Assessment of Student Achievement

by Gronlund, Norman E.

• ISBN13: 9780205366101
• ISBN10: 0205366104
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This text is a balanced, concise, and practical guide for testing and performance assessment linked to effective classroom instruction and learning. Assessment of Student Achievement, Seventh Edition, emphasizes that assessment is a broad term that includes testing and performance assessment, each used where it is most appropriate. Valid assessment is necessary for effective instruction with a goal of improved student learning. A portion of the text is devoted to each of the following topics: how to prepare and use classroom tests and performance assessments and how to assign grades and interpret standardized test scores to students and parents. The material is presented in a simple, direct, and understandable manner.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Achievement Assessment and Instruction	1	(13)
Relation between Instruction and Assessment	3	(1)
Assessment in the Instructional Process	4	(5)
Other Ways Assessment Can Aid Learning	9	(2)
Teachers' Standards for Student Assessment	11	(1)
Summary of Points	12	(1)
References and Additional Reading	13	(1)
Nature of Student Assessment	14	(17)
Major Types of Assessment Methods	15	(3)
Guidelines for Effective Student Assessment	18	(5)
Validity and Reliability in Assessment Planning	23	(4)
Norm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced Assessment	27	(2)
Summary of Points	29	(1)
References and Additional Reading	30	(1)
Planning for Assessment	31	(29)
Types of Intended Learning Outcomes	32	(1)
Role of Instructional Objectives	33	(3)
Preparing and Using an Achievement Test	36	(2)
Specifying the Instructional Objectives	38	(2)
Preparing the Test Specifications	40	(3)
Considerations in Constructing Relevant Test Items	43	(6)
General Guidelines for Item Writing	49	(2)
Arranging the Items in the Test	51	(1)
Preparing Directions	52	(1)
Reviewing and Evaluating the Assembled Test	53	(1)
Administering and Scoring the Test	54	(1)
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Test Items	55	(3)
Summary of Points	58	(1)
References and Additional Reading	59	(1)
Writing Selection Items: Multiple Choice	60	(23)
Nature of Multiple- Choice Items	60	(2)
Uses of Multiple- Choice Items	62	(5)
Rules for Writing Multiple- Choice Items	67	(15)
Summary of Points	82	(1)
References and Additional Reading	82	(1)
Writing Selection Items: True-False, Matching, and Intrepretive Exercise	83	(17)
True-False Items	84	(6)
Matching Items	90	(3)
The Interpretive Exercise	93	(5)
Summary of Points	98	(1)
References and Additional Reading	99	(1)
Writing Supply Items: Short Answer and Essay	100	(16)
Short-Answer Items	101	(4)
Essay Questions	105	(9)
Summary of Points	114	(1)
References and Additional Reading	115	(1)
Traditional Performance Assessments of Skills and Products	116	(23)
Components of Performance Skills	117	(1)
Stating Objectives for Performance Assessment	118	(1)
Restricted and Extended Performance Tasks	119	(1)
Steps in Preparing Performance Assessments	120	(1)
Specifying the Performance Outcomes	120	(3)
Selecting the Focus of the Assessment	123	(1)
Selecting an Appropriate Degree of Realism	124	(2)
Selecting the Performance Situation	126	(5)
Selecting the Method of Observing, Recording, and Scoring	131	(5)
Improving Performance Assessments	136	(1)
Summary of Points	137	(1)
References and Additional Reading	138	(1)
Expanded Performance Assessments	139	(18)
Ways to Expand Traditional Performance Assessment	141	(2)
Using Performance Tasks as Prompts	143	(4)
Using Student Projects for Performance Assessment	147	(6)
Evaluating Student Projects	153	(2)
Summary of Points	155	(1)
References and Additional Reading	156	(1)
Portfolio Assessment	157	(12)
Advantages of Using Classroom Portfolios	158	(1)
Planning for the Use of Portfolios	159	(4)
Evaluating the Portfolio	163	(4)
Summary of Points	167	(1)
References and Additional Reading	168	(1)
Grading and Reporting	169	(14)
Selecting the Basis for Grading	170	(5)
Combining Data for Grading	175	(3)
Guidelines for Effective and Fair Grading	178	(1)
Reporting to Students and Parents	179	(2)
Summary of Points	181	(1)
References and Additional Reading	182	(1)
Interpreting Standardized Achievement Test Scores	183	(18)
Features of Standardized Achievement Tests	184	(1)
Interpreting Norm-Referenced Scores	185	(1)
Percentile Ranks	186	(3)
Grade Equivalent Scores	189	(1)
Standard Scores	190	(6)
Criterion-Referenced Interpretation	196	(2)
Summary of Points	198	(2)
References and Additional Reading	200	(1)
Validity and Reliability	201	(22)
Validity	202	(10)
Reliability	212	(9)
Summary of Points	221	(1)
References and Additional Reading	222	(1)
Glossary	223	(4)
Index	227