Assessment of Student Achievement

by Gronlund, Norman E.

• ISBN13: 9780205457274
• ISBN10: 0205457274
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This text is a balanced, concise, and practical guide for testing and performance assessment linked to effective classroom instruction and learning. A portion of the text is devoted to each of the following topics: how to prepare and use classroom tests and performance assessments and how to assign grades and interpret standardized test scores to students and parents. The material is presented in an accessible, direct, and brief format.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
1 Achievement Assessment and Instruction	1	(13)
Relation between Instruction and Assessment	3	(1)
Assessment in the Instructional Process	3	(6)
Other Ways Assessments Can Aid Learning	9	(2)
Teachers' Standards for Student Assessment	11	(1)
Summary of Points	12	(1)
References and Additional Reading	13	(1)
2 Nature of Student Assessment	14	(17)
Major Types of Assessment Methods	15	(3)
Guidelines for Effective Student Assessment	18	(4)
Validity and Reliability in Assessment Planning	22	(4)
Norm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced Assessment	26	(3)
Summary of Points	29	(1)
References and Additional Reading	30	(1)
3 Content Standards and Student Achievement	31	(10)
Nature of Content Standards	32	(1)
Examples of State Content Standards	33	(5)
Content Standards, Teaching, and Assessment	38	(1)
Summary of Points	39	(1)
References and Additional Reading	40	(1)
4 Planning for Assessment	41	(13)
Using the Revised Taxonomy of Educational Objectives as a Guide	42	(3)
Role of Instructional Objectives	45	(4)
Preparing for Assessment	49	(1)
Types of Assessment Procedures	50	(2)
Summary of Points	52	(1)
References and Additional Reading	53	(1)
5 Preparing and Using Achievement Tests	54	(21)
Specifying the Instructional Objectives	55	(2)
Preparing the Test Specifications	57	(3)
Considerations in Constructing Relevant Test Items	60	(6)
General Guidelines for Item Writing	66	(2)
Arranging the Items in the Test	68	(1)
Preparing Directions	68	(2)
Administering and Scoring the Test	70	(1)
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Test Items	70	(3)
Summary of Points	73	(1)
References and Additional Reading	74	(1)
6 Writing Selection Items: Multiple Choice	75	(18)
Nature of Multiple-Choice Items	75	(2)
Rules for Writing Multiple-Choice Items	77	(14)
Summary of Points	91	(1)
References and Additional Reading	92	(1)
7 Writing Selection Items: True-False, Matching, and Interpretive Exercise	93	(17)
True-False Items	94	(6)
Matching Items	100	(3)
The Interpretive Exercise	103	(5)
Summary of Points	108	(1)
References and Additional Reading	109	(1)
8 Writing Supply Items: Short Answer and Essay	110	(16)
Short-Answer Items	111	(4)
Essay Questions	115	(9)
Summary of Points	124	(1)
References and Additional Reading	125	(1)
9 Performance Assessments	126	(30)
Components of Performance Skills	127	(1)
Stating Objectives for Performance Assessment	128	(1)
Restricted and Extended Performance Tasks	128	(2)
Steps in Preparing Performance Assessments	130	(1)
Specifying the Performance Outcomes	130	(2)
Selecting the Focus of the Assessment	132	(2)
Selecting an Appropriate Degree of Realism	134	(1)
Selecting the Performance Situation	135	(10)
Making Performance Assessment More Authentic	145	(1)
Selecting the Method of Observing, Recording, and Scoring	146	(6)
Improving Performance Assessments	152	(1)
Summary of Points	152	(3)
References and Additional Reading	155	(1)
10 Portfolio Assessment	156	(13)
Advantages of Using Classroom Portfolios	157	(1)
Planning for the Use of Portfolios	158	(4)
Evaluating the Portfolio	162	(5)
Summary of Points	167	(1)
References and Additional Reading	168	(1)
11 Grading and Reporting	169	(14)
Selecting the Basis for Grading	170	(5)
Combining Data for Grading	175	(3)
Electronic Grading	178	(1)
Guidelines for Effective and Fair Grading	178	(2)
Reporting to Students and Parents	180	(1)
Summary of Points	181	(1)
References and Additional Reading	182	(1)
12 Interpreting Standardized Achievement Test Scores	183	(18)
Features of Standardized Achievement Tests	184	(1)
Interpreting Norm-Referenced Scores	185	(1)
Percentile Ranks	186	(3)
Grade Equivalent Scores	189	(1)
Standard Scores	190	(6)
Criterion-Referenced Interpretation	196	(2)
Summary of Points	198	(1)
References and Additional Reading	199	(2)
13 Validity and Reliability	201	(22)
Validity	202	(10)
Reliability	212	(9)
Summary of Points	221	(1)
References and Additional Reading	222	(1)
Glossary	223	(2)
Appendix: Revised Edition of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives	225	(4)
Index	229