Comparative Criminal Justice Systems

by Dammer, Harry R.; Fairchild, Erika

• ISBN13: 9780534615420
• ISBN10: 0534615422
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-07-19
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

The revision of this best-selling book presents a comprehensive analysis of how various criminal justice systems throughout the world compare. Harry Dammer has extensively revised the text to reflect the latest trends and most up-to-date information on international juvenile justice, policing and terrorism. By using a topical approach (examining various aspects of each system, such as policing, drugs, sentencing, and juvenile justice) rather than a country- by-country approach, the book gives students a more realistic understanding of the similarities and differences of each system. The authors use six "model" countries (China, England, Germany, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and France) to provide specific examples and explore historical, political, economic, social, and cultural influences on each system.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
PART I SETTING THE STAGE	1	(100)
Introduction	3	(14)
Defining Terms	5	(1)
The Origins and Growth of Comparative Criminal Justice	6	(2)
Why Compare Systems of and Issues in Criminal Justice?	8	(4)
To Benefit from Others' Experience	8	(1)
To Broaden Our Understanding of the World	9	(1)
To Deal with Transnational Crime Problems	10	(1)
The Extent of Transnational Crime	11	(1)
The Historical-Political Approach	12	(1)
Model Systems	13	(1)
Basic Values in the Criminal Justice System	13	(1)
Political Culture Versus Politicized Justice	14	(1)
The Plan of This Book	15	(1)
Summary	16	(1)
Discussion Questions	16	(1)
For Further Reading	16	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	16	(1)
Measuring and Comparing Crime in and Across Nations	17	(29)
Why Measure Crime and Compare Crime Data?	18	(1)
The Historical Background of International Crime Data	19	(1)
The Different Kinds of Crime Data	20	(10)
The Uniform Crime Reports	20	(1)
The National Crime Victimization Surveys	21	(1)
Self-Report Surveys	21	(1)
International Police Data	22	(1)
United Nations Surveys	23	(1)
Interpol and Interpol Crime Data	24	(2)
International Victimization Surveys	26	(1)
Alternative Sources of International Crime Data	27	(3)
Limitations of International Crime Data	30	(3)
Underreporting	30	(1)
Nonstandard Definitions	30	(1)
Differences in Collection and Recording Practices	31	(2)
How to Compare International Crime Data	33	(2)
Ways to Improve the Comparability of Crime Data	33	(1)
Cautions in Comparing Crime Data	34	(1)
International Crime Rates	35	(5)
Overall Crime Rates	35	(1)
Homicide Rates	35	(4)
Crime Rates in Model Countries	39	(1)
The Exceptions: Countries with Low Crime	40	(3)
Japan	40	(3)
Saudi Arabia	43	(1)
How Does the United States Measure Up?	43	(2)
Summary	45	(1)
Discussion Questions	45	(1)
For Further Reading	45	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	45	(1)
Families of Law	46	(24)
Ancient and Lesser-Employed Legal Traditions	48	(2)
Ancient/Historical Legal Traditions	48	(1)
Indigenous Law	49	(1)
Clarifying Terms	50	(1)
The Civil Law	51	(4)
Roman Law	52	(1)
Canon and Commercial Law	52	(1)
The Napoleonic Code	53	(1)
The German Civil Code	54	(1)
The Importance of the French and German Civil Codes	54	(1)
The Common Law	55	(4)
The King's Court	55	(1)
Equity Courts	56	(1)
The Modern History of the Common Law	56	(1)
The Development of Criminal Procedure	57	(1)
The Definition of Crimes	57	(1)
The Current Status of the Common Law	57	(2)
The Socialist Law	59	(5)
