Cengage Advantage Books: Building a Speech

by Metcalfe, Sheldon

• ISBN13: 9780495006572
• ISBN10: 0495006572
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-05-09
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Preface. Unit One: SURVEYING THE LANDSCAPE. 1. Introducing the Study of Public Speaking. 2. Building Your First Speech. 3. Analyzing Your Audience. 4. Improving Your Listening Skills. 5. Understanding and Reducing Your Apprehension. 6. Considering the Ethics of Public Speaking. Unit Two: PREPARING THE FOUNDATION. 7. Selecting the Topic and Purpose. 8. Conducting Research. 9. Choosing Supporting Materials. Unit Three: CREATING THE STRUCTURE. 10. Organizing the Body of the Speech. 11. Selecting the Introduction and Conclusion. Unit Four: REFINING THE APPEARANCE. 12. Using Audiovisual Aids. 13. Considering Language. 14. Developing the Delivery. Unit Five: CONSIDERING DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURES. 15. Speaking to Inform. 16. Speaking to Persuade. 17. Speaking to Persuade: Motivating Audiences. 18. Speaking for Special Occasions. 19. Speaking in Groups.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Unit One Surveying the Landscape	1	(90)
Introducing the Study of Public Speaking	2	(16)
Communication in the Modern World	3	(3)
Classical Origins of Speaking	6	(1)
The Communication Process	7	(8)
A Communication Model	8	(1)
The Sender: Encoding Ideas into Symbols	8	(1)
The Message	9	(1)
The Channel	9	(1)
The Receiver: Decoding Symbols into Ideas	9	(1)
Feedback	9	(1)
Setting	10	(1)
Noise	11	(2)
The Communication Model Applied to Public Speaking	13	(1)
Applying the Communication Model to Everyday Life	14	(1)
Designing a Plan	15	(1)
Summary	16	(1)
Building a Speech Online	16	(2)
Building Your First Speech	18	(10)
Extemporaneous Delivery and Speaking Styles	20	(1)
Creating a Blueprint	21	(5)
Step 1: Choose an Interesting, Well-Defined Topic	21	(1)
Step 2: Understand the General Purpose	21	(1)
Step 3: Conduct Extensive Research	22	(1)
Step 4: Write Specific Purpose and Thesis Statements	22	(1)
Step 5: Write a Comprehensive Outline	23	(1)
Step 6: Be Sensitive to Audience Members	23	(1)
Step 7: Understand Your Ethical Responsibilities	23	(1)
Step 8: Choose Extemporaneous Delivery	24	(1)
Step 9: Practice the Speech	25	(1)
Step 10: Be Confident and Prepared	26	(1)
Summary	26	(1)
Building a Speech Online	27	(1)
Analyzing Your Audience	28	(20)
The Importance of Audience Analysis	29	(15)
Audience Perception of the Speaker	31	(1)
Audience Perception of the Topic	32	(1)
Motivations of the Audience	33	(2)
Physiological Needs	35	(1)
Safety Needs	35	(1)
Love Needs	35	(1)
Esteem Needs	35	(1)
Self-Actualization Needs	35	(1)
Impact of Social Groups on Listeners	36	(1)
Age	36	(1)
Gender	36	(1)
Religion	37	(1)
Cultural and Ethnic Origin	38	(1)
Educational Level, Occupation, and Interests	39	(1)
Income Level	40	(1)
Geographic Location	40	(1)
Social Organizations	41	(1)
Targeting Specific Groups	41	(1)
Impact of the Occasion on Listeners	42	(1)
The Purpose of the Occasion	42	(1)
The Physical Location of the Event	43	(1)
The Expectations of the Speaker	43	(1)
Conducting an Audience Analysis	44	(2)
Collecting Demographic Data about the Audience	44	(1)
Informal Assessments	44	(1)
Surveys	45	(1)
Questionnaires	46	(1)
Interviews	46	(1)
Processing the Data with a Computer	46	(1)
Evaluating the Audience Profile	46	(1)
Summary	46	(1)
Building a Speech Online	47	(1)
Improving Your Listening Skills	48	(16)
The Significance of Listening	50	(1)
