Applications of Atomic Spectrometry to Regulatory Compliance Monitoring

by Jenniss, Stephen W.; Katz, Sidney A.; Lynch, Richard W.

• ISBN13: 9780471190394
• ISBN10: 047119039X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-07-01
• Publisher: Vch Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh

Summary

A complete guide to regulatory compliance monitoring using atomic spectrometry This is the only comprehensive, single-volume guide to all methods of atomic spectrometry currently recognized by regulatory agencies for the monitoring of metallic contaminants. It is an indispensable working resource for analytical chemists and spectroscopists responsible for generating scientifically and legally defensible laboratory results for regulatory compliance. The book answers virtually every question regarding material selection, preparation, preservation, analysis, and the testing equipment itself. It begins with a thorough explication of the three major spectrometric methods: atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma atomic spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Each method is described in terms of its scope of sensitivity, theoretical principles, material and equipment requirements, interferences and their corrections, and calibration. Following chapters provide detailed accounts of sample collection, preservation, and preparation; concentration and separation methods; and laboratory analysis methods for compliance monitoring of air, water, wastes, animal tissues, and food. The authors also provide helpful hints and guidelines on how to organize a laboratory; plan projects; report results; communicate with clients, regulators, and the public; market services; and more.

Author Biography

STEPHEN W. JENNISS is Director of the State of New Jersey Department of Health, Environmental and Chemical Laboratory Services.<br> <br> SIDNEY A. KATZ is on the staff of the Rutgers University Department of Chemistry.<br> <br> D W. LYNCH is Director of 21st Century Environmental, a private testing service based in Bridgeport, New Jersey.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
1 Introduction	1	(32)
1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry	2	(16)
1.1.1 Scope and Sensitivity of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry	2	(1)
1.1.2 Theory of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry	2	(2)
1.1.3 Requirements for Atomic Absorption Spectrometry	4	(9)
1.1.4 Interferences in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry	13	(3)
1.1.5 Calibration	16	(2)
1.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry	18	(6)
1.2.1 Scope and Sensitivity of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry	18	(1)
1.2.2 Theory of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry	18	(1)
1.2.3 Requirements for Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry	19	(2)
1.2.4 Interferences in Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry	21	(2)
1.2.5 Calibration	23	(1)
1.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry	24	(6)
1.3.1 Scope and Sensitivity of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry	24	(1)
1.3.2 Theory of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry	24	(1)
1.3.3 Requirements for Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry	25	(2)