The Historical Background of Socialist Law	59	(1)
Socialism and the People's Republic of China	60	(1)
Socialist Versus Civil Law	61	(1)
The Public Law/Private Law Distinction	61	(1)
Economic Crimes	61	(1)
The Educational Function of the Law	62	(1)
The Role of the Procurator	62	(1)
Political Versus Nonpolitical Justice	63	(1)
The Independence of the Judiciary	63	(1)
The Sacred Law	64	(4)
Sources of Islamic Law	65	(1)
The Prevalence of Shari'a	66	(1)
Crime and Punishment Under Shari'a	66	(1)
Equality and Islamic Justice	67	(1)
Summary	68	(1)
Discussion Questions	69	(1)
For Further Reading	69	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	69	(1)
Six Model Nations	70	(31)
England	72	(5)
Overview	72	(1)
Historical Developments	72	(3)
Crime	75	(1)
Criminal Law	76	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	76	(1)
Comparisons with the United States	77	(1)
France	77	(4)
Overview	77	(1)
Historical Developments	78	(1)
Crime	79	(1)
Criminal Law	79	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	80	(1)
Comparisons with the United States	80	(1)
Germany	81	(3)
Overview	81	(1)
Historical Developments	81	(1)
Crime	82	(1)
Criminal Law	83	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	84	(1)
Comparisons with the United States	84	(1)
China	84	(5)
Overview	84	(1)
Historical Developments	85	(1)
Crime	86	(2)
Criminal Law	88	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	88	(1)
Comparisons with the United States	89	(1)
Japan	89	(5)
Overview	89	(1)
Historical Developments	90	(1)
Crime	91	(1)
Criminal Law	92	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	93	(1)
Comparisons with the United States	94	(1)
Saudi Arabia	94	(4)
Overview	94	(1)
Historical Developments	95	(1)
Crime	96	(1)
Criminal Law	96	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	97	(1)
Comparisons with the United States	98	(1)
Summary	98	(1)
Discussion Questions	99	(1)
For Further Reading	99	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	99	(2)
PART II CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESSES	101	(188)
Law Enforcement Functions, Organization, and Community Involvement	103	(32)
Functions of Police	105	(1)
Deviance Control	105	(1)
Civil Order Control	105	(1)
The Functional Organization of Police Forces	106	(1)
Policing in the Model Countries	106	(22)
England	107	(1)
Organization and Training	108	(1)
Civil Order Control	109	(1)
France	110	(1)
Organization and Training	110	(2)
Civil Order Control	112	(1)
Germany	113	(1)
Organization and Training	113	(1)
Civil Order Control	114	(1)
Problems Following Reunification	114	(1)
China	115	(1)
Organization and Training	116	(1)
Civil Order Control	117	(1)
Japan	117	(1)
Organization and Training	117	(2)
The Koban and the Chuzaisho	119	(1)
A Unique Police Culture	120	(1)
Civil Order Control	120	(1)
Saudi Arabia	121	(1)
Organization and Training	121	(1)
Civil Order Control	122	(1)
Comparing Policing Structures	122	(1)
Policing Styles	123	(1)
Community Policing	123	(1)
Zero-Tolerance Policing	124	(1)
Proactive Policing	125	(1)
Community Policing in the Model Countries	126	(1)
England	126	(1)
France	126	(1)
Germany	127	(1)
China	127	(1)
Japan	128	(1)
Saudi Arabia	128	(1)
International Police Cooperation	128	(4)
The Changing Role of Police	132	(1)
Summary	133	(1)
Discussion Questions	134	(1)
For Further Reading	134	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	134	(1)
Criminal Procedure	135	(36)
The Adversarial System	136	(2)
Common Law Criminal Procedure	138	(4)
The Right to Counsel	139	(1)
The Right to Remain Silent	139	(1)
The Right to Trial by Jury	140	(1)
The Right to Bail	141	(1)
The Differences in Criminal Procedure Rules in Common Law Countries	142	(1)