The Process of Listening	51	(2)
Kinds of Listening	53	(2)
Discriminative Listening	53	(1)
Evaluative Listening	53	(1)
Appreciative Listening	54	(1)
Empathic Listening	54	(1)
Active and Passive Listening	54	(1)
Barriers of Listening	55	(3)
Yielding to Distractions	55	(1)
Blocking Out Communication	55	(1)
Listening Selectively	56	(1)
Overcriticizing the Speaker	57	(1)
Faking Attention	57	(1)
Avoiding Difficult Listening Situations	58	(1)
How to Become an Active Listener and Speaker	58	(4)
Withhold Judgment	58	(1)
Avoid the Appearance Trap	58	(1)
Don't Be Easily Swayed by Delivery and Style	59	(1)
Give All Topics a Fair Hearing	59	(1)
Avoid Extraneous Mental Activity During the Speech	59	(1)
Give Honest, Attentive Feedback	60	(1)
Eliminate Distractions	61	(1)
Evaluate the Communication When It Is Finished	61	(1)
Summary	62	(1)
Building a Speech Online	62	(2)
Understanding and Reducing Your Apprehension	64	(12)
Speech Anxiety Is Common	65	(1)
Research into Stress and Communication Apprehension	66	(2)
Reducing Communication Apprehension	68	(6)
Accept Anxiety Honestly and Face It	68	(2)
Develop a Positive Attitude	70	(1)
Adopt Constructive Behaviors	71	(1)
Maintain a Healthy Body	71	(1)
Be Thoroughly Prepared	72	(1)
Reward Yourself	72	(1)
Let Go of Mistakes	73	(1)
Accept Constructive Criticism	73	(1)
Taking Responsibility to Reduce Apprehension	74	(1)
Summary	74	(1)
Building a Speech Online	74	(2)
Considering the Ethics of Public Speaking	76	(15)
The Need for Ethics in Society	77	(1)
Evaluating a Speaker's Ethics	78	(5)
Honesty and the Speaker	78	(2)
The Speaker's Reliability	80	(1)
The Speaker's Motivations	81	(1)
The Speaker's Policies	82	(1)
Applying Ethical Standards	83	(3)
Be Honest	83	(1)
Advocate Ideas That Benefit Others	84	(1)
Evaluate Your Motives for Speaking	85	(1)
Develop a Speaking Code of Ethics	85	(1)
Sample Speech The Right Way: A Matter of Principle	86	(3)
Summary	89	(1)
Building a Speech Online	89	(2)
Unit Two Preparing the Foundation	91	(56)
Selecting the Topic and Purpose	92	(14)
Getting Ideas	93	(2)
Your Own Knowledge and Experience	93	(1)
Brainstorming	94	(1)
Proquest Direct, the Readers' Guide, Infotrac College Edition, Newspaper Indexes, the Internet	94	(1)
Ask for Help	95	(1)
Selecting the Topic	95	(3)
It Should Be Sufficiently Narrow and Conform to the Time Limit	95	(1)
It Should Interest You, the Speaker	96	(1)
It Should Provide New Information	96	(1)
It Should Be Appropriate	97	(1)
It Should Conform to the General Purpose	98	(1)
Speeches to Inform	98	(1)
Speeches to Persuade	98	(1)
Speeches to Entertain	98	(1)
Writing the Specific Purpose	98	(3)
Be Clear, Concise, and Unambiguous	99	(1)
Include Only One Major Idea	99	(1)
Phrase in a Declarative Statement	100	(1)
Wording the Thesis Statement	101	(2)
Problems with the Thesis Statement	102	(1)
Putting It Together	103	(1)
Summary	104	(1)
Building a Speech Online	104	(2)
Conducting Research	106	(22)
Preparing for Research	107	(1)
Establishing Credibility	108	(1)
Primary and Secondary Sources	108	(1)
Using General References	109	(1)
The Catalog	109	(1)
Periodical Indexes	109	(1)
Accessing the Library by Computer	110	(1)
Guidelines for Searching the Internet	110	(2)
Researching Substantive Sources	112	(5)
Biographies	113	(1)
Directories and Handbooks	113	(1)
Dictionaries	113	(1)
Encyclopedias	113	(1)
Almanacs, Yearbooks, and Statistical Publications	114	(1)
Collections of Quotations	114	(1)
Books	114	(1)
Magazines, Journals, and Newspapers	114	(1)
Legal Research	115	(1)