1.3.4 Interferences in Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry	27	(2)
1.3.5 Calibration	29	(1)
1.4 Regulatory Agencies' Requirements and Recommendations for Compliance Monitoring by Atomic Spectrometry	30	(2)
1.4.1 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Superfund Authorization and Reauthorization Act (SARA)	30	(1)
1.4.2 Resource Recovery and Conservation Act (RCRA)	30	(1)
1.4.3 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)	31	(1)
1.4.4 Water Pollution Control Act (WPCA), Clean Water Act (CWA), and Water Quality Act (WQA)	31	(1)
1.4.5 Clean Air Act (CAA)	31	(1)
1.4.6 Occupation Safety and Health Act (OSHA)	32	(1)
1.4.7 Nutritional Education and Labeling Act (NELA)	32	(1)
1.5 Regulatory Compliance Monitoring	32	(1)
2 Sample Collection and Preservation	33	(27)
2.1 Site Selection for Sampling Air, Water, Soil, Solid and Liquid Wastes, and Plant and Animal Tissues	33	(9)
2.1.1 Site Selection for Air Monitoring	36	(1)
2.1.2 Site Selection for Potable Water Monitoring	37	(1)
2.1.3 Site Selection for Ambient Surface Water Monitoring	38	(1)
2.1.4 Site Selection for Ambient Groundwater Monitoring	38	(1)
2.1.5 Site Selection for Sampling Soil	39	(1)
2.1.6 Site Selection for Sampling Liquid Wastes	39	(1)
2.1.7 Site Selection for Sampling Sediments and Sludges	40	(1)
2.1.8 Site Selection for Sampling Solid Wastes	40	(1)
2.1.9 Site Selection for Sampling Plant and Animal Tissues	41	(1)
2.2 Discrete Versus Composite Sampling	42	(2)
2.2.1 Air Samples	43	(1)
2.2.2 Water Samples	43	(1)
2.2.3 Soil Samples	43	(1)
2.2.4 Liquid Wastes	43	(1)
2.2.5 Solid Wastes	43	(1)
2.2.6 Plant and Animal Tissue Samples	43	(1)
2.3 Sample Containers	44	(3)
2.3.1 Containers for Air Samples	44	(1)
2.3.2 Containers for Liquid Samples	45	(1)
2.3.3 Containers for Solid Samples	45	(1)
2.3.4 Containers for Plant and Animal Tissue Samples	46	(1)
2.4 Sample Collection	47	(10)
2.4.1 Air Sampling	48	(1)
2.4.2 Potable Water Sampling	49	(1)
2.4.3 Groundwater Sampling	49	(1)
2.4.4 Surface Water Sampling	50	(1)
2.4.5 Wastewater Sampling	51	(1)
2.4.6 Sampling Containerized Liquid Wastes	51	(1)
2.4.7 Sampling Soils, Sediments, and Sludges	51	(2)
2.4.8 Sampling Solid Wastes	53	(1)
2.4.9 Sampling Biological Tissues	54	(3)
2.4.10 Sampling Food and Food Products	57	(1)
2.5 Sample Preservation and Holding Times	57	(2)
2.5.1 Preservation of Air Samples	58	(1)
2.5.2 Preservation of Water Samples	58	(1)
2.5.3 Preservation of Solid Samples	59	(1)
2.5.4 Preservation of Biological Fluids and Tissues	59	(1)
2.6 Sample Collection and Preservation	59	(1)
3 Sample Preparation	60	(28)
3.1 Extraction and Decomposition for Solubilization	60	(17)
3.1.1 TCLP and Other Extraction Procedures	61	(3)
3.1.2 Decomposition Procedures	64	(13)
3.2 Concentration and Separation Methods	77	(5)
3.2.1 Evaporation of Solvent	78	(1)
3.2.2 Coprecipitation	78	(1)
3.2.3 Solvent Extraction	78	(3)
3.2.4 Ion Exchange	81	(1)
3.3 Contamination and Loss	82	(5)
3.3.1 Purity of Reagents	83	(3)
3.3.2 Contaminated Glassware	86	(1)
3.3.3 Losses During Storage	86	(1)
3.3.4 Losses During Preparation	86	(1)
3.4 Sample Preparation	87	(1)
4 Quality Control/Quality Assurance	88	(19)
4.1 Laboratory Certification	88	(1)
4.2 The Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP)	89	(1)
4.3 Planning	89	(1)
