Cultural Anthropology

by Harris, Marvin; Johnson, Orna

• ISBN13: 9780205367184
• ISBN10: 0205367186
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Using a cultural materialist approach, the sixth edition of Cultural Anthropology furnishes readers with a framework for explaining how the parts of sociocultural systems are interrelated and how they change over time. Described as accessible, engaging well illustrated and comprehensive, this book covers a wide range of Western and nonwestern cultures for analysis and comparison. "Marvin Harris can continue to bring new insights to the field of anthropology and provide ways to inspire readers new to this discipline," writes a long-time user. For anyone interested in learning about cultural anthropology.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(8)
The Five Fields of Anthropology	2	(1)
What Is Distinctive about Cultural Anthropology?	2	(4)
Holism	2	(1)
Fieldwork and Participant Observation	3	(2)
Ethnography	5	(1)
Ethnology	5	(1)
Anthropology and Science	6	(1)
Why Study Anthropology?	6	(3)
The Nature of Culture	9	(21)
Definitions of Culture	10	(1)
Society, Subculture, and Sociocultural System	10	(3)
Enculturation	11	(1)
Cultural Relativism	12	(1)
Science and the Relativity of Truth	13	(4)
Limitations of the Enculturation Concept	13	(1)
Diffusion	14	(3)
Fieldwork and the Mental and Behavioral Aspects of Culture	17	(3)
Emic and Etic Aspects of Culture	18	(1)
Emics, Etics, and Sacred Cows	18	(2)
The Universal Pattern	20	(3)
The Diversity of Anthropological Theories	23	(1)
Cultural Materialism	23	(1)
Anthropology's Origins	23	(2)
The Enlightenment	24	(1)
Nineteenth-Century Evolutionism	24	(1)
Social Darwinism	24	(1)
Marxist Evolutionism	25	(1)
Early 'Twentieth-Century Reaction to Evolutionism	25	(1)
Historical Particularism	25	(1)
British Functionalism and Structural Functionalism	26	(1)
Culture and Personality	26	(1)
The Mid Twentieth Century: The New Evolutionism	26	(1)
Cultural Ecology	26	(1)
Recent Trends in Anthropology	27	(3)
Evolutionary Biology	27	(1)
Evolutionary Psychology	27	(1)
Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology	27	(1)
Postmodernism	28	(2)
The Evolution of the Capacity for Culture	30	(14)
Genes and Natural Selection	31	(2)
Natural Selection and the ``Struggle for Survival''	31	(1)
Natural Selection and Behavior	32	(1)
Nonhuman Culture	33	(2)
Tools and Learning	33	(1)
Is It Culture?	34	(1)
The Evolution of Hominids	35	(4)
Cultural Takeoff	38	(1)
Apes and Language	39	(1)
Aggressive versus Cooperative Behavior among Apes	40	(2)
America Now: Attempts to Teach ``Creation Science'' in the Public Schools	42	(2)
Language and Culture	44	(16)
Universal Features of Language	45	(1)
Semantic Universality	45	(1)
Linguistics: The Elements of Language Analysis	46	(2)
Phonetics and Phones	46	(1)
Phonemics and Phonemes	46	(1)
Morphemes	47	(1)
Syntax	47	(1)
Biological and Cultural Aspects of Language	48	(1)
Language and Symbolic Representation	48	(1)
Language Issues and Theories	49	(3)
Innate Grammatical Knowledge	49	(1)
The Coevolution of Language and the Brain	49	(1)
Are There Superior and Inferior Languages?	50	(1)
No, There are No ``Primitive'' Languages	50	(1)
Language, Thought, and Causality	50	(1)
Linguistic Naming Categories	51	(1)
Language and Consciousness	51	(1)
Sociolinguistics	52	(4)
Language and Gender	52	(2)
Language, Social Class, and Ethnicity	54	(1)
Code Switching	54	(1)
Linguistic Change	54	(1)
Profile: African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)	55	(1)
America Now: Communicating Respect in Interethnic Encounters	56	(4)
Production	60	(22)
Evolution of Energy Production	61	(1)
The Influence of the Environment and Ecology	62	(1)