Audiovisual Aids	115	(1)
Interviews with Authorities	115	(1)
Legislative and Governmental Research	115	(2)
Institutional and Organizational Research	117	(1)
Specialized Libraries and Museums	117	(1)
Keeping Accurate Notes	117	(2)
Interviewing	119	(2)
Preparing for the Interview	119	(1)
Conducting the Interview	120	(1)
Taking Notes during the Interview	121	(1)
The Bibliography: How to Record an Entry	121	(1)
Avoiding Plagiarism	122	(1)
Thinking Critically about Speech Research and Construction	122	(4)
Be Willing to Test Information	123	(1)
Be Organized	124	(1)
View Ideas from Different Perspectives	124	(1)
Think for Yourself	125	(1)
Summary	126	(1)
Building a Speech Online	126	(2)
Choosing Supporting Materials	128	(19)
Making the Appropriate Selection	129	(1)
Statistics, Polls, and Surveys	130	(2)
Using Statistics	130	(2)
Examples, Illustrations, Case Studies, and Narratives	132	(3)
Using Examples	132	(3)
Quotations and Testimonies from Authorities	135	(1)
Using Quotations and Testimonies	135	(1)
Comparisons and Contrasts	136	(2)
Using Comparisons and Contrasts	136	(2)
Personal Experience and Observation	138	(1)
Using Experience and Observation	138	(1)
Humor and Anecdotes	139	(1)
Using Humor and Anecdotes	139	(1)
Role-Playing	140	(1)
Using Role-Playing Techniques	140	(1)
Sample Speech Out of Sight, Out of Mind	141	(4)
Summary	145	(1)
Building a Speech Online	145	(2)
Unit Three Creating the Structure	147	(46)
Organizing the Body of the Speech	148	(19)
Approaching Organization Logically	150	(1)
Principles of Outlining	150	(13)
Building Block One: The Body Should Contain between Two and Four Main Points or Numerals in a 5- to 7-Minute Speech	150	(1)
Building Block Two: Main Points in the Body Should Be Structured in an Organizational Sequence That Is Logical, Interesting, and Appropriate to the Topic	151	(1)
Chronological Sequence	151	(1)
Spatial Sequence	151	(1)
Cause-Effect Sequence	152	(1)
Topical Sequence	153	(1)
Other Sequences	154	(1)
Building Block Three: A System of Roman Numerals, Letters, and Arabic Numbers Should Be Combined with Indentation to Identify Main and Subordinate Levels	154	(1)
Building Block Four: The Outline Should Include Supporting Materials That Are Coordinated and Subordinated in a Logical Manner?	155	(3)
Building Block Five: Every Subdivision Must Contain at Least Two Items	158	(1)
Building Block Six: Each Point Should Include Only One Topic or Idea	159	(1)
Building Block Seven: Main Points (Numerals) and Supporting Items Should Be Linguistically Parallel	160	(1)
Building Block Eight: The Outline Should Be Expressed in Either Sentences or Topics	161	(1)
Building Block Nine: The Outline Should Identify Sources for Major Supporting Materials	162	(1)
Building Block Ten: The Outline Should Include External Transitions Between Main Numerals	162	(1)
Your Speaking Notes	163	(2)
Summary	165	(1)
Building a Speech Online	166	(1)
Selecting the Introduction and Conclusion	167	(26)
Planning the Introduction	168	(10)
Examples, Stories, and Illustrations	169	(1)
Shocking Statement or Situation	170	(1)
Statistics	171	(1)
Questions	172	(1)
Quotation	173	(1)
Suspense	174	(1)
Personal Reference, Compliment, or Reference to the Occasion	175	(1)
Humor	176	(1)
The Flexible Introduction	177	(1)
Combination of Strategics	177	(1)
Outlining the Introduction	178	(1)
Planning the Conclusion	179	(6)
Summary of Main Points	179	(1)
Quotation	180	(1)
Reference to the Introduction	181	(1)
Challenge or Appeal	181	(2)
Humor	183	(1)
Question	184	(1)
Story, Illustration, and Example	184	(1)