4.4 Monitoring Project Description and Personnel Objectives	90	(1)
4.5 Environmental Sampling	91	(4)
4.5.1 Sample Collection	91	(1)
4.5.2 Sample Labeling	91	(1)
4.5.3 Chain of Custody	92	(1)
4.5.4 Sample Handling and Preservation	92	(1)
4.5.5 Field Logbooks	93	(1)
4.5.6 Quality Control	94	(1)
4.6 Laboratory Analysis	95	(10)
4.6.1 Sample Receipt	95	(1)
4.6.2 Sample Analysis	95	(1)
4.6.3 Routine Quality Control	96	(8)
4.6.4 Data Handling and Documentation	104	(1)
4.6.5 Chain of Custody	104	(1)
4.7 Quality Assurance Documentation	105	(1)
4.8 Quality Assurance Program	105	(2)
5 Methods for Compliance Air Quality Monitoring	107	(26)
5.1 General Procedures for Metals	107	(2)
5.1.1 General Procedures for Metals; NIOSH Method 7300	107	(2)
5.1.2 General Procedures for Metals; ASTM Designation D 4185	109	(1)
5.2 Procedures for Aluminum; NIOSH Method 7013	109	(1)
5.3 Procedures for Arsenic	110	(5)
5.3.1 Determination of Organoarsenic; NIOSH Method 5022	110	(1)
5.3.2 Determination of Arsenic; NIOSH Method 7900	111	(1)
5.3.3 Determination of Arsenic Trioxide; NIOSH Method 7901	111	(1)
5.3.4 Determination of Arsenic; NIOSH Method 6001	112	(1)
5.3.5 Determination of Arsenic; US EPA Method 108	113	(2)
5.4 Procedures for Barium; NIOSH Method 7056	115	(1)
5.5 Procedures for Beryllium	116	(3)
5.5.1 Determination of Beryllium; NIOSH Method 7102	116	(1)
5.5.2 Determination of Beryllium; US EPA Method 103	117	(1)
5.5.3 Determination of Beryllium; US EPA Method 104	117	(2)
5.6 Procedures for Cadmium; NIOSH Method 7048	119	(1)
5.7 Procedures for Calcium; NIOSH Method 7020	119	(1)
5.8 Procedures for Chromium; NIOSH Method 7024	120	(1)
5.9 Procedures for Cobalt; NIOSH Method 7027	121	(1)
5.10 Procedures for Copper; NIOSH Method 7029	121	(2)
5.10.1 Determination of Total Copper (Dust and Fume)	121	(1)
5.10.2 Determination of Soluble Copper (Dust)	122	(1)
5.10.3 Determination of Copper Fume	122	(1)
5.11 Procedures for Lead	123	(2)
5.11.1 Determination of Lead; NIOSH Method 7082	123	(1)
5.11.2 Determination of Lead; NIOSH Method 7105	123	(1)
5.11.3 Determination of Lead; US EPA Reference Method	124	(1)
5.12 Procedures for Mercury	125	(4)
5.12.1 Determination of Mercury; NIOSH Method 6009	125	(1)
5.12.2 Determination of Mercury; US EPA Method 101	126	(1)
5.12.3 Determination of Mercury; US EPA Method 101A	127	(2)
5.12.4 Determination of Mercury; US EPA Method 102	129	(1)
5.13 Procedures for Nickel Carbonyl; NIOSH Method 6007	129	(1)
5.14 Procedures for Tungsten; NIOSH Method 7074	130	(1)
5.15 Procedures for Zinc; NIOSH Method 7030	131	(1)
5.16 Determination of Metals in Ambient Air	132	(1)
6 Methods for Compliance Water Quality Monitoring	133	(40)
6.1 Determination of Metals and Trace Elements in Waters and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry; US EPA Method 200.7	134	(1)
6.2 Determination of Trace Elements in Waters and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry; US EPA Method 200.8	134	(2)
6.3 Determination of Trace Elements by Stabilized Temperature Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption; US EPA Method 200.9	136	(1)
6.4 Procedures for Aluminum	137	(1)
6.4.1 Determination of Aluminum; US EPA Method 202.1	137	(1)
6.4.2 Determination of Aluminum; US EPA Method 202.2	137	(1)
6.4.3 Other Procedures for Aluminum	138	(1)
