CliffsAP^® Biology, 2nd Edition

by Phillip E. Pack

• ISBN13: 9780764586828
• ISBN10: 0764586823
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-02-01
• Publisher: Cliffs Notes

Summary

CliffsAP study guides help you gain an edge on Advanced Placement* exams. Review exercises, realistic practice exams, and effective test-taking strategies are the key to calmer nerves and higher AP* scores. CliffsAP Biology, 2nd Edition, is for students who are enrolled in AP Biology or who are preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination in Biology. Inside, you'll find hints for answering the essay and multiple-choice sections, a clear explanation of the exam format, a look at how exams are graded, and more: A topic-by-topic look at what's on the exam A review of all 12 AP laboratory exercises Must-know AP Biology essay questions. Typical answers to free-response questions Loads of illustrations, graphs, and tables Sample questions (and answers!) and practice tests reinforce what you've learned in areas such as molecular genetics, photosynthesis, and animal behavior. CliffsAP Biology, 2nd Edition, also includes the following: Chemistry of metabolic reactions Structure and function of cells; cell division Respiration, including the Krebs Cycle, glycolysis, and mitochondria Heredity, including crosses, dominance, and inheritance Taxonomy, with a survey of the five kingdoms Plants, including tissues, germination and development, root and stem structures Animal structure and function; reproduction and development This comprehensive guide offers a thorough review of key concepts and detailed answer explanations. It's all you need to do your best _ and get the college credits you deserve. *Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered trademarks of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse this product.

Author Biography

About the Author Phillip E. Pack has taught AP Biology and gifted programs for eleven years. He is currently an assistant professor of math and science at Woodbury University in Burbank, California.

