Applied Pharmacology for the Dental Hygienist

by Requa-Clark

• ISBN13: 9780815136309
• ISBN10: 0815136307
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-11-09
• Publisher: Mosby

Summary

Provides up-to-date, accurate information on some of the most important topics for dental hygiene students, including antineoplastic drugs, respiratory and gastrointestinal drugs, hormones, and drugs used to treat common oral entities. The book is organized into four sections that deal with the basic principles of pharmacology, drugs grouped by class, mainteinance drugs, emergency drugs and what effects pregnancy and breast feeding have on dental treatment, drug interactions, and drug abuse. Numerous tables and colorful graphics are included.

Table of Contents

Section One General Principles	1	(72)
Information, Sources, and Regulatory Agencies	3	(12)
History	4	(1)
Pharmacology and the Oral Health Care Providers	4	(2)
Sources of Information	6	(3)
Drug Names	9	(4)
Drug Substitution	12	(1)
Top 200 Drugs	12	(1)
Federal Regulatory Agencies	13	(1)
Harrison Narcotic Act	13	(1)
Food and Drug Administration	13	(1)
Federal Trade Commission	13	(1)
Drug Enforcement Administration	13	(1)
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act	13	(1)
Review Questions	13	(2)
Drug Action and Handling	15	(36)
Characterization of Drug Action	16	(3)
Log Dose-Effect Curve	16	(1)
Potency	16	(2)
Efficacy	18	(1)
Chemical Signaling Between Cells	19	(1)
Mechanism of Action of Drugs	19	(9)
Nerve Transmission	21	(1)
Receptors	22	(5)
Stereoisomerism	27	(1)
Routes of Administration and Dosage Forms	28	(4)
Routes of Administration	28	(4)
Dosage Forms	32	(1)
Pharmacokinetics	32	(14)
Passage across Body Membranes	32	(2)
Absorption	34	(4)
Distribution	38	(1)
Half-Life	38	(1)
Blood-Brain Barrier	39	(1)
Redistribution	40	(1)
Metabolism (Biotransformation)	41	(5)
Factors That Alter Drug Effects	46	(2)
Calculation of Children's Dosage	48	(1)
Review Questions	49	(2)
Adverse Reactions	51	(10)
Definitions and Classifications	52	(1)
Clinical Manifestations of Adverse Reactions	53	(3)
Exaggerated Effect on Target Tissues	53	(1)
Effect on Nontarget Tissues	53	(1)
Effect on Fetal Development (Teratogenic Effect)	53	(1)
Local Effect	54	(1)
Drug Interactions	55	(1)
Hypersensitivity (Allergic Reaction)	55	(1)
Idiosyncrasy	56	(1)
Interference with Natural Defense Mechanisms	56	(1)
Toxicologic Evaluation of Drugs	56	(2)
Review Questions	58	(3)
Prescription Writing	61	(12)
Measurement	62	(2)
Metric System	62	(2)
Household Measures	64	(1)
Prescriptions	64	(6)
Format	64	(6)
Explanations Accompanying Prescriptions	70	(1)
Drug Legislation	70	(2)
Scheduled Drugs	71	(1)
Review Questions	72	(1)
Section Two Drugs Used In Dentistry	73	(246)
Autonomic Drugs	75	(28)
Autonomic Nervous System	76	(8)
Anatomy	76	(1)
Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System (PANS)	76	(1)
Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System (SANS)	77	(1)
Functional Organization	77	(2)
Neurotransmitters	79	(3)
Drug Groups	82	(2)
Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System (PANS)	84	(7)