6.5 Procedures for Antimony	138	(1)
6.5.1 Determination of Antimony; US EPA Method 204.1	138	(1)
6.5.2 Determination of Antimony; US EPA Method 204.2	138	(1)
6.5.3 Other Procedures for Antimony	139	(1)
6.6 Procedures for Arsenic	139	(2)
6.6.1 Determination of Arsenic; US EPA Method 206.3	139	(1)
6.6.2 Determination of Arsenic; US EPA Method 206.5	140	(1)
6.6.3 Determination of Arsenic; US EPA Method 206.2	140	(1)
6.6.4 Other Procedures for Arsenic	140	(1)
6.7 Procedures for Barium	141	(1)
6.7.1 Determination of Barium; US EPA Method 208.1	141	(1)
6.7.2 Determination of Barium; US EPA Method 208.2	141	(1)
6.7.3 Other Procedures for Barium	142	(1)
6.8 Procedures for Beryllium	142	(1)
6.8.1 Determination of Beryllium; US EPA Method 210.1	142	(1)
6.8.2 Determination of Beryllium; US EPA Method 210.2	142	(1)
6.8.3 Other Procedures for Beryllium	142	(1)
6.9 Procedures for Boron	142	(1)
6.10 Procedures for Cadmium	143	(1)
6.10.1 Determination of Cadmium; US EPA Method 213.1	143	(1)
6.10.2 Determination of Cadmium; US EPA Method 213.2	143	(1)
6.10.3 Other Procedures for Cadmium	144	(1)
6.11 Procedures for Calcium	144	(1)
6.11.1 Determination of Calcium; US EPA Method 215.1	144	(1)
6.11.2 Other Procedures for Calcium	144	(1)
6.12 Procedures for Chromium	144	(2)
6.12.1 Determination of Chromium; US EPA Method 218.1	145	(1)
6.12.2 Determination of Chromium; US EPA Method 218.2	145	(1)
6.12.3 Other Procedures for Chromium	146	(1)
6.13 Procedures for Cobalt	146	(1)
6.13.1 Determination of Cobalt; US EPA Method 219.1	146	(1)
6.13.2 Determination of Cobalt; US EPA Method 219.2	146	(1)
6.13.3 Other Procedures for Cobalt	147	(1)
6.14 Procedures for Copper	147	(1)
6.14.1 Determination of Copper; US EPA Method 220.1	147	(1)
6.14.2 Determination of Copper; US EPA Method 220.2	147	(1)
6.14.3 Other Procedures for Copper	148	(1)
6.15 Procedures for Gold	148	(1)
6.15.1 Determination of Gold; US EPA Method 231.1	148	(1)
6.15.2 Determination of Gold; US EPA Method 231.2	148	(1)
6.15.3 Other Procedures for Gold	149	(1)
6.16 Procedures for Iridium	149	(1)
6.16.1 Determination of Iridium; US EPA Method 235.1	149	(1)
6.16.2 Determination of Iridium; US EPA Method 235.2	149	(1)
6.16.3 Other Procedures for Iridium	150	(1)
6.17 Procedures for Iron	150	(1)
6.17.1 Determination of Iron; US EPA Method 236.1	150	(1)
6.17.2 Determination of Iron; US EPA Method 236.2	150	(1)
6.17.3 Other Procedures for Iron	151	(1)
6.18 Procedures for Lead	151	(1)
6.18.1 Determination of Lead; US EPA Method 239.1	151	(1)
6.18.2 Determination of Lead; US EPA Method 239.2	152	(1)
6.18.3 Other Procedures for Lead	152	(1)
6.19 Procedures for Magnesium	152	(1)
6.19.1 Determination of Magnesium; US EPA Method 242.1	152	(1)
6.19.2 Other Procedures for Magnesium	153	(1)
6.20 Procedures for Manganese	153	(1)
6.20.1 Determination of Manganese; US EPA Method 243.1	153	(1)
6.20.2 Determination of Manganese; US EPA Method 243.2	153	(1)
6.20.3 Other Procedures for Manganese	154	(1)
6.21 Procedures for Mercury	154	(3)
6.21.1 Determination of Mercury; US EPA Method 245.1	154	(1)
6.21.2 Determination of Mercury; US EPA Method 245.2	155	(1)
6.21.3 Other Procedures for Mercury	155	(2)
6.22 Procedures for Molybdenum	157	(1)
6.22.1 Determination of Molybdenum; US EPA Method 246.1	157	(1)
6.22.2 Determination of Molybdenum; US EPA Method 246.2	157	(1)