Statistics	185	(1)
Outlining the Conclusion	185	(1)
Speaking Notes for the Introduction and Conclusion	186	(1)
Sample Outline Raising the Monitor	187	(3)
Summary	190	(1)
Building a Speech Online	190	(3)
Unit Four Refining the Appearance	193	(62)
Using Audiovisual Aids	194	(22)
Types of Audiovisual Aids	195	(15)
Mechanical Media	195	(1)
The Computer Projector	195	(1)
Projection Equipment	196	(1)
Recording Equipment	197	(3)
Using Media	200	(1)
Graphs	200	(1)
Bar Graph	200	(1)
Line Graph	200	(1)
Pie Graph	201	(1)
Developing Graphs	202	(1)
Illustrations, Photographs, and Pictures	202	(1)
Using Pictures	203	(1)
Posters, Flipcharts, and Chalkboards	204	(1)
Using Posters, Flipcharts, and Chalkboards	204	(3)
Models and Objects	207	(1)
Scale Models	207	(1)
Parts of Objects	207	(1)
Actual Objects	208	(2)
You as a Visual Aid	210	(1)
Sample Speech: How Do Airplane Wings Produce Lift?	210	(4)
Summary	214	(1)
Building a Speech Online	215	(1)
Considering Language	216	(18)
Developing Clarity	217	(3)
Avoiding Euphemisms	219	(1)
Using Concrete Language	220	(2)
Denotation and Connotation	221	(1)
Building a Unique Style	222	(3)
Similes	222	(1)
Metaphors	222	(1)
Alliteration	223	(1)
Amplification	223	(1)
Antithesis	224	(1)
Repetition	224	(1)
Mnemonic Phrases	225	(1)
Being Appropriate	225	(5)
Be Aware of Cultural Differences	225	(2)
Recognize Differences Due to Gender	227	(1)
Avoid Offensive Terms	228	(1)
Eliminate Irrelevant Language	228	(1)
Avoid Trite Expressions	229	(1)
Eliminate Grammatical Errors	229	(1)
Build Vocabulary Skills	230	(1)
Making Ideas Meaningful and Interrelated	230	(2)
Personal Pronouns	230	(1)
Transitions	231	(1)
Summary	232	(1)
Building a Speech Online	232	(2)
Developing the Delivery	234	(21)
Delivering the Speech	235	(1)
Proper Breathing for Vocal Delivery	236	(1)
Vocal Delivery	237	(5)
Volume	237	(1)
Articulation	238	(1)
Pitch and Inflection	239	(1)
Quality	240	(1)
Rate	240	(1)
Pronunciation	241	(1)
Pauses	241	(1)
Emphasis and Phrasing	242	(1)
Visual, Nonverbal Delivery	242	(7)
Eye Contact	243	(1)
Appearance	243	(1)
Gestures	244	(1)
Facial Expression	244	(1)
Body Position and Movement	245	(1)
Culture and Nonverbal Delivery	246	(2)
Gender and Nonverbal Delivery	248	(1)
Combining Vocal and Visual Delivery	249	(1)
Building Skills in Delivery	250	(2)
Know Your Material	250	(1)
Be Well Organized	250	(1)
Mark Your Notes	250	(1)
Practice the Delivery	251	(1)
Summary	252	(1)
Building a Speech Online	253	(2)
Unit Five Considering Different Types of Structures	255	(114)
Speaking to Inform	256	(22)
The Difference Between Information and Persuasion	257	(1)
Types of Informative Speeches	258	(12)
The Descriptive Speech	258	(1)
An Example	259	(2)
Outlining the Descriptive Speech	261	(2)
The Demonstration Speech	263	(1)
An Example	264	(1)
Outlining the Demonstration Speech	264	(2)
The Speech of Definition	266	(2)
Other Informative Types: Reports, Lectures, and Personal Experience	268	(2)
Sample Speech: Raising the Monitor	270	(6)
Summary	276	(1)
Building a Speech Online	276	(2)
Speaking to Persuade	278	(32)
Persuasion in Today's Society	279	(1)
The Nature of Persuasion	280	(3)
Speeches to Convince	281	(1)
Speeches to Stimulate	281	(1)
Speeches to Actuate	281	(1)
Selecting the Persuasive Topic	281	(1)
Wording the Proposition Statement	281	(1)
Propositions of Fact, Value, and Policy	282	(1)
Ethos, Pathos, and Logos: The Means of Persuasion	283	(7)
Ethos: The Ethical Appeal	283	(2)
Pathos: The Emotional Appeal	285	(1)
Identify Emotions	286	(1)