The Inquisitorial System	142	(1)
Civil Law Criminal Procedure	143	(6)
The Investigation	144	(1)
The Right to Counsel	145	(1)
The Right to Remain Silent	145	(1)
The Trial	146	(1)
Similarities and Differences Between the French, German, and American Systems	147	(1)
The Mixed Court	148	(1)
Socialist Criminal Procedure	149	(6)
Pretrial Investigation, Arrest, and Detention	150	(1)
The Right to Counsel	151	(1)
The Trial Process and Judicial Fairness	151	(3)
Distinctive Aspects of Socialist Law Procedure	154	(1)
Japan: The Hybrid Situation	155	(2)
Sacred (Islamic) Criminal Procedure	157	(2)
The Convergence of Systems	159	(1)
Constitutional Review	160	(2)
Arrangements for Constitutional Review	160	(1)
No Review	161	(1)
Nonjudicial Review	161	(1)
Judicial Review with Legislative Approval	161	(1)
Constitutional Review in the Model Countries	162	(6)
England: Indirect Judicial Review	162	(1)
France: The Conseil Constitutionnel	163	(1)
Germany: The Lundesverfassungsgericht	163	(2)
Japan	165	(1)
The Structure and Functioning of the Japanese Supreme Court	165	(1)
China	166	(1)
Human Rights in Chinese Context	166	(1)
Nonjudicial Review, Chinese Style	167	(1)
Saudi Arabia	168	(1)
Beyond Constitutional Review: Supranational Courts of Human Rights	168	(1)
Summary	169	(1)
Discussion Questions	170	(1)
For Further Reading	170	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	170	(1)
Legal Actors	171	(26)
The Legal Profession	172	(4)
Adjudicators	173	(1)
Advocates	174	(1)
Advisors	175	(1)
Legal Scholars	175	(1)
Key Issues in the Legal Profession	176	(1)
Creeping Specialization	176	(1)
Stratification Within the Profession	176	(1)
Legal Aid	177	(1)
Bureaucratic and Political Organization of Legal Actors	177	(3)
Bureaurocratically Oriented Organization	178	(1)
Politically Oriented Organization	179	(1)
The Legal Profession in the Model Systems of Justice	180	(14)
England	180	(4)
France and Germany	184	(3)
China	187	(3)
Japan	190	(2)
Saudi Arabia	192	(2)
Summary	194	(1)
Discussion Questions	195	(1)
For Further Reading	196	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	196	(1)
Courts	197	(33)
The Concept of a Court	198	(1)
The Development of Courts in Western Nations	199	(2)
Indigenous Courts	200	(1)
The Study of Courts	201	(1)
Courts in England	201	(4)
Magistrates' Courts	201	(1)
Crown Courts	202	(2)
Appeals Courts	204	(1)
Courts in France	205	(3)
Trial Courts	205	(2)
Appeals Courts	207	(1)
Administrative Courts	208	(1)
Courts in Germany	208	(3)
Criminal Court Organization	209	(2)
Courts in China	211	(3)
Courts in Japan	214	(4)
Court Organization	215	(2)
Citizen Participation in the Judicial Process	217	(1)
The Nonlitigious Japanese: Myth or Reality?	218	(1)
Courts in Saudi Arabia	218	(2)
Court Organization	219	(1)
Supranational Courts	220	(7)
The Background of Supranational Courts	220	(1)
Supranational Courts Today	221	(1)
The Development of the ECHR	221	(1)
The Dilemma of the ECHR	222	(1)
International Court of Justice	223	(1)
Dealing with International Criminals with the ICTY, ICTR, and ICC	223	(1)
International Criminal Court	224	(2)
The Legal Jurisdiction of Supranational Courts	226	(1)
Future Developments in Supranational Courts	227	(1)
Summary	227	(1)
Discussion Questions	228	(1)
For Further Reading	228	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	228	(2)
After Conviction: The Sentencing Process	230	(29)
The Purposes of Criminal Sanctions	231	(3)
Sentencing Practices	234	(1)
Corporal Punishment	235	(2)
Noncustodial Sanctions	237	(10)
Monetary Sanctions	240	(1)
Fines	240	(1)
Day Fines	240	(2)
Confiscation and Forfeiture	242	(1)