6.22.3 Other Procedures for Molybdenum	157	(1)
6.23 Procedures for Nickel	158	(1)
6.23.1 Determination of Nickel; US EPA Method 249.1	158	(1)
6.23.2 Determination of Nickel; US EPA Method 249.2	158	(1)
6.23.3 Other Procedures for Nickel	158	(1)
6.24 Procedures for Osmium	159	(1)
6.24.1 Determination of Osmium; US EPA Method 252.1	159	(1)
6.24.2 Determination of Osmium; US EPA Method 252.2	159	(1)
6.24.3 Other Procedures for Osmium	159	(1)
6.25 Procedures for Palladium	159	(1)
6.25.1 Determination of Palladium; US EPA Method 253.1	160	(1)
6.25.2 Determination of Palladium; US EPA Method 253.2	160	(1)
6.25.3 Other Procedures for Palladium	160	(1)
6.26 Procedures for Phosphorus	160	(1)
6.27 Procedures for Platinum	160	(1)
6.27.1 Determination of Platinum; US EPA Method 255.1	161	(1)
6.27.2 Determination of Platinum; US EPA Method 255.2	161	(1)
6.27.3 Other Procedures for Platinum	161	(1)
6.28 Procedures for Potassium	161	(1)
6.28.1 Determination of Potassium; US EPA Method 258.1	161	(1)
6.28.2 Other Procedures for Potassium	162	(1)
6.29 Procedures for Rhodium	162	(1)
6.29.1 Determination of Rhodium; US EPA Method 265.1	162	(1)
6.29.2 Determination of Rhodium; US EPA Method 265.2	162	(1)
6.29.3 Other Procedures for Rhodium	163	(1)
6.30 Procedures for Ruthenium	163	(1)
6.30.1 Determination of Ruthenium; US EPA Method 267.1	163	(1)
6.30.2 Determination of Ruthenium; US EPA Method 267.2	163	(1)
6.30.3 Other Procedures for Ruthenium	163	(1)
6.31 Procedures for Selenium	164	(1)
6.31.1 Determination of Selenium; US EPA Method 270.2	164	(1)
6.31.2 Determination of Selenium; US EPA Method 270.3	165	(1)
6.31.3 Other Procedures for Selenium	165	(1)
6.32 Procedures for Silica	165	(1)
6.33 Procedures for Silver	165	(2)
6.33.1 Determination of Silver; US EPA Method 272.1	166	(1)
6.33.2 Determination of Silver; US EPA Method 272.2	166	(1)
6.33.3 Other Procedures for Silver	166	(1)
6.34 Procedures for Sodium	167	(1)
6.34.1 Determination of Sodium; US EPA Method 273.1	167	(1)
6.34.2 Other Procedures for Sodium	167	(1)
6.35 Procedures for Thallium	167	(1)
6.35.1 Determination of Thallium; US EPA Method 279.1	167	(1)
6.35.2 Determination of Thallium; US EPA Method 279.2	168	(1)
6.35.3 Other Procedures for Thallium	168	(1)
6.36 Procedures for Tin	168	(1)
6.36.1 Determination of Tin; US EPA Method 282.1	168	(1)
6.36.2 Determination of Tin; US EPA Method 282.2	169	(1)
6.36.3 Other Procedures for Tin	169	(1)
6.37 Procedures for Titanium	169	(1)
6.37.1 Determination of Titanium; US EPA Method 283.1	169	(1)
6.37.2 Determination of Titanium; US EPA Method 283.2	170	(1)
6.37.3 Other Procedures for Titanium	170	(1)
6.38 Procedures for Vanadium	170	(1)
6.38.1 Determination of Vanadium; US EPA Method 286.1	170	(1)
6.38.2 Determination of Vanadium; US EPA Method 286.2	171	(1)
6.38.3 Other Procedures for Vanadium	171	(1)
6.39 Procedures for Zinc	171	(2)
6.39.1 Determination of Zinc; US EPA Method 289.1	171	(1)
6.39.2 Determination of Zinc; US EPA Method 289.2	172	(1)
6.39.3 Other Procedures for Zinc	172	(1)
7 Methods for Compliance Monitoring of Liquid Wastes, Solid Wastes, Sludges, Sediments, and Soils	173	(25)
7.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry; US EPA Method 6010	173	(2)
7.2 Determination of Trace Elements in Waters and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry; US EPA Method 200.8	175	(1)