Carrying Capacity and the Law of Diminishing Returns	63	(3)
Sustainability	64	(1)
Law of the Minimum	64	(1)
Depletion and New Modes of Production	64	(1)
Profile: Hunters and Gatherers---The !Kung San	65	(1)
Hunting and Gathering	66	(3)
Optimal Foraging Theory	66	(2)
Profile: Hunters and Gatherers---The Kwakiutl	68	(1)
Agriculture	69	(5)
Slash-and-Burn Agriculture	69	(1)
The Problem of Meat	70	(1)
Mixed Farming	70	(1)
Profile: Slash-and-Burn Horticulture with Hunting and Gathering---The Machiguenga	71	(1)
Profile: Slash-and-Burn Horticulture with Domesticated Animals---The Tsembaga	72	(1)
Irrigation Agriculture	73	(1)
Pastoralism	74	(3)
Profile: Mixed Farming in Northern India	74	(1)
Profile: Irrigation Agriculture---Luts'un	75	(1)
Profile: Pastoralism---The Turkana	76	(1)
Energy and the Evolution of Culture	77	(1)
Industrial Food Energy Systems	78	(1)
America Now: Mode of Production	79	(3)
Reproduction	82	(16)
The Relation between Production and Reproduction	83	(1)
Population Pressure versus Population Growth	84	(1)
Preindustrial Reproductive Practices	84	(3)
Treatment of Fetuses and Children	85	(1)
Treatment of Women	85	(1)
Lacation	86	(1)
Coital Frequency and Scheduling	86	(1)
The Influence of Disease and Other Natural Factors	87	(1)
The Costs and Benefits of Rearing Children	87	(3)
Measuring the Costs and Benefits of Rearing Children	88	(2)
The Poverty Trap	90	(1)
The Contraception, Abortion, and infanticide Debate	90	(3)
Profile: Indirect Infanticide in Northeast Brazil	91	(2)
Industrial Modes of Reproduction	93	(1)
Women's Status, Education, and Fertility	93	(1)
America Now: Fertility and the World's Most Expensive Children	94	(4)
Reproductive Technologies, Embryos, and Designer Babies	96	(2)
Economic Organization	98	(20)
Definition of Economy	99	(1)
Exchange	99	(4)
Reciprocal Exchange	99	(1)
Reciprocity and the Freeloader	100	(1)
Reciprocity and Trade	100	(1)
Trade in the Kula Ring	101	(2)
Redistributive Exchange	103	(2)
Reciprocity versus Redistribution	105	(1)
The Infrastructural Basis of Redistribution and Reciprocity	106	(2)
Stratified Redistribution	108	(1)
Price Market Exchange: Buying and Selling	109	(3)
Money	109	(1)
Capitalism	109	(2)
Property Ownership	111	(1)
Profile: Primitive Capitalism? The Kapauku Case	112	(1)
Patterns of Work	112	(3)
America Now: Emergent Varieties of Capitalism	115	(3)
Domestic Life	118	(21)
The Household and the Domestic Sphere of Culture	119	(1)
Family Groups and the Mode of Production and Reproduction	120	(6)
The Nuclear Family	120	(1)
Polygamous Families	121	(2)
Profile: The Nyinba---A Polyandrous Society	123	(1)
The Extended Family	124	(1)
One-Parent Domestic Groups	125	(1)
Profile: Chinese Extended Families---Costs and Benefits	125	(1)
What Is Marriage?	126	(2)
Legitimacy	128	(1)
Economic Aspects of Marriage	128	(3)
Bridewealth	129	(1)
Bride Service	129	(1)
Dowry	129	(2)
Domestic Groups and the Avoidance of Incest	131	(5)
Social and Cultural Advantages of Exogamy	132	(1)
Instinct and Aversion	133	(1)
Motivations for Incest Avoidance	133	(1)
Evidence of Incest Avoidance	134	(2)
America Now: Changes in the U.S. Household Organization: 1970 versus 2000	136	(3)
Descent Locality and Kinship	139	(15)
Kinship	140	(1)
Descent	140	(2)
Descent Rules: Cognatic and Unilineal Descent	142	(3)
Kindreds	144	(1)
Cognatic Lineages	144	(1)
Unilineal Descent	145	(1)
Postmarital Locality Patterns	145	(3)
Unilocal Residence	147	(1)
Causes of Patrilocality	147	(1)
Causes of Matrilocality	147	(1)
Causes of Avunculocality	148	(1)
Kinship Terminologies	148	(2)
Inuit Terminology	148	(1)
Hawaiian Terminology	149	(1)
Iroquois Terminology	149	(1)
Kin Terms Are Negotiated, Not Written in Stone	150	(1)