Table of Contents

PART I: INTRODUCTION
Introduction	3	(10)
How You Should Use This Book	3	(1)
The AP Exam in Biology	4	(9)
Format	4	(1)
Grading	4	(1)
What's On The Exam	5	(1)
Hints for Taking the Multiple-Choice Section	6	(1)
Hints for Taking the Essay Section	7	(2)
Must-Know Essay Questions	9	(4)
PART II: SUBJECT AREA REVIEWS WITH SAMPLE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Chemistry	13	(22)
Review	13	(14)
Atoms, Molecules, Ions, and Bonds	13	(2)
Properties of Water	15	(1)
Organic Molecules	15	(2)
Carbohydrates	17	(1)
Lipids	18	(3)
Proteins	21	(1)
Nucleic Acids	22	(2)
Chemical Reactions in Metabolic Processes	24	(3)
Sample Questions and Answers	27	(8)
Multiple-Choice Questions	27	(1)
Questions 6-10	28	(2)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	30	(1)
Free-Response Questions	31	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	32	(1)
Question 1	32	(1)
Question 2	33	(1)
Question 3	34	(1)
Cells	35	(18)
Review	35	(9)
Structure and Function of the Cell	35	(6)
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes	41	(1)
Movement of Substances	41	(3)
Sample Questions and Answers	44	(9)
Multiple-Choice Questions	44	(1)
Questions 8-12	45	(3)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	48	(2)
Free-Response Questions	50	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	51	(1)
Question 1	51	(1)
Question 2	51	(1)
Question 3	52	(1)
Photosynthesis	53	(18)
Review	53	(9)
Noncyclic Photophosphorylation	55	(1)
Cyclic Photophosphorylation	56	(1)
Calvin-Benson Cycle	56	(1)
Chloroplasts	57	(1)
Chemiosmotic Theory	58	(1)
Photorespiration	59	(1)
C4 Photosynthesis	59	(2)
CAM Photosynthesis	61	(1)
Sample Questions and Answers	62	(9)
Multiple-Choice Questions	62	(1)
Questions 7-11	63	(1)
Questions 12-15	63	(1)
Questions 18-19	64	(1)
Questions 20-21	65	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	66	(2)
Free-Response Questions	68	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	69	(1)
Question 1	69	(1)
Question 2	70	(1)
Respiration	71	(14)
Review	71	(6)
Glycolysis	71	(2)
The Krebs Cycle	73	(1)
Oxidative Phosphorylation	73	(1)
How Many ATP?	73	(1)
Mitochondria	74	(1)
Chemiosmotic Theory	75	(1)
Anaerobic Respiration	75	(1)
Alcoholic Fermentation	76	(1)
Lactate Fermentation	76	(1)
Sample Questions and Answers	77	(8)
Multiple-Choice Questions	77	(1)
Questions 3-7	77	(1)
Questions 9-10	78	(2)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	80	(2)
Free-Response Questions	82	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	83	(1)
Question 1	83	(1)
Question 2	84	(1)
Question 3	84	(1)
Cell Division	85	(16)
Review	85	(8)
Mitosis	86	(2)
Meiosis	88	(2)
Mitosis versus Meiosis	90	(1)
Genetic Variation	91	(1)
Why Cells Divide	92	(1)
Sample Questions and Answers	93	(8)
Multiple-Choice Questions	93	(1)
Questions 4-7	93	(1)
Questions 8-9	94	(1)
Questions 12-16	94	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	95	(2)
Free-Response Questions	97	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	98	(1)
Question 1	98	(1)
Question 2	99	(2)
Heredity	101	(24)
Review	101	(13)
Monohybrid Crosses	104	(1)
Test Crosses	105	(1)
Dihybrid Crosses	106	(1)
Incomplete Dominance	107	(1)
Codominance	107	(1)
Multiple Alleles	108	(1)
Epistasis	108	(1)
Pleiotropy	109	(1)
Polygenic Inheritance	109	(1)
Linked Genes	109	(2)
Sex-Linked Inheritance	111	(1)
X-Inactivation	111	(1)
Nondisjunction	112	(1)
Human Genetic Defects	112	(2)
Sample Questions and Answers	114	(11)
Multiple-Choice Questions	114	(1)
Questions 7-9	115	(1)
Questions 10-11	115	(1)
Questions 17-19	116	(2)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	118	(4)
Free-Response Questions	122	(1)
A Typical Answer to the Free-Response Question	123	(1)
Question 1	123	(2)
Molecular Genetics	125	(24)
Review	125	(14)
DNA Replication	125	(3)
Mutations	128	(1)
Protein Synthesis	128	(3)
Transcription	131	(1)
RNA Processing	132	(1)
Translation	132	(2)
DNA Organization	134	(1)
The Molecular Genetics of Viruses	135	(1)
The Molecular Genetics of Bacteria	136	(1)
Regulation of Gene Expression	137	(1)
Recombinant DNA	138	(1)
Sample Questions and Answers	139	(10)
Multiple-Choice Questions	139	(2)
Questions 9-15	141	(2)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	143	(2)
Free-Response Questions	145	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	146	(1)
Question 1	146	(1)
Question 2	147	(1)
Question 3	147	(2)
Evolution	149	(26)
Review	149	(16)
Evidence for Evolution	150	(1)
Natural Selection	151	(3)
Sources of Variation	154	(2)
Causes of Changes in Allele Frequencies	156	(1)
Genetic Equilibrium	157	(1)
Speciation	158	(1)
Maintaining Reproductive Isolation	159	(1)
Patterns of Evolution	160	(2)
Macroevolution	162	(1)
The Origin of Life	162	(3)
Sample Questions and Answers	165	(10)
Multiple-Choice Questions	165	(2)
Questions 10-14	167	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	168	(2)
Free-Response Questions	170	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	171	(1)
Question 1	171	(1)
Question 2	172	(1)
Question 3	172	(1)
Question 4	173	(1)
Question 5	173	(2)
A Five-Kingdom Survey	175	(24)
Review	175	(15)
Kingdom Monera	175	(2)
Kingdom Protista	177	(2)
Kingdom Fungi	179	(2)
Kingdom Plantae	181	(5)
Kingdom Animalia	186	(4)
Sample Questions and Answers	190	(9)
Multiple-Choice Questions	190	(1)
Questions 3-7	190	(3)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	193	(2)
Free-Respose Questions	195	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	196	(1)
Question 1	196	(1)
Question 2	196	(1)