7.3 Determination of Trace Elements by Stabilized Temperature Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption; US EPA Method 200.9	176	(1)
7.4 Atomic Absorption Methods; US EPA Method 7000	177	(1)
7.5 Procedures for Aluminum	177	(1)
7.5.1 Determination of Aluminum; US EPA Method 7020	177	(1)
7.6 Procedures for Antimony	177	(1)
7.6.1 Determination of Antimony; US EPA Method 7040	177	(1)
7.6.2 Determination of Antimony; US EPA Method 7041	178	(1)
7.7 Procedures for Arsenic	178	(3)
7.7.1 Determination of Arsenic; US EPA Method 7060	178	(1)
7.7.2 Determination of Arsenic; US EPA Method 7061	179	(1)
7.7.3 Determination of Arsenic in Wastes From Nonferrous Smelters; US EPA Method 108	179	(2)
7.8 Procedures for Barium	181	(1)
7.8.1 Determination of Barium; US EPA Method 7080	181	(1)
7.9 Procedures for Beryllium	181	(1)
7.9.1 Determination of Beryllium; US EPA Method 7090	181	(1)
7.9.2 Determination of Beryllium; US EPA Method 7091	181	(1)
7.10 Procedures for Cadmium	182	(1)
7.10.1 Determination of Cadmium; US EPA Method 7130	182	(1)
7.10.2 Determination of Cadmium; US EPA Method 7131	182	(1)
7.11 Procedures for Calcium	182	(1)
7.11.1 Determination of Calcium; US EPA Method 7140	182	(1)
7.12 Procedures for Chromium	183	(1)
7.12.1 Determination of Chromium; US EPA Method 7190	183	(1)
7.12.2 Determination of Chromium; US EPA Method 7191	183	(1)
7.12.3 Determination of Chromium; US EPA Method 7195	183	(1)
7.12.4 Determination of Chromium; US EPA Method 7197	184	(1)
7.13 Procedures for Cobalt	184	(1)
7.13.1 Determination of Cobalt; US EPA Method 7200	184	(1)
7.13.2 Determination of Cobalt; US EPA Method 7201	185	(1)
7.14 Procedures for Copper	185	(1)
7.14.1 Determination of Copper; US EPA Method 7210	185	(1)
7.15 Procedures for Iron	185	(1)
7.15.1 Determination of Iron; US EPA Method 7380	185	(1)
7.16 Procedures for Lead	185	(1)
7.16.1 Determination of Lead; US EPA Method 7420	185	(1)
7.16.2 Determination of Lead; US EPA Method 7421	186	(1)
7.17 Procedures for Magnesium	186	(1)
7.17.1 Determination of Magnesium; US EPA Method 7450	186	(1)
7.18 Procedures for Manganese	186	(1)
7.18.1 Determination of Manganese; US EPA Method 7460	186	(1)
7.19 Procedures for Mercury	187	(3)
7.19.1 Determination of Mercury in Liquid Waste; US EPA Method 7470	187	(1)
7.19.2 Determination of Mercury in Solid or Semisolid Waste; US EPA Method 7471	188	(1)
7.19.3 Determination of Mercury in Wastewater Treatment Plant Sewage Sludges; US EPA Method 105	188	(1)
7.19.4 Determination of Mercury in Sediment; US EPA Method 245.5	189	(1)
7.20 Procedures for Molybdenum	190	(1)
7.20.1 Determination of Molybdenum; US EPA Method 7480	190	(1)
7.20.2 Determination of Molybdenum; US EPA Method 7481	190	(1)
7.21 Procedures for Nickel	191	(1)
7.21.1 Determination of Nickel; US EPA Method 7520	191	(1)
7.22 Procedures for Potassium	191	(1)
7.22.1 Determination of Potassium; US EPA Method 7610	191	(1)
7.23 Procedures for Selenium	191	(2)
7.23.1 Determination of Selenium; US EPA Method 7740	191	(1)
7.23.2 Determination of Selenium; US EPA Method 7741	192	(1)
7.23.3 Determination of Selenium; US EPA Method 7742	193	(1)
7.24 Procedures for Silver	193	(1)
7.24.1 Determination of Silver; US EPA Method 7760	193	(1)
7.25 Procedures for Sodium	193	(1)