Cholinergic (Parasympathomimetic) Agents	85	(2)
Anticholinergic (Parasympatholytic Agents)	87	(4)
Nicotinic Agonists and Antagonists	91	(1)
Sympathetic Nervous System	91	(9)
Sympathetic Nervous System Receptors	92	(1)
Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents	93	(5)
Adrenergic Blocking Agents	98	(1)
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents	99	(1)
Review Questions	100	(3)
Nonopioid (Nonnarcotic) Analgesics	103	(26)
Pain	104	(1)
Classification	105	(1)
Salicylates	106	(10)
Acetylsalicylic Acid	107	(8)
Other Salicylates	115	(1)
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents (NSAIAS) or Drugs (NSAIDS)	116	(7)
Chemical Classification	116	(1)
Mechanism of Action	116	(1)
Pharmacokinetics	116	(1)
Pharmacologic Effects	116	(1)
Adverse Reactions	116	(3)
Contraindications and Cautions	119	(1)
Therapeutic Uses	119	(1)
Specific Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents	120	(3)
Acetaminophen	123	(2)
Pharmacokinetics	123	(1)
Pharmacologic Effects	123	(1)
Adverse Effects	124	(1)
Drug Interactions	124	(1)
Uses	125	(1)
Dosage and Preparations	125	(1)
Drugs Used to Treat Gout	125	(1)
Colchicine	125	(1)
Allopurinol	126	(1)
Probenecid	126	(1)
Review Questions	126	(3)
Opioid (Narcotic) Analgesics and Antagonists	129	(18)
History	129	(1)
Terminology	130	(1)
Classification	130	(1)
Mechanism of Action	130	(1)
Pharmacokinetics	131	(3)
Pharmacologic Effects	134	(1)
Adverse Reactions	135	(3)
Addiction	137	(1)
Allergic Reactions	138	(1)
Drug Interactions	138	(1)
Specific Opioids	138	(6)
Opioid Agonists	138	(4)
Mixed Opioids	142	(2)
Tramadol	144	(1)
Dental Use of Opioids	144	(1)
Review Questions	145	(2)
Antiinfective Agents	147	(50)
Dental Infection ``Evolution,''	150	(1)
History	151	(1)
Definitions	152	(2)
Culture and Sensitivity	154	(2)
Culture	154	(2)
Sensitivity	156	(1)
Indications for Antimicrobial Agents	156	(2)
Therapeutic Indications	156	(1)
Prophylactic Indications	157	(1)
General Adverse Reactions Associated with Antinfective Agents	158	(2)
Superinfection (Suprainfection)	158	(1)
Allergic Reactions	158	(1)
Drug Interactions	158	(2)
Gastrointestinal Complaints	160	(1)
Pregnancy	160	(1)
Dosage Forms	160	(1)
Cost	160	(1)
Penicillins	160	(7)
Source and Chemistry	160	(1)
Pharmacokinetics	161	(1)
Mechanism of Action	162	(1)
Spectrum	162	(1)
Resistance	163	(1)
Adverse Reactions	163	(1)
Allergy and Hypersensitivity	164	(1)
Uses	165	(1)
Specific Penicillins	165	(2)
Macrolides	167	(3)
Erythromycin	167	(3)
Azithromycin and Clarithromycin	170	(1)
Tetracyclines	170	(4)
Pharmacokinetics	170	(1)
Spectrum	171	(1)
Adverse Reactions	171	(2)
Drug Interactions	173	(1)
Uses	173	(1)
Clindamycin	174	(2)
Pharmacokinetics	174	(1)
Spectrum	174	(1)
Adverse Reactions	175	(1)
Uses	175	(1)
Metronidazole	176	(2)
Pharmacokinetics	176	(1)
Spectrum	176	(1)
Adverse Reactions	177	(1)
Drug Interactions	177	(1)
Uses	177	(1)
Cephalosporins	178	(4)
Pharmacokinetics	179	(1)
Spectrum	179	(1)
Mechanism of Action	179	(1)
Adverse Reactions	179	(1)
Uses	180	(1)
Rational Use of Antiinfective Agents in Dentistry	180	(2)
Antimicrobial Agents for Nondental Use	182	(4)