America Now: Changes in Family Structure	151	(3)
Law, Order, and War in Nonstate Societies	154	(19)
Law and Order in Band and Village Societies	155	(1)
The Subsistence Economy versus the Political Economy	155	(3)
Primitive Communism?	156	(1)
Mobilizing Public Opinion	156	(1)
Shamans and Public Opinion	157	(1)
Headmanship	158	(4)
The Leopard Skin Chief	160	(1)
Profile: The Mehinacu: Maintaining Peace	161	(1)
Nonkin Associations: Sodalities	162	(1)
Warfare among Hunters and Gatherers	163	(1)
Warfare among Sedentary Village Societies	164	(1)
Why War?	164	(6)
Yanomami Resource Scarcity	165	(1)
Profile: The Yanomami---Warfare and Game Animals	166	(2)
Yanomami Trekking	168	(1)
Warfare and Female Infanticide	169	(1)
Warfare and Trade Goods	169	(1)
Warfare, the Politics of Prestige, and the Big Man System	170	(3)
Profile: The Mae Enga---A Big Man Society	170	(3)
Origins of Chiefdoms and the State	173	(16)
The Evolution of Political Systems	174	(1)
From Big Man Systems into Chiefdoms	174	(2)
Profile: The Suiai---Big Men and Warfare	175	(1)
Infrastructural and Structural Aspects of Political Control	176	(2)
Profile: The Trobriand Chiefdoms: Ranked Leadership	177	(1)
The Origins of States	178	(2)
Profile: Hawaii---On the Threshold of the State	179	(1)
Ideology as a Source of Power	180	(6)
Profile: Bunyoro---An African Kingdom	182	(2)
Profile: The Inca---A Native American Empire	184	(2)
The State and Physical Coercion	186	(1)
America Now: Law and Disorder	186	(3)
Class and Caste	189	(14)
Class and Power	190	(2)
Emics, Etics, and Class Consciousness	190	(1)
Class and Lifestyle	191	(1)
Peasant Classes	192	(1)
The Image of Limited Good	193	(1)
Poverty	194	(4)
A ``Culture of Poverty''?	195	(1)
Poverty in Naples	196	(1)
Profile: Poverty in the United States	197	(1)
Causes of Income Inequality	197	(1)
Castes in India	198	(2)
Caste from the Top Down and Bottom Up	199	(1)
America Now: Is There a Ruling Class in the United States?	200	(3)
Ethnicity, Race, and Racism	203	(16)
Ethnicity	204	(3)
Ethnic Empowerment	204	(1)
Profile: Diversity among Hispanic Americans	205	(1)
Confronting Ethnocentrism	206	(1)
Biological Races versus Social Races versus Ethnic Groups	207	(3)
The One-Drop Rule	209	(1)
Biological Race and Culture	210	(1)
The Competitive Dynamics of Ethnic and Racial Groups	210	(3)
Ethnic Chauvinism	211	(1)
Profile: Elmhurst---Corona---Joining Forces Across Ethnic and Racial Lines	212	(1)
Profile: Black/Korean Tension in South: Central Los Angeles	213	(1)
Defining Racism	213	(3)
The Wages of Racism	213	(1)
Why Africa Lags	214	(1)
Multi-Ethnicity in the United States	215	(1)
America Now: Race, Poverty, Crime, Drugs, and Welfare	216	(3)
Sexuality and Gender Hierarchies	219	(25)
Sex versus Gender	220	(1)
Male and Female Sexual Strategies	220	(3)
Profile: Mehinacu Extramarital Affairs	222	(1)
Sex in Mangaia versus Sex in Inis Beag	222	(1)
Restrictive versus Permissive Cultures	223	(1)
Male Homosexuality	224	(2)
Profile: Sambia Boy-Inseminating Rituals	225	(1)
Two-Spirit People	226	(1)
Female Homosexuality	227	(1)
Gender Ideologies	228	(1)
The Relativity of Gender Ideologies	229	(1)
Are Women Equally Represented in Ethnographies?	230	(1)
Profile: The Trobrianders---Recognizing the Importance of Women	230	(1)
Gender Hierarchy	231	(1)
Variations in Gender Hierarchies	231	(4)
Women among Hunter-Gatherers	231	(1)
Women among the Matrilineal Iroquois	232	(1)
Women in West Africa	233	(1)
Women in India	234	(1)
Causes of Variation in Gender Hierarchies	235	(1)
Warfare and Gender Hierarchies	235	(2)
Profile: The Dahomey---Female Warriors	237
Hoes, Plows, and Gender Hierarchies	236	(2)
Gender and Exploitation	238	(1)
Gender and Hyperindustrialism	239	(1)
America Now: A Theory of Gender Hierarchy Change	239	(5)