Restitution and Community Service	242	(2)
Community Supervision	244	(1)
Probation	244	(1)
House Arrest	244	(1)
Electronic Monitoring	245	(1)
Exile	246	(1)
Warnings	246	(1)
Other Punishments	247	(1)
Imprisonment	247	(4)
International Prison Data	247	(2)
Limits of International Prison Data	249	(1)
Commitment to Mental Hospitals	250	(1)
The Death Penalty	251	(4)
Public Opinion and Sentencing	255	(1)
Summary	256	(1)
Discussion Questions	257	(1)
For Further Reading	257	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	258	(1)
After Conviction: The Problem of Prison	259	(30)
The Evolution of Prison Systems	260	(2)
Penal Policy in the Model Nations	262	(16)
England and Wales	262	(4)
France	266	(2)
Germany	268	(2)
China	270	(3)
Japan	273	(4)
Saudi Arabia	277	(1)
Prison Crowding	278	(6)
Reasons for Crowded Prisons	278	(2)
Prison Crowding Data	280	(1)
Effects of Prison Crowding	281	(1)
Solutions to Prison Crowding	282	(2)
Rights of Prisoners	284	(3)
Treatment of Offenders in the Custody of the United States	286	(1)
Summary	287	(1)
Discussion Questions	288	(1)
For Further Reading	288	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	288	(1)
PART III MODERN DILEMMAS IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE	289	(78)
Terrorism	291	(29)
The Historical Background of Terrorism	292	(1)
Defining Terrorism	293	(1)
The Goals of Terrorism	294	(2)
The Prevalence of Terrorism	296	(1)
Terrorist Groups	297	(5)
Northern Ireland	298	(1)
Palestine	299	(3)
Al-Qaida	302	(1)
Terrorism in the Model Nations	302	(7)
England	303	(1)
France	304	(2)
Germany	306	(1)
China	307	(1)
Japan	308	(1)
Saudi Arabia	308	(1)
Responses to International Terrorism	309	(8)
Foreign Policy	310	(1)
International Cooperation Strategies	310	(2)
Military and Police Detection and Apprehension Strategies	312	(4)
Adjudication	316	(1)
The Future of Terrorism	317	(1)
Summary	318	(1)
Discussion Questions	318	(1)
For Further Reading	319	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	319	(1)
Transnational Organized Crime	320	(14)
What Is Organized Crime?	321	(3)
The Scope of the Organized Crime Problem Worldwide	324	(1)
Organized Crime in Selected World Regions	325	(3)
Europe	325	(1)
Central Asia	326	(1)
Other World Regions	327	(1)
Corruption	328	(1)
Responses to Organized Crime	329	(3)
Summary	332	(1)
Discussion Questions	332	(1)
For Further Reading	333	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	333	(1)
Juvenile Justice in International Perspective	334	(18)
What Is Delinquency?	335	(2)
Measuring Delinquency	337	(1)
Adjudicating Juveniles	338	(2)
The United Nations and Juvenile Justice	340	(2)
Correcting Juveniles: Punishment Versus Rehabilitation	342	(2)
Delinquency Prevention Approaches	344	(2)
Juvenile Justice in Six Model Countries	346	(3)
England	346	(1)
France	347	(1)
Germany	347	(1)
China	348	(1)
Japan	348	(1)
Saudi Arabia	349	(1)
The Future of Juvenile Justice	349	(1)
Summary	350	(1)
Discussion Questions	350	(1)
For Further Reading	350	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	351	(1)
Contemporary Influences and Future Developments in Transnational Crime and Justice	352	(15)
Convergence	353	(2)
Cultural Persistence	355	(2)
Political and Policy-Making Processes	357	(1)
Looking to the Future	358	(6)
Changes in the Model Nations	358	(1)
Predictions about Transnational Crime Issues	358	(1)
Computer Crime	359	(2)
Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling	361	(1)
Human Trafficking	361	(1)
Migrant Smuggling	362	(2)
Terrorism	364	(1)
Summary	364	(1)
Discussion Questions	364	(1)
For Further Reading	365	(1)
Web Pages for Chapter	365	(2)
Glossary	367	(14)
Works Cited	381	(22)
Index	403