primate Models of Human Behavior	151	(1)
Homo erectus Culture	151	(3)
The Acheulian	152	(2)
The Appearance of Homo sapiens	154	(2)
Technological Advances	154	(1)
Neandertal Technology	155	(1)
Neandertal Ritual Beliefs	156	(1)
Modern Homo sapiens and Their Cultures	156	(4)
The Technology of Homo sapiens	156	(2)
Ethnicity and Social Organization	158	(2)
The Upper Paleolithic in Europe	160	(1)
Carving and Cave Painting	161	(1)
The Migration of Upper Paleolithic Humans	161	(4)
Upper Paleolithic Hunters in the Americas	161	(2)
Homo sapiens in Asia, Australia, and Oceania	163	(2)
Summary	165	(1)
Questions to Think About	165	(1)
Key Terms	166	(1)
Internet Exercises	166	(1)
Suggested Readings	166	(2)
The Origins of Domestication and Settled Life	168	(23)
The Late Pleistocene: Changes in Climate and Culture	169	(3)
Mesolithic and Archaic Technology	170	(2)
Origins of Food Production: The Neolithic Period	172	(3)
Plant and Animal Domestication	172	(3)
Why Did Domestication Occur?	175	(2)
The Oasis Theory	175	(1)
The Readiness Hypothesis	175	(1)
Population Models	176	(1)
Human Selection and the Environment	176	(1)
Coevolution	177	(1)
Agricultural Origins in Perspective	177	(1)
Domestication in Different Regions of the World	177	(7)
Southwest Asia	178	(2)
Europe	180	(1)
East Asia	181	(1)
Africa	182	(2)
The Origins of Domestication in the Americas	184	(2)
Mesoamerica	184	(1)
South America	185	(1)
North America	185	(1)
Consequences of Domestication	186	(2)
Population Growth	186	(1)
Health and Nutrition	186	(1)
Increasing Material Complexity	187	(1)
Increasing Social Stratification and Political Complexity	187	(1)
Summary	188	(1)
Questions to Think About	189	(1)
Key Terms	189	(1)
Internet Exercises	189	(1)
Suggested Readings	190	(1)
The Rise of the State and Complex Society	191	(24)
The State and Civilization	192	(3)
Types of Political Systems	193	(1)
Early States	194	(1)
Studying Complex Societies	195	(5)
Written Language	195	(1)
Defining States Archaeologically	196	(1)
Monumental Architecture	197	(1)
Specialization	198	(1)
Status and Social Ranking	199	(1)
Trade and Exchange	199	(1)
The Archaeology of Religion	200	(1)
Theories About State Formation	200	(3)
Integrationist Perspectives	201	(1)
Conflict Theories	202	(1)
Perspectives on State Formation	203	(1)
States in Different World Areas	203	(6)
Civilizations in Southwest Asia	204	(1)
Agricultural Civilizations in Africa	204	(2)
Early Asian Civilizations	206	(1)
Empires of the Americas	207	(2)
Andean Civilizations	209	(1)
The Collapse of State Societies	209	(3)
Reasons for Collapse	209	(3)
Summary	212	(1)
Questions to Think About	213	(1)
Key Terms	213	(1)
Internet Exercises	213	(1)
Suggested Readings	214	(1)
PART IV BASIC CONCEPTS OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY
Culture	215	(23)
The Characteristics of Culture	216	(1)
Culture Is Learned	217	(4)
Symbols and Symbolic Learning	220	(1)
Culture Is Shared	221	(1)
The Components of Culture	221	(3)
Values	222	(1)
Beliefs	222	(1)
Norms	223	(1)
Ideal versus Real Culture	224	(1)
Cultural Diversity	224	(3)
Food and Adaptation	225	(1)
Dress Codes and Symbolism	226	(1)
Race, Racism, and Culture	227	(7)
Racism in Western Society	227	(2)
Critiques of Scientific Racism	229	(1)
The Cultural and Social Significance of Race	229	(1)
Ethnicity	230	(1)
Ethnicity: Two Anthropological Perspectives	230	(4)
Cultural Universals	234	(1)
Summary	235	(1)
Questions to Think About	236	(1)
Key Terms	237	(1)
Internet Exercises	237	(1)
Suggested Readings	237	(1)
The Process of Enculturation	238	(28)
Biology versus Culture	240	(1)
Instincts and Human Nature	240	(3)
Human Beings as Animals	240	(1)
Instincts in Animals	241	(1)
Instincts and Learned Behaviors	241	(1)
Do Humans Posses Instincts?	242	(1)