Vancomycin	182	(1)
Aminoglycosides	182	(1)
Chloramphenicol	183	(1)
Sulfonamides	183	(1)
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim	184	(1)
Nitrofurantoin	185	(1)
Quinolones (Fluoroquinolones)	185	(1)
Antituberculosis Agents	186	(3)
Isoniazid	188	(1)
Rifampin	188	(1)
Pyrazinamide	189	(1)
Ethambutol	189	(1)
Topical Antibiotics	189	(1)
Neomycin, Polymyxin, and Bacitracin	190	(1)
Mupirocin	190	(1)
Antibiotic Prophylaxis Used in Dentistry	190	(5)
Prevention of Infective Endocarditis	191	(3)
Prosthetic Joint Prophylaxis	194	(1)
Noncardiac Medical Conditions	194	(1)
Review Questions	195	(2)
Antifungal and Antiviral Agents	197	(16)
Antifungal Agents	197	(8)
Nystatin	200	(1)
Imidazoles	201	(3)
Other Antifungal Agents	204	(1)
Antiviral Agents	205	(6)
Herpes Simplex	205	(3)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	208	(3)
Review Questions	211	(2)
Local Anesthetics	213	(24)
History	214	(1)
Ideal Local Anesthetic	214	(1)
Chemistry	215	(1)
Mechanism of Action	215	(3)
Action on Nerve Fibers	215	(3)
Ionization Factors	218	(1)
Pharmacokinetics	218	(1)
Absorption	218	(1)
Distribution	219	(1)
Metabolism	219	(1)
Excretion	219	(1)
Pharmacologic Effects	219	(1)
Peripheral Nerve Conduction (Blocker)	219	(1)
Antiarrythmic	220	(1)
Adverse Reactions	220	(2)
Toxicity	221	(1)
Composition of Local Anesthetic Solutions	222	(1)
Local Anesthetic Agents	223	(3)
Amides	223	(3)
Esters	226	(1)
Other Local Anesthetics	226	(1)
Vasoconstrictors	226	(4)
Drug Interactions	229	(1)
Choice of Local Anesthetic	230	(3)
Topical Anesthetics	233	(1)
Amides	233	(1)
Esters	234	(1)
Precautions in Topical Anesthesia	234	(1)
Dosages of Local Anesthetic and Vasoconstrictor	234	(1)
Review Questions	235	(2)
Antianxiety Agents	237	(24)
Definitions	240	(1)
Benzodiazepines	241	(10)
Chemistry	241	(1)
Pharmacokinetics	241	(3)
Mechanism of Action	244	(1)
Pharmacologic Effects	244	(1)
Adverse Reactions	245	(2)
Abuse and Tolerance	247	(1)
Drug Interactions	248	(1)
Uses	248	(1)
Management of the Dental Patient Taking Benzodiazepines	249	(2)
Barbiturates	251	(3)
Chemistry	251	(1)
Pharmacokinetics	252	(1)
Mechanism of Action	252	(1)
Pharmacologic Effects	252	(1)
Adverse Reactions	252	(1)
Chronic Long-term Use	253	(1)
Contraindications	253	(1)
Drug Interactions	253	(1)
Uses	253	(1)
Nonbarbiturate Sedative-Hypnotics	254	(2)
Zolpidem (Ambien)	254	(1)
Chloral Hydrate	255	(1)
Meprobamate	255	(1)
Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants	256	(1)
Pharmacologic Effects	256	(1)
Individual Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants	256	(1)
Miscellaneous Agents	257	(1)
Baclofen	257	(1)
Tizanidine	257	(1)
Dantrolene	257	(1)
Buspirone	257	(1)
General Comments about Antianxiety Agents	258	(1)
Analgesic-Sedative Combinations	258	(1)
Special Considerations	258	(1)
Cautions	259	(1)
Review Questions	259	(2)
General Anesthetics	261	(16)
History	262	(1)
Mechanism of Action	262	(3)
Stages and Planes of Anesthesia	263	(2)
Adverse Reactions	265	(1)
General Anesthetics	265	(11)
Classification of Anesthetic Agents	265	(2)
Nitrous Oxide	267	(4)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons	271	(3)
