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9780126851854

Earthquake Thermodynamics and Phase Transformation in the Earth's Interior

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780126851854

  • ISBN10:

    0126851859

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2000-10-11
  • Publisher: Elsevier Science
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Summary

A group of distinguished scientists contributes to the foundations of a new discipline in Earth sciences: earthquake thermodynamics and thermodynamics of formation of the Earth's interior structures. The predictive powers of thermodynamics are so great that those aspiring to model earthquake and the Earth's interior will certainly wish to be able to use the theory. Thermodynamics is our only method of understanding and predicting the behavior of many environmental, atmospheric, and geological processes. The need for Earth scientists to develop a functional knowledge of thermodynamic concepts and methodology is therefore urgent. Sources of an entropy increase the dissipative and self-organizing systems driving the evolution and dynamics of the Universe and Earth through irreversible processes. The non-linear interactions lead to the formation of fractal structures. From the structural phase transformations the important interior boundaries emerge. Non-linear interactions between the defects in solids lead the authors to develop the physics of continua with a dense distribution of defects. Disclinations and dislocations interact during a slow evolution as well as during rapid dynamic events, like earthquakes. Splitting the dynamic processes into the 2D fault done and 3D surrounding space brings a new tool for describing the slip nucleation and propagation along the earthquake faults. Seismic efficiency, rupture velocity, and complexity of seismic source zone are considered from different points of view, fracture band earthquake model is developed on the basis of thermodynamics of line defects, like dislocations. Earthquake thermodynamics offers us a microscopic model of earthquake sources. Physics of defects helps the authors decscribe and explain a number of precursory phenomena caused by the buildup of stresses. Anomalies in electric polarization and electromagnetic radiation prior to earthquakes are considered from this point of view. Through the thermodynamic approach, the authors arrive at the fascinating question of posssibility of earthquake prediction. In general, the Earth is considered here as a multicomponent system. Transport phenomena as well as wave propagation and shock waves are considered in this system subjected also to chemical and phase transformations.