Drives	242	(1)
Culture versus Instinct	242	(1)
Enculturation: Culture and Personality	243	(6)
Early Studies of Enculturation	243	(3)
Childhood Training	246	(3)
Psychoanalytic Approaches in Anthropology	249	(3)
Sigmund Freud	249	(1)
Modern Psychoanalytic Anthropology	250	(2)
Understanding Incest Avoidance and the Incest Taboo	252	(2)
Biological Explanations of Incest Avoidance	252	(1)
Marital Alliance and the Incest Taboo	253	(1)
Childhood Familiarity Hypothesis	253	(1)
Incest Avoidance: Interactionist Perspectives	254	(1)
Enculturation and the Sex Drive	254	(2)
Codes of Sexual Behavior	254	(1)
Homosexual Behavior	255	(1)
Enculturation and Cognition	256	(2)
Structuralism	256	(1)
Jean Piaget	256	(2)
Evolutionary Psychology	258	(1)
Enculturation and Emotions	259	(1)
Culture and Mental Illness	260	(2)
What Is Abnormal?	260	(1)
Culture-Specific Disorders	261	(1)
The Limits of Enculturation	262	(1)
Unique Biological Tendencies	262	(1)
Individual Variation	262	(1)
Summary	263	(1)
Questions to Think About	264	(1)
Key Terms	264	(1)
Internet Exercises	264	(1)
Suggested Readings	264	(2)
Language	266	(28)
Nonhuman Communication	268	(2)
Teaching Apes to Sign	268	(1)
Ape Sign Language Reexamined	268	(1)
Ethological Research on Ape Communication	269	(1)
Animal Communication and Human Language	270	(1)
Productivity	270	(1)
Displacement	270	(1)
Arbitrariness	271	(1)
Combining Sounds to Produce Meanings	271	(1)
The Evolution of Language	271	(2)
The Anatomy of Language	271	(2)
The Structure of Language	273	(5)
Phonology	273	(1)
Syntax	274	(1)
Semantics	275	(3)
Language Acquisition	278	(4)
Chomsky on Language Acquisition	279	(3)
Language, Thought, and Culture	282	(2)
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis	282	(2)
Historical Linguistics	284	(2)
The Family-Tree Model	284	(1)
Assessing Language Change	285	(1)
Sociolonguistics	286	(3)
Dialectal Differences in Spoken Language	287	(1)
Honorifics in Language	287	(1)
Greeting Behaviors	287	(2)
Nonverbal Communication	289	(2)
Kinesics	289	(1)
Proxemics	290	(1)
Summary	291	(1)
Questions to Think About	292	(1)
Key Terms	292	(1)
Internet Exercises	292	(1)
Suggested Readings	293	(1)
Anthropological Explanations	294	(14)
Nineteenth-Century Evolutionism	295	(2)
Unilineal Evolution: Tylor	296	(1)
Unilineal Evolution: Morgan	296	(1)
Unilineal Evolution: A Critique	297	(1)
Diffusionism	297	(1)
British Diffusionism	297	(1)
German Diffusionism	297	(1)
The Limitations and Strengths of Diffusionism	297	(1)
Historical Particularism	298	(1)
Boas versus the Unilineal Evolutionists	298	(1)
Functionalism: British Anthropology	299	(1)
Structural Functionalism: Radcliffe-Brown	299	(1)
Psychological Functionalism: Malinowski	299	(1)
The Limitations of Functionalism	300	(1)
Twentieth-Century Evolutionism	300	(2)
Steward and Cultural Ecology	301	(1)
The Strengths of Neoevolutionism	301	(1)
Criticisms of Cultural Ecology	302	(1)
Cultural Materialism	302	(1)
Criticisms of Cultural Materialism	303	(1)
Marxist Anthropology	303	(1)
Evaluation of Marxist Anthropology	304	(1)
Symbolic Anthropology	304	(1)
Criticisms of Symbolic Anthropology	304	(1)
Materialism versus Culturalism	305	(1)
Summary	305	(1)
Questions to Think About	306	(1)
Key Terms	306	(1)
Internet Exercise	307	(1)
Suggested Readings	307	(1)
Analyzing Sociocultural Systems	308	(27)
Ethnological Fieldwork	309	(7)
Ethnological Research and Strategies	310	(3)
Ethics in Anthropological Research	313	(1)
Analysis of Ethnological Data	313	(3)
Variables Studied by Ethnologists	316	(1)
Subsistence and the Physical Environment	316	(1)
Modern Cultural Ecology	316	(1)
Biomes	317	(1)
Subsistence Patterns and Environments	317	(1)
Demography	317	(3)
Fertility, Mortality, and Migration	317	(2)