Other General Anesthetics	274	(2)
Balanced General Anesthesia	276	(1)
Review Questions	276	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals	277	(26)
Measurement of Vitamin Needs	278	(1)
Recommended Dietary Allowance	278	(1)
Fallacious Reasoning about Vitamins	279	(1)
Water-Soluble Vitamins	280	(11)
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)	280	(1)
B-Complex Vitamins	281	(10)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins	291	(6)
Vitamin A	291	(1)
Vitamin D	292	(3)
Vitamin E	295	(1)
Vitamin K	296	(1)
Selected Minerals	297	(3)
Iron	297	(1)
Zinc	298	(1)
Calcium	299	(1)
Drug-Induced Vitamin Deficiencies	300	(1)
Review Questions	301	(2)
Oral Conditions and Their Treatment	303	(16)
Infectious Lesions	304	(4)
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis	304	(1)
Herpes Infections	304	(3)
Candidiasis (Moniliasis)	307	(1)
Angular Cheilitis/Cheilosis	307	(1)
Alveolar Osteitis	308	(1)
Immune Reactions	308	(2)
Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis	308	(2)
Lichen Planus	310	(1)
Miscellaneous Oral Conditions	310	(1)
Geographic Tongue	310	(1)
Burning Mouth or Tongue Syndrome	310	(1)
Inflammation	311	(1)
Pericoronitis	311	(1)
Postirradiation Caries	311	(1)
Root Sensitivity	311	(1)
Actinic Lip Changes	312	(1)
Drug-induced Oral Side Effects	312	(4)
Xerostomia	312	(2)
Sialorrbea	314	(1)
Hypersensitivity-type Reactions	314	(1)
Oral Lesions That Resemble Autoimmune-Type Reactions	314	(1)
Stains	315	(1)
Gingival Enlargement	315	(1)
Common Agents Used to Treat Oral Lesions	316	(1)
Corticosteroids	316	(1)
Palliative Treatment	316	(1)
Review Questions	317	(2)
Section Three Drugs That May Alter Dental Treatment	319	(154)
Cardiovascular Drugs	321	(44)
Dental Implications of Cardiovascular Disease	322	(2)
Contraindications to Treatment	322	(1)
Vasoconstrictor Limit	323	(1)
Infective Endocarditis	323	(1)
Cardiac Pacemakers	323	(1)
Periodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease	324	(1)
Cardiac Glycosides	324	(3)
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)	324	(1)
Digitalis Glycosides	325	(2)
Antiarrhythmic Agents	327	(6)
Automaticity	327	(2)
Action Potential	329	(1)
Arrbythmias	329	(1)
Antiarrhythmic Agents	329	(2)
Adverse Reactions	331	(2)
Dental Implications	333	(1)
Antianginal Drugs	333	(4)
Angina Pectoris	333	(1)
Nitroglycerin-like Compounds	334	(1)
Calcium Channel Blocking Agents	335	(1)
β-Adrenergic Blocking Agents	336	(1)
Dental Implications	336	(1)
Antihypertensive Agents	337	(18)
Stepped-Care Regimen	340	(3)
Diuretic Agents	343	(4)
β-Adrenergic Blocking Agents	347	(1)
Calcium Channel Blocking Agents	348	(2)
Angiotensin-Related Agents	350	(2)
α1-Adrenergic Blocking Agents	352	(1)
Other Antihypertensive Agents	353	(1)
Management of the Dental Patient Taking Antihypertensive Agents	354	(1)
Antihyperlipidemic Agents	355	(3)
HMG Co-A Reductase Inhibitors	356	(1)
Niacin	357	(1)
Cholestyramine	357	(1)
Gemfibrozil	357	(1)
Dental Implications	357	(1)
Drugs That Affect Blood Coagulation	358	(6)
Anticoagulants	358	(6)
Drugs That Increase Blood Clotting	364	(1)
