Earthquake Thermodynamics and Phase Transformation in the Earth's Interior

by Teisseyre; Majewski; Dmowska; Holton

• ISBN13: 9780126851854
• ISBN10: 0126851859
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-10-11
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

A group of distinguished scientists contributes to the foundations of a new discipline in Earth sciences: earthquake thermodynamics and thermodynamics of formation of the Earth's interior structures. The predictive powers of thermodynamics are so great that those aspiring to model earthquake and the Earth's interior will certainly wish to be able to use the theory. Thermodynamics is our only method of understanding and predicting the behavior of many environmental, atmospheric, and geological processes. The need for Earth scientists to develop a functional knowledge of thermodynamic concepts and methodology is therefore urgent. Sources of an entropy increase the dissipative and self-organizing systems driving the evolution and dynamics of the Universe and Earth through irreversible processes. The non-linear interactions lead to the formation of fractal structures. From the structural phase transformations the important interior boundaries emerge. Non-linear interactions between the defects in solids lead the authors to develop the physics of continua with a dense distribution of defects. Disclinations and dislocations interact during a slow evolution as well as during rapid dynamic events, like earthquakes. Splitting the dynamic processes into the 2D fault done and 3D surrounding space brings a new tool for describing the slip nucleation and propagation along the earthquake faults. Seismic efficiency, rupture velocity, and complexity of seismic source zone are considered from different points of view, fracture band earthquake model is developed on the basis of thermodynamics of line defects, like dislocations. Earthquake thermodynamics offers us a microscopic model of earthquake sources. Physics of defects helps the authors decscribe and explain a number of precursory phenomena caused by the buildup of stresses. Anomalies in electric polarization and electromagnetic radiation prior to earthquakes are considered from this point of view. Through the thermodynamic approach, the authors arrive at the fascinating question of posssibility of earthquake prediction. In general, the Earth is considered here as a multicomponent system. Transport phenomena as well as wave propagation and shock waves are considered in this system subjected also to chemical and phase transformations.