Population and Environment	319	(1)
Population and Culture	320	(1)
Technology	320	(1)
Anthropological Explanations of Technology	320	(1)
Economy	321	(1)
The Formalist Approach	321	(1)
The Substantivist Approach	321	(1)
Modern Economic Anthropology	322	(1)
Social Structure	322	(4)
Components of Social Structure	322	(1)
The Family	323	(1)
Marriage	323	(1)
Gender	324	(1)
Age	325	(1)
Political Organization	326	(3)
Types of Political Systems	327	(1)
Decision Making in a Political System	327	(1)
Warfare and Feuds	327	(1)
Law and Social Control	328	(1)
Religion	329	(2)
Myths	330	(1)
Rituals	330	(1)
Religious Specialists	331	(1)
Religious Movements	331	(1)
Cross-Cultural Research	331	(1)
Summary	332	(1)
Questions to Think About	332	(1)
Key Terms	333	(1)
Internet Exercises	333	(1)
Suggested Readings	334	(1)
PART V PRESTATE SOCIETIES
Band Societies	335	(23)
Modern Foraging Environments and Subsistence	337	(3)
Deserts	337	(1)
Tropical Rain Forests	338	(1)
Arctic Regions	339	(1)
Mobility and Subsistence	340	(1)
Optimal Foraging Theory	340	(1)
Foragers and Demographic Conditions	340	(2)
Fissioning	341	(1)
Infanticide	341	(1)
Fertility Rates	341	(1)
Technology in Foraging Societies	342	(1)
Economics in Foraging Societies	342	(3)
Reciprocity	343	(1)
Collective Ownership of Property	344	(1)
The Original Affluent Society?	344	(1)
The Affluence Hypothesis Challenged	345	(1)
Social Organization in Foraging Societies	345	(6)
Marriage and Kinship	346	(2)
Gender	348	(1)
Age	349	(2)
Political Organization in Foraging Societies	351	(2)
Characteristics of Leadership	351	(1)
Warfare and Violence	352	(1)
Conflict Resolution	353	(1)
Religion in Foraging Societies	353	(3)
The Dreamtime	353	(1)
Eskimo Religion	354	(1)
Art, Music, and Religion	355	(1)
Summary	356	(1)
Questions to Think About	356	(1)
Key Terms	357	(1)
Internet Exercises	357	(1)
Suggested Readings	357	(1)
Tribes	358	(31)
Environment and Subsistence for Horticulturalists	360	(2)
Amazon Horticulturalists: The Yanomamo	361	(1)
New Guinea Horticulturalists: The Tsembaga	362	(1)
Horticulturalists in Woodland Forest Areas: The Iroquois	362	(1)
Environment and Subsistence for Pastoralists	362	(1)
East African Cattle Complex	363	(1)
Demographics and Settlement	363	(1)
Technology	364	(1)
Horticulturalist Technology	364	(1)
Pastoralist Technology	365	(1)
Economics	365	(1)
Money	365	(1)
Property Ownership	365	(1)
Social Organization	366	(11)
Families	366	(1)
Descent Groups	367	(1)
Functions of Descent Groups	368	(1)
Marriage	369	(4)
Gender	373	(2)
Age	375	(2)
Political Organization	377	(6)
Sodalities	377	(1)
How Leaders Are Chosen	377	(1)
Pastoralist Tribal Politics	378	(1)
Explaining Tribal Warfare	379	(2)
Law and Conflict Resolution	381	(2)
Religion	383	(1)
Animism and Shamanism in South America	383	(1)
Witchcraft and Sorcery	383	(1)
Familistic Religion	384	(1)
Art and Music	384	(2)
Musical Traditions	385	(1)
Summary	386	(1)
Questions to Think About	386	(1)
Key Terms	387	(1)
Internet Exercises	387	(1)
Suggested Readings	387	(2)
Chiefdoms	389	(20)
Environment, Subsistence, and Demography	391	(3)
Pacific Island Chiefdoms	391	(1)
African Chiefdoms	391	(1)
Native American Chiefdoms	392	(1)
Demography	393	(1)
Technology	394	(1)
Housing	394	(1)
Political Economy	395	(5)
Food Storage	395	(1)
Property Ownership	395	(1)
The Evolution of Chiefdoms	395	(1)
Economic Exchange	396	(4)
Social Organization	400	(4)
Rank and Sumptuary Rules	400	(2)
Marriage	402	(1)
General Social Principles	402	(1)
Gender	403	(1)
Age	403	(1)
Slavery	403	(1)
Law and Religion	404	(2)
Law	404	(1)
Religion	404	(1)
A Case Study: Law and Religion in Polynesia	404	(1)
Shamanism	405	(1)
Human Sacrifice	405	(1)
Art, Architecture, and Music	406	(1)
Music	406	(1)
Summary	407	(1)
