Development of the Nervous System

by Sanes, Dan H.; Reh, Thomas A.; Harris, William A.

• ISBN13: 9780123003300
• ISBN10: 012300330X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-04-01
• Publisher: Academic Pr

Summary

Development of the Nervous System presents a broad outline of neural development principles as exemplified by key experiments and observations from past and recent times. The text is organized along a development pathway from the induction of the neural primordium to the emergence of behavior. It covers all the major topics including the patterning and growth of the nervous system, neuronal determination, axonal navigation and targeting, synapse formation and plasticity, and neuronal survival and death. This new text reflects the complete modernization of the field achieved through the use of model organisms and the intensive application of molecular and genetic approaches. Original, artist-rendered drawings combined with clear, concise writing make Development of the Nervous System well suited to anyone approaching this complex field for the first time.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Induction
Development and Evolution of Neurons	1	(2)
Early Embryology of Metazoans	3	(1)
Neural Tissue Is Derived from Ectoderm	3	(9)
Interactions with Neighboring Tissues Are Required for the Ectoderm to Make Neural Tissue in Many Animals	12	(15)
Interactions among the Ectodermal Cells Control Neuroblast Segregation	27	(9)
Polarity and Regionalization
Regional Identity of the Nervous System	36	(2)
The Anterior--Posterior Axis and Hox Genes	38	(4)
Hox Gene Function	42	(5)
Signaling Molecules that Pattern the Anterior--Posterior Axis in Vertebrates	47	(2)
Organizing Centers in the Developing Brain	49	(3)
Forebrain Development, Prosomeres, and Pax Genes	52	(4)
Dorsal--Ventral Polarity in the Neural Tube	56	(1)
Molecular Basis of Dorsal--Ventral Polarity	57	(4)
Dorsal Neural Tube and Neural Crest	61	(15)
Birth and Migration
Cell Cycle Genes Control the Number of Neurons Generated during Development	76	(3)
Cell Interactions Control the Number of Neurons and Glia Generated	79	(2)
Cerebral Cortex Histogenesis	81	(9)
The Subventricular Zone: A Secondary Zone of Neurogenesis	90	(2)
Cerebellar Cortex Histogenesis	92	(8)
Postembryonic and Adult Neurogenesis	100	(6)
Determination and Differentiation
Transcriptional Control of Invariant Lineages	106	(2)
Position and Determination	108	(4)
Multiple Interactions in a Lineage-Based System with Asymmetric Cell Division	112	(2)
The Dominance of Cellular Interactions in the Determination of Drosophila Retinal Cells	114	(3)
Vertebrate Retinogenesis Has a Similar Developmental Strategy	117	(6)
Glial Cell Fate	123	(2)
Fate Decisions in the Vertebrate Neural Crest	125	(5)
Neuronal Fate in the Vertebrate Spinal Cord	130	(2)
Laminar Fate in the Cerebral Cortex	132	(3)
Positional Cues Determine Axonal Projection Patterns	135	(3)
Regulation of Phenotype by the Target	138	(4)
Conclusions	142	(3)
Axon Growth and Guidance
Axonal Navigation	145	(4)
The Growth Cone	149	(10)
The Growing Zone	159	(2)
The Dynamic Cytoskeleton	161	(8)
Growth Cone Guidance	169	(1)
Mechanical Guidance	169	(2)
Adhesive Guidance	171	(1)
Extracellular Matrix and Axon Outgrowth	172	(3)
Cell Adhesion Molecules	175	(6)
Labeled Pathways and Global Guidance	181	(4)
Gradients of Diffusible Tropic Factors	185	(4)
Repulsive Factors	189	(8)
Axon Regeneration	197	(1)
Stop Factors	198	(1)
Signal Transduction	199	(2)
Summary	201	(2)
Target Selection
Cellular Target Recognition	203	(3)
Multicellular Targets	206	(3)
Secondary Targets	209	(1)
Targeting to the Correct Layer	209	(3)
Topographic Mapping	212	(2)
Mapping the Body	214	(7)
Somatotopy: Maps in the Brain and Their Modification	221	(3)
Visual Maps and the Theory of Chemospecificity	224	(4)
Determination of Retinotopic Identity	228	(10)
Shifting Connections, Fine Tuning, and Registration	238	(2)
Olfactory Maps	240	(4)
Computational Maps	244	(3)
Summary	247	(1)
Survival and Growth
What Does Neuron Death Look Like?	248	(2)