Understand Audience Emotions	287	(1)
Express Your Own Feelings	288	(1)
Connect Emotions to the Occasion	289	(1)
Logos: The Appeal to Reason	290	(6)
Arguments Based on Enumeration	291	(1)
Arguments Based on Analogy	292	(1)
Arguments Based on Causation	292	(2)
Other Logical Fallacies	294	(1)
Developing Rebuttal Arguments	295	(1)
Methods of Organizing Persuasive Speeches	296	(5)
Reasons	296	(1)
Problem-Solution	297	(3)
Comparative Advantages	300	(1)
Motivated Sequence	301	(1)
Sample Speech: Computer-Enhanced Advertising Should Be Clearly Labeled	301	(7)
Summary	308	(1)
Building a Speech Online	308	(2)
Speaking to Persuade: Motivating Audiences	310	(16)
Strategies for Motivating Listeners	312	(3)
Appeal to the Needs of the Audience	312	(1)
Appeal to Listeners' Beliefs and Values	313	(1)
Provide Listeners with Incentives	314	(1)
Involve the Audience Emotionally	315	(1)
The Speech to Actuate	315	(2)
Attention Step	315	(1)
Need Step	316	(1)
Satisfaction Step	316	(1)
Visualization Step	316	(1)
Action Step	317	(1)
Phrasing the Thesis	317	(1)
Applying the Motivated Sequence	317	(5)
Attention Step	318	(1)
Need Step	318	(1)
Satisfaction Step	318	(1)
Visualization Step	319	(1)
Action Step	319	(1)
Outlining the Motivated Sequence	320	(2)
Sample Speech: Genocide in Sudan	322	(3)
Summary	325	(1)
Building a Speech Online	325	(1)
Speaking for Special Occasions	326	(17)
Types of Special-Occasion Speeches	328	(10)
The Speech of Tribute	328	(1)
Construct a Brief Biographical Sketch	328	(1)
Acknowledge Significant Achievements and Virtues	328	(1)
Convey Hope and Encouragement	328	(1)
The Presentation Speech	329	(1)
The Acceptance Speech	330	(1)
The Speech of Dedication	331	(1)
The Speech of Welcome	332	(1)
The Speech of Introduction	332	(1)
The Keynote Speech	333	(1)
The Nominating Speech	334	(1)
The Farewell Speech	335	(1)
The Commencement Speech	335	(1)
The After-Dinner Speech	335	(2)
Toasts	337	(1)
Sample Speech: Dedication of the World War II Memorial	338	(3)
Summary	341	(1)
Building a Speech Online	341	(2)
Speaking in Groups	343	(26)
Characteristics of Small Groups	345	(1)
Shared Goals	345	(1)
Group Interaction	346	(1)
Size	346	(1)
Time Period	346	(1)
Leadership	346	(1)
Development of Small Groups	346	(2)
Forming	347	(1)
Storming	347	(1)
Norming	347	(1)
Performing	347	(1)
Solving Problems in Groups	348	(4)
Questions for Discussion	348	(1)
Questions of Fact	348	(1)
Questions of Value	348	(1)
Questions of Policy	348	(1)
Developing a Problem-Solving Agenda	348	(1)
Define the Problem	349	(1)
Narrow the Problem	349	(1)
Analyze the Issue	349	(1)
Set Up Criteria	350	(1)
Suggest Solutions	350	(1)
Apply Criteria to Solutions	350	(1)
Implement the Selected Solution	350	(1)
Monitor the Success of the Solution	351	(1)
A Sample Agenda	351	(1)
Participating in Groups	352	(3)
Group-Centered Behavior	352	(1)
Be an Active Observer	352	(1)
Support Group Procedure	352	(1)
Be Reliable	352	(1)
Be Willing to Compromise	353	(1)
Be Courteous and Respectful	353	(1)
Encourage and Energize Members	353	(1)
Self-Centered Behavior	354	(1)
Leadership in Small Groups	355	(5)
Leadership Theories	355	(1)
Positive Leadership Behaviors	356	(1)
Be Prepared	356	(1)
Keep to Time Limits	357	(1)
Be Organized	357	(1)
Know When to Intervene	357	(3)
Special Discussion Formats	360	(2)
Focus Groups	360	(1)
The Symposium	361	(1)
The Panel	361	(1)
The Forum	362	(1)
Buzz Groups	362	(1)
Role-Playing Groups	362	(1)
Summary	362	(1)
Building a Speech Online	363	(6)
Notes	369	(4)
Glossary	373	(8)
Photo Credits	381	(2)
Index	383