Review Questions	364	(1)
Anticonvulsants	365	(14)
Epilepsy	365	(3)
Generalized Seizures	366	(1)
Partial (Focal) Epilepsies	367	(1)
Drug Therapy of Patients with Epilepsy	368	(7)
General Adverse Reactions to Anticonvulsant Agents	368	(2)
Carbamazepine	370	(1)
Valproates	371	(1)
Phenobarbital	372	(1)
Phenytoin	372	(2)
Miscellaneous Anticonvulsant Agents	374	(1)
New Anticonvulsant Agents	375	(1)
Dental Treatment of the Patient with Epilepsy	375	(1)
Nonseizure Uses of Anticonvulsants	376	(1)
Review Questions	376	(3)
Psychotherapeutic Agents	379	(16)
Psychiatric Disorders	380	(2)
Antipsychotic Agents	382	(6)
Pharmacologic Effects	383	(2)
Adverse Reactions	385	(1)
Drug Interactions	386	(1)
Uses	387	(1)
Dental Implications	387	(1)
Antidepressant Agents	388	(5)
Tricyclic Antidepressants	388	(3)
Second-Generation Antidepressants	391	(1)
Serotonin-Specific Reuptake Inhibitors	391	(1)
Bupropion	392	(1)
Atypical Antidepressant Agents	392	(1)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors	392	(1)
Drugs for Treatment of Bipolar Depression	393	(1)
Lithium	393	(1)
Anticonvulsants	393	(1)
Review Questions	393	(2)
Autacoids and Antihistamines	395	(12)
Histamine	396	(1)
Pharmacologic Effects	396	(1)
Adverse Reactions	396	(1)
Uses	397	(1)
Antihistamines (H1-Receptor Antagonists)	397	(4)
Pharmacologic Effects	397	(2)
Adverse Reactions	399	(1)
Toxicity	400	(1)
Uses	400	(1)
Peripheral (Nonsedating) H1-Receptor Antagonists	401	(1)
Fexofenadine	401	(1)
Astemizole	401	(1)
Loratadine	401	(1)
Cetirizine	402	(1)
Other Autacoids	402	(3)
Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes	402	(2)
Leukotrienes	404	(1)
Kinins	404	(1)
Substance P	405	(1)
Review Questions	405	(2)
Adrenocorticosteroids	407	(12)
Mechanism of Release	408	(1)
Classification	408	(1)
Definitions	409	(1)
Routes of Administration	409	(1)
Mechanism of Action	409	(1)
Pharmacologic Effects	410	(1)
Adverse Reactions	410	(1)
Uses	411	(2)
Medical Uses	411	(1)
Dental Uses	412	(1)
Corticosteroid Products	413	(1)
Dental Implications	413	(4)
Adverse Reactions	413	(2)
Steroid Supplementation	415	(1)
Rule of Twos	415	(1)
Topical Use	415	(2)
Review Questions	417	(2)
Other Hormones	419	(26)
Pituitary Hormones	420	(2)
Anterior Pituitary	420	(2)
Posterior Pituitary	422	(1)
Thyroid Hormones	422	(2)
Iodine	422	(1)
Hypothyroidism	422	(1)
Hyperthyroidism	423	(1)
Pancreatic Hormones	424	(12)
Diabetes Mellitus	424	(12)
Female Sex Hormones	436	(4)
Estrogens	436	(1)
Progestins	437	(1)
Oral Contraceptives	438	(2)
Male Sex Hormones	440	(1)
Androgens	440	(1)
Other Agents That Affect Sex Hormone Systems	441	(1)
Clomiphene	442	(1)
Leuprolide	442	(1)
Tamoxifen	442	(1)
Danazol	442	(1)
Review Questions	442	(3)
Antineoplastic Drugs	445	(10)
Use of Antineoplastic Agents	446	(1)
Mechanisms of Action	447	(1)
Classification	448	(2)
Adverse Drug Effects	450	(3)
Combinations	451	(1)
Use in Treatment of Inflammatory Processes	451	(1)
Dental Implications	452	(1)
Review Questions	453	(2)
Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Drugs	455	(18)
Respiratory Drugs	456	(2)
Respiratory Diseases	457	(1)