Table of Contents

Contributors	xv
Preface	xvii
Introduction	xix
PART I THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE EARTH'S INTERIOR
The Composition of the Earth
William F. McDonough
Structure of the Earth	5	(2)
Chemical Constraints	7	(13)
Early Evolution of the Earth	20	(5)
References	21	(4)
Thermodynamics of Chaos and Fractals Applied: Evolution of the Earth and Phase Transformations
Eugeniusz Majewski
Evolution of the Universe	25	(3)
Evolution of the Earth	28	(2)
Evolution Equations and Nonlinear Mappings	30	(1)
Strange Attractors	31	(1)
Examples of Maps	32	(1)
Concept of Temperature in Chaos Theory	33	(1)
Static and Dynamic States	33	(2)
Measures of Entropy and Information	35	(4)
The Lyapounov Exponents	39	(1)
Entropy Production	40	(3)
Entropy Budget of the Earth	43	(5)
The Evolution Criterion	48	(1)
The Driving Force of Evolution	49	(1)
Self-Organization Processes in Galaxies	50	(1)
Fractals	51	(4)
Thermodynamics of Multifractals	55	(3)
The Fractal Properties of Elastic Waves	58	(3)
Random Walk of Dislocations	61	(4)
Chaos in Phase Transformations	65	(12)
Conclusions	77	(4)
References	77	(4)
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Nonhydrostatically Stressed Solids
Ichiko Shimizu
Introduction	81	(1)
Review of Hydrostatic Thermodynamics	82	(2)
Conservation Equations	84	(2)
Constitutive Assumptions	86	(2)
Chemical Potential in Stress Fields	88	(4)
Driving Force of Diffusion and Phase Transition	92	(3)
Phase Equilibria under Stress	95	(4)
Flow Laws of Diffusional Creeps	99	(1)
Summary	100	(3)
References	101	(2)
Experiments on Soret Diffusion Applied to Core Dynamics
Eugeniusz Majewski
Review of Experiments Simulating the Core-Mantle Interactions	103	(11)
Experiments on Soret Diffusion	114	(5)
Thermodynamic Modeling of the Core-Mantle Interactions	119	(17)
Concluding Discussion	136	(7)
References	137	(6)
PART II STRESS EVOLUTION AND THEORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF SELF-DEFORMATION NUCLEI
Deformation Dynamics: Continuum with Self-Deformation Nuclei
Roman Teisseyre
Self-Strain Nuclei and Compatibility Conditions	143	(1)
Deformation Measures	144	(3)
Thermal Nuclei	147	(2)
Thermal Nuclei and Dislocations in 2D	149	(2)
Defect Densities and Sources of Incompatibility	151	(2)
Geometrical Objects	153	(3)
Constitutive Relations	156	(5)
Constitutive Laws for Bodies with the Electric-Stress Nuclei	161	(6)
References	164	(3)
Evolution, Propagation, and Diffusion of Dislocation Fields
Roman Teisseyre
Dislocation Density Flow	167	(4)
Dislocation-Stress Relations	171	(4)
Propagation and Flow Equations for the Dislocation-Related Stress Field	175	(14)
Splitting the Stress Motion Equation into Seismic Wave and Fault-Related Fields	189	(5)
Evolution of Dislocation Fields: Problem of Earthquake Prediction	194	(5)
References	196	(3)
Statistical Theory of Dislocations
Henryk Zorski
Barbara Gambin
Wieslaw Larecki
Introduction	199	(2)
Dynamics and Statistics of Discrete Defects	201	(2)
The Field Equations	203	(11)
Field Equations of Interacting Continua	214	(4)
Approximate Solutions (Multiscale Method) in the One-Dimensional Case	218	(6)
Continuous Distributions of Vacancies	224	(7)
References	226	(5)
PART III EARTHQUAKE THERMODYNAMICS AND FRACTURE PROCESSES
Thermodynamics of Point Defects
P. Varotsos
M. Lazaridou
Formation of Vacancies	231	(10)
Formation of Other Point Defects	241	(3)
Thermodynamics of the Specific Heat	244	(3)
Self-Diffusion	247	(5)
Relation of the Defect Parameters with Bulk Properties	252	(9)
References	259	(2)
Thermodynamics of Line Defects and Earthquake Thermodynamics
Roman Teisseyre
Eugeniusz Majewski
Introduction	261	(2)
Dislocation Superlattice	263	(2)
Equilibrium Distribution of Vacant Dislocations	265	(1)
Thermodynamic Functions Related to Superlattice	266	(2)
Gibbs Free Energy	268	(2)
The CμλΛ2 Model	270	(1)
Earthquake Thermodynamics	271	(3)
Premonitory and Earthquake Fracture Theory	274	(2)
Discussion	276	(3)
References	277	(2)
Shear Band Thermodynamic Model of Fracturing
Roman Teisseyre
Introduction	279	(2)
Jogs and Kinks	281	(1)
Shear Band Model	282	(1)
Energy Release and Stresses	283	(4)
Source Thickness and Seismic Efficiency	287	(1)
Shear and Tensile Band Model: Mining Shocks and Icequakes	288	(3)
Results for Earthquakes, Mine Shocks, and Icequakes	291	(1)
Discussion	291	(2)
References	292	(1)
Energy Budget of Earthquakes and Seismic Efficiency
Hiroo Kanamori
Introduction	293	(1)
Energy Budget of Earthquakes	293	(1)
Stress on a Fault Plane	294	(1)
Seismic Moment and Radiated Energy	295	(1)
Seismic Efficiency and Radiation Efficiency	296	(1)
Relation between Efficiency and Rupture Speed	297	(2)
Efficiency of Shallow Earthquakes	299	(4)
Deep-Focus Earthquakes	303	(4)
References	304	(3)
Coarse-Grained Models and Simulations for Nucleation, Growth, and Arrest of Earthquakes
John B. Rundle
W. Klein
Introduction	307	(2)
Physical Picture	309	(1)
Two Models for Mainshocks	310	(7)
Consequences, Predictions, and Observational Tests	317	(2)
Final Remarks	319	(4)
References	320	(3)
Thermodynamics of Fault Slip
Eugeniusz Majewski
Introduction	323	(1)
Fault Entropy	324	(2)
Physical Interpretation	326	(1)
Conclusions	327	(2)
References	327	(2)
Mechanochemistry: A Hypothesis for Shallow Earthquakes