How Many Neurons Die?	250	(3)
Survival Depends on the Synaptic Target	253	(3)
NGF: A Target-Derived Survival Factor	256	(4)
NGF Is a Member of the Neurotrophin Family	260	(1)
There Is a Family of Neurotrophin Receptors	260	(4)
The Low-Affinity Neurotrophin Receptor	264	(2)
The Expanding World of Survival Factors	266	(2)
Endocrine Control of Cell Survival	268	(2)
Cell Death Requires Protein Synthesis	270	(1)
Intracellular Signaling	271	(6)
Caspases: Agents of Death	277	(2)
Regulating Death Proteins	279	(1)
Synaptic Transmission at the Target	279	(2)
Afferent Regulation of Cell Survival	281	(5)
Summary	286	(3)
Synapse Formation and Electric Function
Synaptogenesis	289	(1)
What Does Synapse Formation Look Like?	289	(4)
Where Do Synaptic Specializations Form?	293	(2)
Initial Signs of Synaptogenesis in Vitro	295	(1)
Role of Calcium during Presynaptic Differentiation	295	(4)
Second Messengers Mediate Presynaptic Differentiation	299	(2)
Molecular Signals and Presynaptic Differentiation	301	(1)
Receptor Clustering Signifies Postsynaptic Differentiation at NMJ	302	(5)
Presynaptic Terminals Induce Receptor Aggregation	307	(2)
Agrin, a Transynaptic Clustering Signal	309	(1)
Postsynaptic Response to Agrin	309	(5)
Receptor Clustering Mechanisms in the CNS	314	(4)
Regulation of Receptor Expression and Synthesis	318	(3)
Neuronal Activity Limits Receptor Expression	321	(1)
ARIA, a Transynaptic Regulator of Transcription	321	(3)
Synaptic Transmission	324	(1)
Rapid Modulation of Release and Receptor Function	324	(4)
Maturation of Transmission and Receptor Isoform Transitions	328	(4)
Maturation of Transmitter Reuptake	332	(3)
Appearance of Synaptic Inhibition	335	(1)
Is Inhibition Really Inhibitory during Development?	335	(2)
Electrical Properties	337	(1)
Resting Potential and Membrane Properties	337	(3)
The Action Potential	340	(1)
Channel Diversity	340	(2)
Significance of Calcium Channel Expression	342	(1)
Regulation of Ionic Channel Expression	343	(4)
Summary	347	(3)
Refinement of Synaptic Connections
Rearranging Synaptic Connections	350	(1)
Functional Synapses Are Eliminated	351	(3)
Axonal Arbors Are Refined or Eliminated	354	(6)
Some Terminals Expand or Remain Stable	360	(1)
Neural Activity Regulates Synaptic Connections	360	(11)
Sensory Coding Properties Reflect Synapse Rearrangement	371	(4)
Activity Contributes to the Alignment of Sensory Maps	375	(3)
Spontaneous Activity and Afferent Segregation	378	(1)
Some Forms of Plasticity Have a Time Limit	379	(3)
Cellular Events during Synapse Elimination	382	(1)
Synapses Interact over a Short Distance	382	(2)
Effect of Disuse	384	(2)
Heterosynaptic Depression	386	(1)
Postsynaptic Receptors Are Eliminated	387	(2)
Involvement of Intracellular Calcium	389	(3)
NMDA Receptors and Calcium Signaling	392	(2)
The Role of Second Messenger Systems	394	(2)
Metabotropic Receptors: The Plot Broadens	396	(1)
Gain Control	396	(3)
Silent Synapses	399	(1)
Plasticity of Inhibitory Connections	400	(1)
Synaptic Influence on Neuron Morphology	401	(2)
Conclusions	403	(1)
Behavioral Development
Behavioral Ontogeny	404	(1)
Cellular and Environmental Mechanisms	405	(2)
Environmental Determinants of Behavioral Development	407	(1)
Motor Behavior: The First Movements	408	(1)
Are the First Behaviors Spontaneous or Reflexive?	408	(2)
The Mechanism of Spontaneous Movements	410	(1)
Embryonic Movements: Uncoordinated or Integrated?	410	(4)
The Role of Activity in the Emergence of Coordinated Behavior	414	(2)
Embryo-Specific Behaviors	416	(3)
Motor Learning	419	(2)
Beginning to Make Sense of the World	421	(2)
Asking Babies Questions	423	(1)
Sharp Eyesight	423	(3)
Acute Hearing	426	(4)
Sex-Specific Behavior	430	(1)
Genetic Sex	431	(1)
Hormonal Signals	431	(1)
Hormonal Control of Brain Gender	432	(2)
Genetic Control of Brain Gender	434	(2)
Singing in the Brain	436	(1)
From Gonads to Brain?	436	(1)
Learning to Remember	437	(2)
Where's Mamma?	439	(1)
Fear and Loathing	440	(2)
Complex Tasks	442	(3)
Getting Information from One Brain to Another	445	(1)
Language	446	(4)
Summary	450	(3)
References	453	(38)
Index	491