Drugs Used to Treat Respiratory Diseases	458	(7)
Sympathomimetic Agents	458	(1)
Metered-Dose Inhalers	459	(3)
Corticosteroids	462	(1)
Leukotriene-Pathway Inhibitors	462	(1)
Methylxanthines	463	(1)
Anticholinergics	464	(1)
Agents Used to Manage Upper Respiratory Infections	464	(1)
Dental Implications of the Respiratory Drugs	465	(1)
Gastrointestinal Drugs	465	(1)
Gastrointestinal Diseases	465	(1)
Drugs Used to Treat Gastrointestinal Diseases	466	(6)
Histamine2-Blocking Agents	466	(2)
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI)	468	(1)
Mixed Antinfective Therapy for Ulcer Treatment	468	(1)
Antacids	469	(1)
Miscellaneous Gastrointestinal Drugs	469	(1)
Laxatives and Antidiarrheals	470	(1)
Emetics and Antiemetics	471	(1)
Agents Used to Manage Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease	472	(1)
Review Questions	472	(1)
Section 4 Special Situations	473	(58)
Emergency Drugs	475	(12)
General Measures	476	(1)
Preparation for Treatment	476	(1)
Categories of Emergencies	477	(4)
Lost or Altered Consciousness	477	(1)
Respiratory Emergencies	478	(1)
Cardiovascular System Emergencies	479	(1)
Other Emergency Situations	480	(1)
Drug-Related Emergencies	481	(1)
Emergency Kit for the Dental Office	481	(3)
Drugs	482	(2)
Equipment	484	(1)
Review Questions	484	(3)
Pregnancy and Breast Feeding	487	(12)
General Principles	488	(1)
History	488	(1)
Pregnancy	488	(1)
Pregnancy Trimesters	488	(1)
Teratogenicity	489	(1)
Food and Drug Administration Categories	489	(1)
Breast Feeding	489	(2)
Dental Drugs	491	(5)
Local Anesthetic Agents	491	(3)
Analgesics	494	(1)
Antiinfective Agents	495	(1)
Antianxiety Agents	496	(1)
Review Questions	496	(3)
Drug Interactions	499	(12)
Mechanisms of Interactions	500	(2)
Pharmacokinetic	500	(2)
Pharmacodynamic	502	(1)
Dental Drug Interactions	502	(7)
Analgesics	503	(2)
Antiinfectives	505	(2)
Benzodiazepines	507	(1)
Epinephrine	507	(2)
Summary	509	(1)
Review Questions	509	(2)
Drug Abuse	511	(20)
General Considerations	513	(3)
Definitions	513	(1)
Psychologic Dependence	513	(1)
Physical Dependence	513	(1)
Tolerance	514	(1)
Addiction, Habituation, and Dependence	514	(2)
Central Nervous System Depressants	516	(8)
Ethyl Alcohol	516	(4)
Nitrous Oxide	520	(1)
Opioid Analgesics	520	(2)
Sedative Hypnotics	522	(2)
Central Nervous System Stimulants	524	(3)
Cocaine	524	(1)
Amphetamines	524	(1)
Caffeine	525	(1)
Tobacco	525	(2)
Psychedelics (Hallucinogens)	527	(1)
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide	527	(1)
Phencyclidine	527	(1)
Marijuana	527	(1)
Identifying the Drug Abuser	528	(1)
The Impaired Dental Health Care Worker	528	(1)
Review Questions	528	(3)
Appendixes	531	(56)
Appendix A, Top 200 Drugs	533	(8)
Appendix B, The Latest Drugs on the Market	541	(4)
Appendix C, Commonly Prescribed Dental Drugs	545	(12)
Appendix D, Medical Acronyms	557	(4)
Appendix E, Medical Terminology	561	(2)
Appendix F, Internet Searches	563	(4)
Appendix G, What If....?	567	(8)
Appendix H, Oral Manifestations---Xerostomia and Taste Changes	575	(4)
Appendix I, Altered Pharmacokinetics	579	(2)
Appendix J, Natural/Herbal Products	581	(6)
Glossary	587