Psychological Anthropology	244	(19)
Culture and Personality	245	(1)
Freud's Influence	245	(1)
The Oedipus Complex	245	(1)
Culture Constructs Personality	246	(5)
National Character	248	(2)
Profile: Japanese National Character	250	(1)
Socialization Practices and the Mode of Production	251	(4)
Male Initiation Rites	252	(1)
Early Childhood Training	253	(1)
Profile: Childhood in Alor	253	(1)
Effects of Social Environment on Children	254	(1)
Adult Personality and Subsistence	255	(2)
Schemas and Cognition	257	(1)
Culture and Mental Illness	258	(5)
Schizophrenia	258	(1)
Depression	259	(1)
Culture-Specific Psychoses	259	(1)
Profile: Schizophrenia in Rural Ireland	260	(3)
Religion	263	(25)
Animism	264	(1)
Animatism and Mana	265	(1)
Natural and Supernatural	265	(1)
Magic and Religion	266	(1)
The Organization of Religious Beliefs and Practices	266	(10)
Individualistic Beliefs and Rituals	266	(2)
Shamanistic Cults	268	(2)
Communal Cults	270	(1)
Communal Rites of Solidarity	271	(1)
Communal Rituals: Rites of Passage	271	(1)
Ecclesiastical Religious Groups	272	(1)
Profile: Ndembu Communal Rites of Circumcision	273	(2)
Profile: The Religion of the Aztecs	275	(1)
Religion and Political Economy: High Gods	276	(1)
Revitalization Movements	277	(2)
Native American Revitalizations	277	(2)
Religion and Social Action'	279	(5)
Profile: Melanesian Cargo Cults	280	(2)
Incest Taboo	282	(1)
Taboos Against Eating Pork	282	(1)
The Sacred Cow	282	(2)
America Now: The Electronic Church	284	(4)
Art	288	(11)
What Is Art?	289	(1)
Art as a Cultural Category	289	(6)
Art and Invention	291	(1)
Art and Cultural Patterning	291	(1)
Art and Religion	292	(2)
Art and Politics	294	(1)
The Evolution of Music and Dance	295	(1)
Verbal Arts	296	(3)
Myth and Binary Contrasts	296	(1)
The Complexity of Primitive Art Campa Rhetoric	296	(3)
Applied Anthropology	299	(15)
What Is Applied Anthropology?	300	(1)
Research, Theory, and Action	300	(1)
What Do Applied Anthropologists Have to Offer?	300	(2)
Detecting and Controlling Ethnocentrism	300	(1)
A Holistic View	301	(1)
Etic and Emic Views of Organizations	301	(1)
Applied Anthropology and Development	302	(3)
Without Holism: An Andean Fiasco	302	(1)
The Haitian Agroforestry Project	303	(1)
Archeological Knowledge and Agricultural Development	304	(1)
Medical Anthropology	305	(3)
The Humoral Theory of Medicine	305	(1)
Treatment Choice in Medically Pluralistic Settings	306	(1)
Aids (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)	306	(1)
Profile: Why the Machiguenga Prefer Native Curers to Biomedical Health Care Providers	307	(1)
Demographics: The U.S. Census Undercount	308	(1)
Forensics	308	(1)
Business and Anthropology	309	(1)
Poverty and Health	309	(2)
Witnessing for the Hungry and Homeless	310	(1)
Anthropological Advocacy	311	(3)
To Advocate or Not to Advocate: Is That the Question?	311	(3)
Globalization	314	(15)
What Is Globalization?	315	(1)
Colonialism and Underdevelopment	315	(1)
Sociocultural Evolution and Development	316	(1)
The Industrial Revolution	316	(1)
The Green Revolution	316	(2)
Profile: The Green Revolution in Java	317	(1)
Limits to Technification and Industrial Growth	318	(1)
Bullock versus Tractor	318	(1)
Profile: Priests and Irrigation Technology in Bali	319	(1)
Free Market versus Anti-Market Forces	319	(3)
The Effect of Globalization on Indigenous People	322	(1)
Assimilation	323	(1)
Resistance to Oppression	323	(2)
The Zapatista Rebellion	324	(1)
Profile: The !Kung Today	325	(1)
Preserving Indigenous Cultures	325	(2)
Profile: The Machiguenga Today	326	(1)
Indigenous Peoples Today	326	(1)
Profile: The Yanomami Today	327	(1)
Vanishing Knowledge	327	(2)
References	329	(19)
Glossary	348	(7)
Index	355