Question 3	197	(1)
Question 4	197	(2)
Plants	199	(22)
Review	199	(15)
Plant Tissues	199	(1)
The Seed	200	(1)
Germination and Development	201	(1)
Primary Growth Versus Secondary Growth	202	(1)
Primary Structure of Roots	202	(2)
Primary Structure of Stems	204	(1)
Secondary Structure of Stems and Roots	205	(1)
Structure of the Leaf	206	(1)
Transport of Water	207	(1)
Control of Stomata	208	(1)
Transport of Sugars	209	(1)
Plant Hormones	210	(1)
Plant Responses to Stimuli	211	(1)
Photoperiodism	212	(2)
Sample Questions and Answers	214	(7)
Multiple-Choice Questions	214	(3)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	217	(2)
Free-Response Questions	219	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	220	(1)
Question 1	220	(1)
Question 2	220	(1)
Animal Structure and Function	221	(36)
Review	221	(25)
Thermoregulation	222	(1)
The Respiratory System	222	(2)
The Circulatory System	224	(3)
The Excretory System	227	(4)
The Digestive System	231	(2)
The Nervous System	233	(4)
The Muscular System	237	(2)
The Immune System	239	(4)
The Endocrine System	243	(3)
Sample Questions and Answers	246	(11)
Multiple-Choice Questions	246	(4)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	250	(2)
Free-Response Questions	252	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	253	(1)
Question 1	253	(1)
Question 2	254	(1)
Questions 3-6	254	(1)
Question 7	255	(2)
Animal Reproduction and Development	257	(16)
Review	257	(10)
Characteristics That Distinguish the Sexes	257	(1)
Human Reproductive Anatomy	257	(2)
Gametogenesis in Humans	259	(1)
Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction	259	(2)
Embryonic Development	261	(4)
Factors That Influence Development	265	(2)
Sample Questions and Answers	267	(6)
Multiple-Choice Questions	267	(1)
Questions 3-7	267	(1)
Questions 9-12	268	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	269	(1)
Free-Response Questions	270	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	271	(1)
Question 1	271	(1)
Question 2	271	(1)
Question 3	272	(1)
Question 4	272	(1)
Animal Behavior	273	(12)
Review	273	(7)
Genetic Basis of Behavior	273	(1)
Kinds of Animal Behavior	273	(2)
Animal Movement	275	(1)
Communication in Animals	276	(1)
Foraging Behaviors	277	(1)
Social Behavior	278	(2)
Sample Questions and Answers	280	(5)
Multiple-Choice Questions	280	(1)
Questions 2-3	280	(1)
Questions 4-7	281	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	282	(1)
Free-Response Questions	283	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	284	(1)
Question 1	284	(1)
Question 2	284	(1)
Ecology	285	(28)
Review	285	(16)
Population Ecology	285	(6)
Human Population Growth	291	(1)
Community Ecology	291	(2)
Coevolution	293	(1)
Ecological Succession	294	(2)
Ecosystems	296	(1)
Biogeochemical Cycles	297	(2)
Biomes	299	(1)
Human Impact on the Biosphere	299	(2)
Sample Questions and Answers	301	(12)
Multiple-Choice Questions	301	(1)
Questions 2-4	301	(1)
Questions 6-7	302	(1)
Questions 8-13	303	(2)
Question 19	305	(3)
Question 20	308
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	306	(2)
Free-Response Questions	308	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	309	(1)
Question 1	309	(1)
Question 2	309	(1)
Question 3	310	(1)
Question 4	310	(3)
PART III: LABORATORY REVIEW
Laboratory Review	313	(40)
Review	313	(21)
Graphing Data	313	(1)
Designing an Experiment	314	(1)
Diffusion and Osmosis	315	(2)
Enzyme Catalysis	317	(1)
Mitosis and Meiosis	318	(1)
Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis	319	(2)
Cell Respiration	321	(2)
Molecular Biology	323	(2)
Genetics of Drosophila	325	(2)
Population Genetics and Evolution	327	(1)
Transpiration	328	(2)
Physiology of the Circulatory System	330	(1)
Animal Behavior	331	(1)
Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity	332	(2)
Sample Questions and Answers	334	(17)
Multiple-Choice Questions	334	(1)
Questions 2-3	335	(1)
Questions 4-6	336	(1)
Question 7	337	(1)
Question 9	338	(1)
Questions 10-11	338	(1)
Question 13	339	(1)
Question 14	340	(1)
Question 17	341	(1)
Questions 19-20	342	(1)
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	343	(3)
Free-Response Questions	346	(1)
Some Typical Answers to Free-Response Questions	347	(1)
Question 1	347	(1)
Question 2	348	(3)
PART IV: AP BIOLOGY PRACTICE TEST
Answer Sheet for the Practice Test	351	(2)
AP Biology Practice Test	353	(1)
(Multiple-Choice Questions)	353	(4)
Questions 23-24	357	(1)
Question 30	358	(9)
Questions 75-76	367	(1)
Questions 77-79	367	(1)
Questions 80-83	367	(1)
Question 84	368	(1)
Questions 85-87	369	(1)
Questions 88-89	369	(1)
Questions 90-91	370	(1)
Questions 92-93	370	(1)
Questions 94-96	371	(1)
Questions 97-99	372	(1)
Question 100	373	(1)
Questions 101-103	374	(1)
Questions 104-106	375	(1)
Questions 107-108	376	(1)
Questions 109-110	377	(1)
Questions 111-112	378	(1)
Question 113	379	(1)
Questions 114-117	380	(2)
Questions 118-120	382	(1)
(Free-Response Questions)	383	(3)
Answer Key for the Practice Test	386	(1)
(Multiple-Choice Questions)	386	(2)
(Free-Response Questions)	388	(1)
Scoring Your Practice Test	389	(1)
(Multiple-Choice Questions)	389	(1)
(Free-Response Questions)	389	(1)
Combined Score (Sections I + II)	389	(1)
Answers and Explanations for The Practice Test	390	(1)
(Multiple-Choice Questions)	390	(10)
(Free-Response Questions)	400	(1)
Scoring Standards for the Essay Questions	400	(1)
Question 1 (10 points maximum)	400	(1)
Question 2 (10 points maximum)	401	(1)
Question 3 (10 points maximum)	402	(1)
Question 4 (10 points maximum)	403