Criminalistics : An Introduction to Forensic Science

by Saferstein, Richard

• ISBN13: 9780130138279
• ISBN10: 0130138274
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780131118522, 9780135929407
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: PRENTICE HALL
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

For Introduction to Forensic Science courses offered by Forensic Science or Criminal Justice programs.Written by a renowned authority on forensic science, this text introduces the non-scientific student to the field of forensic science through an exploration of its applications to criminal investigations, and clear explanations of the techniques, abilities and limitations of the modern crime laboratory.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
About the Author	xv
Introduction	1	(32)
Definition and Scope of Forensic Science	1	(1)
History and Development of Forensic Science	2	(4)
The Organization of a Crime Laboratory	6	(3)
Services of the Crime Laboratory	9	(3)
The Functions of the Forensic Scientist	12	(5)
Other Forensic Science Services	17	(16)
Review Questions	22	(2)
Further References	24	(1)
Case Reading	25	(8)
The Crime Scene	33	(28)
Processing the Crime Scene	33	(15)
Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene	48	(13)
Review Questions	51	(1)
Further References	52	(1)
Case Reading	52	(9)
Physical Evidence	61	(26)
Common Types of Physical Evidence	61	(1)
The Significance of Physical Evidence	62	(25)
Review Questions	73	(1)
Further References	74	(1)
Case Reading	74	(13)
Physical Properties: Glass and Soil	87	(29)
The Metric System	87	(2)
Physical Properties	89	(8)
Comparing Glass Fragments	97	(6)
Glass Fractures	103	(4)
Collection and Preservation of Glass Evidence	107	(1)
Forensic Characteristics of Soil	108	(3)
Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence	111	(5)
Review Questions	113	(2)
Further References	115	(1)
Organic Analysis	116	(30)
Elements and Compounds	116	(4)
Selecting an Analytical Technique	120	(1)
Chromatography	121	(11)
Spectrophotometry	132	(8)
Mass Spectrometry (MS)	140	(6)
Review Questions	143	(2)
Further References	145	(1)
Inorganic Analysis	146	(18)
Evidence in the Assassination of President Kennedy	148	(2)
The Emission Spectrum of Elements	150	(3)
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry	153	(2)
The Origin of Emission and Absorption Spectra	155	(2)
Neutron Activation Analysis	157	(3)
X-Ray Diffraction	160	(4)
Review Questions	162	(1)
Further References	163	(1)
The Microscope	164	(25)
The Compound Microscope	165	(3)
The Comparison Microscope	168	(1)
The Stereoscopic Microscope	169	(1)
The Polarizing Microscope	170	(3)
The Microspectrophotometer	173	(1)
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)	174	(15)
Review Questions	179	(1)
Further References	180	(1)
Case Reading	181	(8)
Hairs, Fibers, and Paint	189	(39)
Morphology of Hair	189	(5)
Identification and Comparison of Hair	194	(4)
Collection of Hair Evidence	198	(1)
Types of Fibers	199	(6)
Identification and Comparison of Man-Made Fibers	205	(8)
Collection of Fiber Evidence	213	(1)
Forensic Examination of Paint	213
Collection and Preservation of Paint Evidence	222	(206)
Review Questions	224	(2)
Further References	226	(2)
Drugs	228	(30)
Drug Dependence	228	(4)
Narcotic Drugs	232	(2)
Hallucinogens	234	(5)
Depressants	239	(2)
Stimulants	241	(3)
Anabolic Steroids	244	(1)
Drug-Control Laws	245	(3)
Drug Identification	248	(6)
Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence	254	(4)
Review Questions	255	(2)
Further References	257	(1)
Forensic Toxicology	258	(32)
Toxicology of Alcohol	259	(18)
The Role of the Toxicologist	277	(1)
Techniques Used in Toxicology	278	(4)
The Significance of Toxicological Findings	282	(1)
The Drug Recognition Expert	283	(7)
Review Questions	287	(2)
Further References	289	(1)
Forensic Aspects of Arson and Explosion Investigations	290	(30)
The Chemistry of Fire	290	(7)
Searching the Fire Scene	297	(2)
Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence	299	(2)
Analysis of Flammable Residues	301	(3)
Types of Explosives	304	(5)
Collection and Analysis of Explosives	309	(11)
Review Question	317	(1)
Further References	318	(2)
Forensic Serology	320	(33)
The Nature of Blood	321	(6)
Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains	327	(8)
Stain Patterns of Blood	335	(3)
Principles of Heredity	338	(4)
Forensic Characterization of Semen	342	(3)
Collection of Rape Evidence	345	(8)
Review Questions	350	(2)
Further References	352	(1)
DNA: A New Forensic Science Tool	353	(42)
What Is DNA?	353	(3)
DNA at Work	356	(2)
Replication of DNA	358	(1)
Recombinant DNA: Cutting and Splicing DNA	359	(2)
DNA Typing	361	(14)
Mitochondria DNA	375	(6)
The Combined DNA Index System	381	(1)
The Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis	382	(13)
Review Questions	389	(2)
Further References	391	(1)
Case Readings	391	(4)
Fingerprints	395	(26)
History of Fingerprinting	395	(2)
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints	397	(5)
Classification of Fingerprints	402	(2)
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems	404	(1)
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints	405	(8)
Preservation of Developed Prints	413	(1)
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement	414	(7)
Review Questions	418	(2)
Further References	420	(1)
Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions	421	(32)
Bullet Comparisons	421	(7)
Cartridge Cases	428	(1)
Automated Firearm Search Systems	429	(2)
Gunpowder Residues	431	(4)
Primer Residues on the Hands	435	(3)
Serial Number Restoration	438	(1)
Collection and Preservation of Firearm Evidence	438	(3)
Tool Marks	441	(2)
Other Impressions	443	(10)
Review Questions	450	(1)
Further References	451	(2)
Document and Voice Examination	453	(24)
Handwriting Comparisons	453	(2)
Collection of Handwriting Exemplars	455	(3)
Typewriting Comparisons	458	(1)
Photocopier, Printer, and Fax Examination	459	(2)
Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations	461	(5)
Other Document Problems	466	(2)
Voice Examination	468	(9)
Review Questions	475	(1)
Further References	476	(1)
Forensic Science on the Internet	477	(15)
What Is the Internet?	477	(1)
Where to Go on the Internet	478	(6)
Exploring Forensic Science on the WWW	484	(4)
Web Sites You May Wish to Explore	488	(4)
Review Questions	491	(1)
Further References	491	(1)
The Future	492	(7)
Further References	497	(2)
Case Readings	499	(65)
Appendices
I Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence---FBI	531	(15)
II Instructions for Collecting Gunshot Residue (GSR)	546	(2)
III FBI Policy for Submitting DNA Evidence	548	(3)
IV Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Parameters for Figures Contained Within the Text	551	(2)
V Chemical Formulas for Latent Fingerprint Development	553	(6)
VI Chemical Formulas for Development of Footwear Impressions in Blood	559	(5)
Answers	564	(3)
Index	567