Questions to Think About	407	(1)
Key Terms	408	(1)
Internet Exercises	408	(1)
Suggested Readings	408	(1)
PART VI STATE SOCIETIES
Agricultural States	409	(18)
Demography	411	(1)
Technology	412	(2)
Agricultural Innovations	412	(1)
The Diffusion of Technology	413	(1)
Political Economy	414	(1)
The Division of Labor	414	(1)
Property Rights	414	(1)
The Command Economy versus the Entrepreneur	415	(2)
The Peasantry	415	(1)
Trade and Monetary Exchange	416	(1)
Social Organization	417	(3)
Kinship and Status	417	(1)
Marriage	418	(1)
Gender, Subsistence, and Status	419	(1)
Social Stratification	420	(1)
The Caste System	420	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Stratification	421	(1)
Law	421	(1)
Mediation and Self-Help	422	(1)
Warfare	422	(1)
Religion	423	(1)
Ecclesiastical Religions	424	(1)
Universalistic Religions	424	(1)
Divine Rulers, Priests, and Religious Texts	424	(1)
Summary	424	(1)
Questions to Think About	425	(1)
Key Terms	426	(1)
Internet Exercises	426	(1)
Suggested Readings	426	(1)
Industrial States	427	(29)
The Commercial, Scientific, and Industrial Revolution	429	(1)
Modernization	430	(1)
Environment and Energy Use	430	(1)
Demographic Change	431	(1)
The Demographic Transition	431	(1)
Urbanization	432	(1)
Technology and Economic Change	432	(5)
Technology and Work	432	(1)
The Division of Labor	432	(1)
Economic Exchange	433	(1)
Perspectives on Market Economies	434	(2)
The Evolution of Economic Organizations	436	(1)
Social Structure	437	(7)
Kinship	437	(1)
Family	437	(3)
Marriage	440	(2)
Gender	442	(1)
Age	443	(1)
Social Stratification	444	(3)
The British Class System	444	(1)
Class in the United States	445	(1)
Class in Japan and the Former Soviet Union	445	(1)
Ethnic and Racial Stratification	446	(1)
Political Organization	447	(3)
Political Organization in Socialist States	448	(2)
Industrialism and State Bureaucracy	450	(1)
Law	450	(1)
Japanese Law	450	(1)
Warfare and Industrial Technology	450	(1)
Religion	451	(2)
Religion in Socialist States	453	(1)
Religion in Japan	453	(1)
Summary	453	(1)
Questions to Think About	454	(1)
Key Terms	454	(1)
Internet Exercises	455	(1)
Suggested Readings	455	(1)
PART VII CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization and Aboriginal Peoples	456	(27)
Globalization: Theoretical Approaches	457	(7)
Modernization Theory	457	(2)
First, Second, and Third Worlds	459	(1)
Dependency Theory	460	(1)
World-Systems Theory	461	(2)
Anthropological Analysis and Globalization	463	(1)
Globalization and Prestate Societies	464	(1)
Vanishing Foragers	464	(3)
The Ju/'hoansi Foragers	464	(1)
The Dobe Ju/'hoansi	465	(1)
The Mbuti Pygmies	466	(1)
The Ik	466	(1)
The Siriono	467	(1)
Tribes in Transition	467	(4)
North American Horticulturalists	468	(1)
South American Horticulturalists	469	(1)
Pastoralist Tribes	470	(1)
Chiefdoms in Transition	471	(2)
The Hawaiian Islands	471	(2)
Forms of Resistance in Native Societies	473	(4)
Revitalization among Native Americans	473	(1)
Melanesia and New Guinea: The Cargo Cults	474	(2)
A Hawaiian Religious Renaissance	476	(1)
A Lost Opportunity?	477	(3)
A Case Study: Native American Knowledge	478	(1)
Preserving Indigenous Societies	478	(2)
Summary	480	(1)
Questions to Think About	481	(1)
Key Terms	481	(1)
Internet Exercises	481	(1)
Suggested Readings	482	(1)
Globalization in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean	483	(31)
Globalization and Colonialism in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean	485	(3)
Latin America	485	(1)
Africa	486	(1)
The Caribbean	487	(1)
Consequences of Globalization and Colonialism	488	(5)
Demographic Change	488	(1)
Economic Change	489	(2)
Religious Change	491	(2)
Political Changes: Independence and Nationalist Movements	493	(5)
Explaining Revolution	497	(1)