7.25.1 Determination of Sodium; US EPA Method 7770	194	(1)
7.26 Procedures for Thallium	194	(1)
7.26.1 Determination of Thallium; US EPA Method 7840	194	(1)
7.26.2 Determination of Thallium; US EPA Method 7841	194	(1)
7.27 Procedures for Tin	194	(1)
7.27.1 Determination of Tin; US EPA Method 7870	195	(1)
7.28 Procedures for Thorium and Uranium	195	(1)
7.28.1 Determination of Thorium and Uranium; US DOE Method 210	195	(1)
7.29 Procedures for Vanadium	196	(1)
7.29.1 Determination of Vanadium; US EPA Method 7910	196	(1)
7.29.2 Determination of Vanadium; US EPA Method 7911	196	(1)
7.30 Procedures for Zinc	197	(1)
7.30.1 Determination of Zinc; US EPA Method 7950	197	(1)
8 Methods for Monitoring Trace Elements in Biological Tissues and Fluids	198	(8)
8.1 Animal Tissues	198	(5)
8.1.1 NIOSH Method 8005 for Elements in Blood and Tissue	198	(1)
8.1.2 NIOSH Method 8310 for Metals in Urine	199	(1)
8.1.3 Determination of Metals in Fish Tissue by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry; US EPA Method 200.11	199	(3)
8.1.4 Determination of Trace Elements by Stabilized Temperature Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption; US EPA Method 200.9	202	(1)
8.1.5 NIOSH Method 8003 for Lead in Blood and Urine	202	(1)
8.1.6 Determination of Mercury in Tissues by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; US EPA Method 245.6	202	(1)
8.2 Plant Tissues	203	(3)
8.2.1 AOAC Method 975.03 for Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium, and Zinc in Plants	203	(1)
8.2.2 AOAC Method 985.01 for Boron, Calcium, Copper, Magnesium, Manganese, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Zinc in Plants	204	(2)
9 Methods for Monitoring Toxic and Essential Trace Elements in Foods	206	(12)
9.1 AOAC Method 986.15 for Arsenic (Cadmium, Lead), Selenium, and Zinc in Food	206	(2)
9.1.1 Determination of Arsenic	207	(1)
9.1.2 Determination of Selenium	207	(1)
9.1.3 Determination of Zinc	207	(1)
9.2 AOAC Method 990.05 for Copper, Iron, and Nickel in Edible Fats and Oils	208	(1)
9.3 AOAC Method 991.25 for Calcium and Magnesium in Cheese	209	(1)
9.4 AOAC Method 984.27 for Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, and Zinc in Infant Formula	209	(1)
9.5 AOAC Method 985.35 for Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium, Sodium, and Zinc in Ready-to-Feed, Milk-Based Infant Formula	210	(1)
9.6 Determination of Copper and Nickel in Tea	210	(1)
9.7 AOAC Method 985.40 for Copper in Liver	211	(1)
9.8 Determination of Cadmium	211	(1)
9.9 Determination of Lead	212	(2)
9.9.1 Lead in Evaporated Milk	212	(1)
9.9.2 Lead in Fish	213	(1)
9.9.3 Lead in Food	213	(1)
9.10 Determination of Mercury	214	(2)
9.10.1 Mercury in Food	214	(1)
9.10.2 Mercury in Fish	215	(1)
9.11 AOAC Method 969.32 for Zinc in Food	216	(2)
9.11.1 Dry Ashing Option for Method 969.32	216	(1)
9.11.2 Wet Ashing Option for Method 969.32	216	(1)
9.11.3 Quantification of Zinc	217	(1)
10 Laboratory Management	218	(9)
10.1 Physical Facilities	218	(3)
10.2 Laboratory Organization	221	(1)
10.3 Marketing Laboratory Services	221	(1)
10.4 Planning and Coordinating Laboratory Projects	222	(1)
10.5 Reporting Laboratory Results	223	(1)
10.6 Communicating with Clients, Regulators, and the Public	224	(1)
10.7 Ethics in Laboratory Management	225	(2)
References	227	(12)
Index	239