Didier Sornette
Introduction	329	(1)
Strain, Stress, and Heat Flow Paradoxes	329	(4)
Chemistry: Mineral Alteration and Chemical Transformation	333	(3)
Dynamics: Explosive Release of Chemical Energy	336	(7)
Dynamics: The Genuine Rupture	343	(2)
Consequences and Predictions	345	(22)
Explosive Shock Neglecting Electric Effects	348	(6)
Elastic-Electric Coupled Wave	354	(3)
Structural Shock Including Electric Effects	357	(3)
References	360	(7)
The Anticrack Mechanism of High-Pressure Faulting: Summary of Experimental Observations and Geophysical Implications
Harry W. Green, II
Introduction	367	(1)
New Results	368	(3)
Discussion	371	(8)
References	376	(3)
Anticrack-Associated Faulting and Superplastic Flow in Deep Subduction Zones
Eugeniusz Majewski
Roman Teisseyre
Introduction	379	(3)
Antidislocations	382	(4)
Anticrack Formation	386	(2)
Anticrack Development and Faulting	388	(8)
Conclusions	396	(3)
References	396	(3)
Chaos and Stability in the Earthquake Source
Eugeniusz Majewski
Introduction	399	(1)
Types of Lattice Defects in the Earthquake Source	400	(3)
Chaos in the Earthquake Source: Observational Evidence	403	(1)
Modeling the Defect Interactions	404	(7)
Stability	411	(5)
Statistical Approach	416	(4)
Concluding Discussion	420	(5)
References	421	(4)
Micromorphic Continuum and Fractal Properties of Faults and Earthquakes
Hiroyuki Nagahama
Roman Teisseyre
Introduction	425	(1)
Micromorphic Continuum	426	(2)
Rotational Effects at the Epicenter Zones	428	(1)
Equation of Equilibrium in Terms of Displacements: Navier Equation and Laplace Equations	429	(2)
Propagation of Deformation along Elastic Plate Boundaries Overlying a Viscoelastic Foundation: Macroscale Governing Equation	431	(2)
Navier Equation, Laplace Field, and Fractal Pattern Formation of Fracturing	433	(1)
Size Distributions of Fractures in the Lithosphere	434	(1)
Relationship between Two Fractal Dimensions	434	(1)
Application of Scaling Laws to Crustal Deformations	435	(2)
Discussion	437	(4)
References	438	(3)
Physical and Chemical Properties Related to Defect Structure of Oxides and Silicates Doped with Water and Carbon Dioxide
Stanislaw Malinowski
Introduction	441	(1)
General Properties of Magnesium and Other Metal Oxides	442	(3)
Symbols and Classification of Defects in Magnesium Oxide	445	(3)
Hydrogen and Peroxy Group Formation	448	(3)
Atomic Carbon in MgO Crystals	451	(2)
Dissolution of CO2 in MgO	453	(1)
Dissolution of O2 in MgO	453	(2)
Mechanism of Water Dissolution in Minerals	455	(2)
Formation of Peroxy Ions and Positive Holes in Silicates	457	(6)
References	458	(5)
PART IV ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS RELATED TO DEFECT DYNAMICS
Electric Polarization Related to Defects and Transmission of the Related Signals
N. Sarlis
Generation of Electric Signals in Ionic Crystals	463	(7)
Analytical Calculations for the Transmission of Electric Signals	470	(19)
Numerical Calculations	489	(9)
Conclusions	498	(3)
References	498	(3)
Laboratory Investigation of the Electric Signals Preceding the Fracture of Crystalline Insulators
C. Mavromatou
V. Hadjicontis
Introduction	501	(1)
Experimental Setup	502	(3)
Results	505	(8)
Interpretation	513	(2)
Conclusions	515	(4)
References	516	(3)
Diffusion and Desorption of O- Radicals: Anomalies of Electric Field, Electric Conductivity, and Magnetic Susceptibility as Related to Earthquake Processes
Roman Teisseyre
Introduction	519	(1)
Water Dissolved in the Earth's Mantle	520	(1)
Emission of O- Radicals	521	(1)
Hole Electric Current and Conductivity Anomalies	522	(5)
Earthquake-Related Effects	527	(1)
Paramagnetic Anomaly	528	(1)
Diffusion of O· and Other Charge Carriers	529	(6)
References	533	(2)
Electric and Electromagnetic Fields Related to Earthquake Formation
Roman Teisseyre
Hiroyuki Nagahama
Introduction	535	(1)
Charged Dislocations and Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Charges	536	(1)
Electric Field Caused by Polarization and Motion of Charge Carriers	537	(7)
Dipole Moments and Electromagnetic Field Radiation	544	(1)
Simulations of Electric Current Generation and of Electromagnetic Fields	545	(3)
Discussion	548	(5)
References	550	(3)
Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects in Tectonically Active Regions
Norihiro Nakamura
Hiroyuki Nagahama
Introduction	553	(1)
Finslerian Continuum Mechanics for Magnetic Material Bodies	553	(3)
Reversible Modeling for Piezomagnetization	556	(1)
A Tectonomagnetic Model for Fault Creep	556	(2)
Chemical Reactions and Magnetic Properties of Rocks by Irreversible Thermodynamics	558	(1)
Geomagnetic Field Anomaly by the Induced Magnetization Changes	559	(1)
Implications for Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects in Tectonically Active Regions	560	(7)
References	562	(5)
PART V THERMODYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENT CONTINUA
Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Continua
Krzysztof Wilmanski
Multicomponent Models in Geophysics	567	(1)
Thermodynamical Foundations of Fluid Mixtures	568	(16)
Some Models of Porous Materials	584	(34)
On Constraints in Models of Porous Materials	618	(13)
Wave Propagation in Porous Materials	631	(21)
Concluding Remarks	652	(5)
References	653	(4)
Index	657	(14)
Previous Volumes in Series	671