Uneven Development in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean	498	(3)
Peripheral Societies	498	(1)
Semiperipheral Societies	499	(2)
Ethnological Studies of the Peasantry in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean	501	(2)
African Peasants: A Unique Phenomenon?	501	(2)
Social Structure in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean	503	(3)
Latin American Social Relationships	504	(1)
African Social Relationships	505	(1)
Patterns of Ethnicity in Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean	506	(3)
Ethnicity in Latin America	506	(1)
Ethnicity in Africa	507	(2)
Ethnicity in the Caribbean	509	(1)
Patterns of Urban Anthropology	509	(2)
Summary	511	(1)
Questions to Think About	511	(1)
Key Terms	512	(1)
Internet Exercises	512	(1)
Suggested Readings	512	(2)
Globalization in the Middle East and Asia	514	(30)
Colonialism and Globalization in the Middle East and Asia	516	(4)
The Middle East	516	(2)
Asia	518	(2)
Consequences of Colonialism for the Middle East and Asia	520	(3)
Demographic Change	520	(1)
Economic Change	520	(1)
Religious Change	521	(1)
Political Change: Independence and Nationalism	521	(1)
Revolutionary Movements in Asia	522	(1)
Uneven Development in the Middle East and Asia	523	(2)
Oil and the Middle East	523	(1)
Withdrawal from the Global Economy	524	(1)
Ethnological Studies of the Societies in the Middle East and Asia	525	(7)
A Middle Eastern Village in Transition	525	(1)
Middle Eastern Family, Marriage, and Gender	526	(4)
Social Structure, Family, and Gender in India and South Asia	530	(2)
Family and Gender in China	532	(2)
Ethnic Tensions in the Middle East and Asia	534	(2)
Islamic Revitalization	536	(5)
A Case Study: The Islamic Revolution in Iran	537	(2)
Islamic Revitalization in Afghanistan	539	(2)
Summary	541	(1)
Questions to Think About	542	(1)
Key Terms	542	(1)
Internet Exercises	543	(1)
Suggested Readings	543	(1)
PART VIII ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE GLOBAL FUTURE
Contemporary Global Trends	544	(25)
Environmental Trends	545	(1)
Mechanized Agriculture and Pollution	546	(1)
Air Pollution	546	(1)
Population Trends	546	(4)
The Demographic-Transition Model Applied	547	(3)
Technological Change	550	(1)
Energy Consumption Patterns	550	(1)
Loss of Biodiversity	550	(1)
Pessimists versus Optimists on Global Issues	551	(4)
The Doomsday Model	551	(1)
The Optimists: The Logic-of-Growth Model	551	(1)
The Pessimists and the Optimists: An Assessment	552	(3)
The Sustainability Model	555	(1)
Economic Trends	555	(7)
Multinational Corporations	555	(1)
Case Study: The Potlatch Corporation	556	(1)
Emerging Economic Trends	557	(5)
Political Trends	562	(1)
Ethnic Trends	562	(1)
Religion and Secularization	563	(3)
The Role of Anthropology	566	(1)
Summary	567	(1)
Questions to Think About	567	(1)
Key Terms	568	(1)
Internet Exercises	568	(1)
Suggested Readings	568	(1)
Applied Anthropology	569	(28)
The Roles of the Applied Anthropologist	570	(1)
Physical Anthropology	571	(6)
Forensic Anthropology	573	(2)
Medical Anthropology	575	(1)
Interventions in Substance Abuse	576	(1)
Applied Archaeology	577	(6)
Preserving the Past	578	(3)
The Study of Garbage	581	(2)
Who Owns the Past?	583	(4)
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act	586	(1)
The Roles of Applied Anthropologists in Planned Change	587	(3)
Applied Anthropology and Human Rights	590	(4)
Cultural Relativism and Human Rights	590	(1)
The Problem of Intervention	591	(1)
Universal Human Rights	592	(1)
The Role of Applied Anthropology	592	(2)
Summary	594	(1)
Questions to Think About	594	(1)
Key Terms	595	(1)
Internet Exercises	595	(1)
Suggested Readings	595	(2)
Glossary	597	(13)
References	610	(24)
Photo Credits	634	(1)
Index	635