Criminalistics : An Introduction to Forensic Science

by Saferstein, Richard

• ISBN13: 9780135929407
• ISBN10: 0135929407
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-07-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Revised and up-to-date, the renowned authority on forensic science introduces the non-scientific student to the field of forensic science through an exploration of its applications to criminal investigations while explaining the techniques, abilities and limitations of the modern crime laboratory.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	1	(35)
Definition and Scope of Forensic Science	1	(2)
History and Development of Forensic Science	3	(5)
The Organization of a Crime Laboratory	8	(2)
Services of the Crime Laboratory	10	(4)
The Functions of the Forensic Scientist	14	(6)
Other Forensic Science Services	20	(4)
Review Questions	24	(2)
Further References	26	(1)
Case Reading	26	(10)
CHAPTER 2 THE CRIME SCENE	36	(30)
Processing the Crime Scene	36	(17)
Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene	53	(2)
Review Questions	55	(1)
Further References	56	(1)
Case Reading	57	(9)
CHAPTER 3 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE	66	(31)
Common Types of Physical Evidence	66	(2)
The Significance of Physical Evidence	68	(12)
Review Questions	80	(1)
Further References	81	(1)
Case Reading	81	(16)
CHAPTER 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: GLASS AND SOIL	97	(32)
The Metric System	98	(2)
Physical Properties	100	(9)
Comparing Glass Fragments	109	(6)
Glass Fractures	115	(4)
Collection and Preservations of Glass Evidence	119	(2)
Forensic Characteristics of Soil	121	(4)
Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence	125	(1)
Review Questions	126	(1)
Further References	126	(3)
CHAPTER 5 ORGANIC ANALYSIS	129	(35)
Elements and Compounds	129	(4)
Selecting an Analytical Technique	133	(2)
Chromatography	135	(12)
Spectrophotometry	147	(8)
Mass Spectrometry (MS)	155	(5)
Review Questions	160	(2)
Further References	162	(2)
CHAPTER 6 INORGANIC ANALYSIS	164	(19)
Introduction	164	(3)
Evidence in the Assassination of President Kennedy	167	(1)
The Emission Spectrum of Elements	168	(3)
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry	171	(2)
The Origin of Emission and Absorption Spectra	173	(3)
Neutron Activation Analysis	176	(3)
X-Ray Diffraction	179	(2)
Review Questions	181	(1)
Further References	182	(1)
CHAPTER 7 THE MICROSCOPE	183	(28)
The Compound Microscope	184	(4)
The Comparison Microscope	188	(2)
The Stereoscopic Microscope	190	(1)
The Polarizing Microscope	191	(2)
The Microspectrophotometer	193	(2)
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)	195	(4)
Review Question	199	(2)
Further References	201	(1)
Case Reading	202	(9)
CHAPTER 8 HAIRS, FIBERS, AND PAINT	211	(42)
Morphology of Hair	211	(4)
Identification and Comparison of Hair	215	(6)
Collection of Hair Evidence	221	(1)
Types of Fibers	221	(7)
Identification and Comparison of Man-Made Fibers	228	(10)
Collection of Fiber Evidence	238	(1)
Forensic Examination of Paint	239	(9)
Collection and Preservation of Paint Evidence	248	(1)
Review Question	249	(2)
Further References	251	(2)
CHAPTER 9 DRUGS	253	(36)
Drug Dependence	254	(4)
Narcotic Drugs	258	(3)
Hallucinogens	261	(6)
Depressants	267	(2)
Stimulants	269	(4)
Anabolic Steroids	273	(1)
Drug-Control Laws	273	(5)
Drug Identification	278	(7)
Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence	285	(1)
Review Questions	285	(3)
Further References	288	(1)
CHAPTER 10 FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY	289	(37)
Toxicology of Alcohol	290	(21)
The Role of the Toxicologist	311	(2)
Techniques Used in Toxicology Findings	313	(5)
The Significance of Toxicological Findings	318	(1)
The Drug Recognition Expert	319	(3)
Review Question	322	(3)
Further References	325	(1)
CHAPTER 11 FORENSIC ASPECTS OF ARSON AND EXPLOSION INVESTIGATIONS	326	(35)
The Chemistry of Fire	327	(7)
Searching the Fire Scene	334	(3)
Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence	337	(2)
Analysis of Flammable Residues	339	(4)
Types of Explosives	343	(7)
Collection and Analysis of Explosives	350	(7)
Review Questions	357	(3)
Further References	360	(1)
CHAPTER 12 FORENSIC SEROLOGY	361	(41)
The Nature of Blood	363	(6)
Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains	369	(10)
Stain Patterns of Blood	379	(2)
Preservation of Blood Evidence	381	(5)
Principles of Heredity	386	(3)
Forensic Characterization of Semen	389	(4)
Collection of Rape Evidence	393	(5)
Review Questions	398	(2)
Further References	400	(2)
CHAPTER 13 DNA: A NEW FORENSIC SCIENCE TOOL	402	(35)
What Is DNA?	403	(2)
DNA at Work	406	(2)
Replication of DNA	408	(2)
Recombinant DNA: Cutting and Splicing DNA	410	(2)
DNA Typing	412	(17)
The Combined DNA Index System	429	(52)
Review Questions	481
Further References	433	(1)
Case Readings	433	(4)
CHAPTER 14 FINGERPRINTS	437	(29)
History of Fingerprinting	437	(3)
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints	440	(6)
Classification of Fingerprints	446	(2)
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems	448	(2)
Methods of Detecting Fingerprint	450	(8)
Preservation of Developed Prints	458	(2)
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement	460	(3)
Review Questions	463	(2)
Further References	465	(1)
CHAPTER 15 FIREARMS, TOOL MARKS AND OTHER IMPRESSIONS	466	(36)
Bullet Comparisons	467	(8)
Cartridge Cases	475	(1)
Automated Firearm Search Systems	475	(3)
Gunpowder Residues	478	(5)
Primer Residues on the Hands	483	(3)
Serial Number Restoration	486	(1)
Collection and Preservation of Firearm Evidence	487	(3)
Tool Marks	490	(2)
Other Impressions	492	(7)
Review Questions	499	(2)
Further References	501	(1)
CHAPTER 16 DOCUMENT AND VOICE EXAMINATION	502	(25)
Handwriting Comparisons	503	(3)
Collection of Handwriting Exemplars	506	(2)
Typewriting Comparisons	508	(2)
Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations	510	(3)
Other Document Problems	513	(5)
Voice Examination	518	(7)
Review Questions	525	(1)
Further References	526	(1)
CHAPTER 17 FORENSIC SCIENCE ON THE INTERNET	527	(15)
What Is the Internet?	528	(1)
Where to Go on the Internet	529	(7)
Exploring Forensic Science on the WWW	536	(1)
Web Sites You May Wish to Explore	536	(5)
Review Questions	541	(1)
Further References	541	(1)
CHAPTER 18 THE FUTURE	542	(8)
Further References	549	(1)
CASE READING	550	(38)
GLOSSARY	588	(9)
APPENDICES	597	(27)
I Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence	598	(14)
II Instructions for Collecting Gunshot Residue (GSR)	612	(2)
III FBI Policy for Submitting DNA Evidence	614	(1)
IV Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Parameters for Figures Contained Within the Text	615	(1)
V Chemical Formulas for Latent Fingerprint Development	616	(5)
VI Chemical Formulas for Development of Footwear Impressions in Blood	621	(3)
ANSWERS	624	(5)
INDEX	629