Table of Contents

Contributors xv
Preface xvii
Introduction xix
PART I THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE EARTH'S INTERIOR
The Composition of the Earth
William F. McDonough
Structure of the Earth
5(2)
Chemical Constraints
7(13)
Early Evolution of the Earth
20(5)
References
21(4)
Thermodynamics of Chaos and Fractals Applied: Evolution of the Earth and Phase Transformations
Eugeniusz Majewski
Evolution of the Universe
25(3)
Evolution of the Earth
28(2)
Evolution Equations and Nonlinear Mappings
30(1)
Strange Attractors
31(1)
Examples of Maps
32(1)
Concept of Temperature in Chaos Theory
33(1)
Static and Dynamic States
33(2)
Measures of Entropy and Information
35(4)
The Lyapounov Exponents
39(1)
Entropy Production
40(3)
Entropy Budget of the Earth
43(5)
The Evolution Criterion
48(1)
The Driving Force of Evolution
49(1)
Self-Organization Processes in Galaxies
50(1)
Fractals
51(4)
Thermodynamics of Multifractals
55(3)
The Fractal Properties of Elastic Waves
58(3)
Random Walk of Dislocations
61(4)
Chaos in Phase Transformations
65(12)
Conclusions
77(4)
References
77(4)
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Nonhydrostatically Stressed Solids
Ichiko Shimizu
Introduction
81(1)
Review of Hydrostatic Thermodynamics
82(2)
Conservation Equations
84(2)
Constitutive Assumptions
86(2)
Chemical Potential in Stress Fields
88(4)
Driving Force of Diffusion and Phase Transition
92(3)
Phase Equilibria under Stress
95(4)
Flow Laws of Diffusional Creeps
99(1)
Summary
100(3)
References
101(2)
Experiments on Soret Diffusion Applied to Core Dynamics
Eugeniusz Majewski
Review of Experiments Simulating the Core-Mantle Interactions
103(11)
Experiments on Soret Diffusion
114(5)
Thermodynamic Modeling of the Core-Mantle Interactions
119(17)
Concluding Discussion
136(7)
References
137(6)
PART II STRESS EVOLUTION AND THEORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF SELF-DEFORMATION NUCLEI
Deformation Dynamics: Continuum with Self-Deformation Nuclei
Roman Teisseyre
Self-Strain Nuclei and Compatibility Conditions
143(1)
Deformation Measures
144(3)
Thermal Nuclei
147(2)
Thermal Nuclei and Dislocations in 2D
149(2)
Defect Densities and Sources of Incompatibility
151(2)
Geometrical Objects
153(3)
Constitutive Relations
156(5)
Constitutive Laws for Bodies with the Electric-Stress Nuclei
161(6)
References
164(3)
Evolution, Propagation, and Diffusion of Dislocation Fields
Roman Teisseyre
Dislocation Density Flow
167(4)
Dislocation-Stress Relations
171(4)
Propagation and Flow Equations for the Dislocation-Related Stress Field
175(14)
Splitting the Stress Motion Equation into Seismic Wave and Fault-Related Fields
189(5)
Evolution of Dislocation Fields: Problem of Earthquake Prediction
194(5)
References
196(3)
Statistical Theory of Dislocations
Henryk Zorski
Barbara Gambin
Wieslaw Larecki
Introduction
199(2)
Dynamics and Statistics of Discrete Defects
201(2)
The Field Equations
203(11)
Field Equations of Interacting Continua
214(4)
Approximate Solutions (Multiscale Method) in the One-Dimensional Case
218(6)
Continuous Distributions of Vacancies
224(7)
References
226(5)
PART III EARTHQUAKE THERMODYNAMICS AND FRACTURE PROCESSES
Thermodynamics of Point Defects
P. Varotsos
M. Lazaridou
Formation of Vacancies
231(10)
Formation of Other Point Defects
241(3)
Thermodynamics of the Specific Heat
244(3)
Self-Diffusion
247(5)
Relation of the Defect Parameters with Bulk Properties
252(9)
References
259(2)
Thermodynamics of Line Defects and Earthquake Thermodynamics
Roman Teisseyre
Eugeniusz Majewski
Introduction
261(2)
Dislocation Superlattice
263(2)
Equilibrium Distribution of Vacant Dislocations
265(1)
Thermodynamic Functions Related to Superlattice
266(2)
Gibbs Free Energy
268(2)
The CμλΛ2 Model
270(1)
Earthquake Thermodynamics
271(3)
Premonitory and Earthquake Fracture Theory
274(2)
Discussion
276(3)
References
277(2)
Shear Band Thermodynamic Model of Fracturing
Roman Teisseyre
Introduction
279(2)
Jogs and Kinks
281(1)
Shear Band Model
282(1)
Energy Release and Stresses
283(4)
Source Thickness and Seismic Efficiency
287(1)
Shear and Tensile Band Model: Mining Shocks and Icequakes
288(3)
Results for Earthquakes, Mine Shocks, and Icequakes
291(1)
Discussion
291(2)
References
292(1)
Energy Budget of Earthquakes and Seismic Efficiency
Hiroo Kanamori
Introduction
293(1)
Energy Budget of Earthquakes
293(1)
Stress on a Fault Plane
294(1)
Seismic Moment and Radiated Energy
295(1)
Seismic Efficiency and Radiation Efficiency
296(1)
Relation between Efficiency and Rupture Speed
297(2)
Efficiency of Shallow Earthquakes
299(4)
Deep-Focus Earthquakes
303(4)
References
304(3)
Coarse-Grained Models and Simulations for Nucleation, Growth, and Arrest of Earthquakes
John B. Rundle
W. Klein
Introduction
307(2)
Physical Picture
309(1)
Two Models for Mainshocks
310(7)
Consequences, Predictions, and Observational Tests
317(2)
Final Remarks
319(4)
References
320(3)
Thermodynamics of Fault Slip
Eugeniusz Majewski
Introduction
323(1)
Fault Entropy
324(2)
Physical Interpretation
326(1)
Conclusions
327(2)
References
327(2)
Mechanochemistry: A Hypothesis for Shallow Earthquakes
Didier Sornette
Introduction
329(1)
Strain, Stress, and Heat Flow Paradoxes
329(4)
Chemistry: Mineral Alteration and Chemical Transformation
333(3)
Dynamics: Explosive Release of Chemical Energy
336(7)
Dynamics: The Genuine Rupture
343(2)
Consequences and Predictions
345(22)
Explosive Shock Neglecting Electric Effects
348(6)
Elastic-Electric Coupled Wave
354(3)
Structural Shock Including Electric Effects
357(3)
References
360(7)
The Anticrack Mechanism of High-Pressure Faulting: Summary of Experimental Observations and Geophysical Implications
Harry W. Green, II
Introduction
367(1)
New Results
368(3)
Discussion
371(8)
References
376(3)
Anticrack-Associated Faulting and Superplastic Flow in Deep Subduction Zones
Eugeniusz Majewski
Roman Teisseyre
Introduction
379(3)
Antidislocations
382(4)
Anticrack Formation
386(2)
Anticrack Development and Faulting
388(8)
Conclusions
396(3)
References
396(3)
Chaos and Stability in the Earthquake Source
Eugeniusz Majewski
Introduction
399(1)
Types of Lattice Defects in the Earthquake Source
400(3)
Chaos in the Earthquake Source: Observational Evidence
403(1)
Modeling the Defect Interactions
404(7)
Stability
411(5)
Statistical Approach
416(4)
Concluding Discussion
420(5)
References
421(4)
Micromorphic Continuum and Fractal Properties of Faults and Earthquakes
Hiroyuki Nagahama
Roman Teisseyre
Introduction
425(1)
Micromorphic Continuum
426(2)
Rotational Effects at the Epicenter Zones
428(1)
Equation of Equilibrium in Terms of Displacements: Navier Equation and Laplace Equations
429(2)
Propagation of Deformation along Elastic Plate Boundaries Overlying a Viscoelastic Foundation: Macroscale Governing Equation
431(2)
Navier Equation, Laplace Field, and Fractal Pattern Formation of Fracturing
433(1)
Size Distributions of Fractures in the Lithosphere
434(1)
Relationship between Two Fractal Dimensions
434(1)
Application of Scaling Laws to Crustal Deformations
435(2)
Discussion
437(4)
References
438(3)
Physical and Chemical Properties Related to Defect Structure of Oxides and Silicates Doped with Water and Carbon Dioxide
Stanislaw Malinowski
Introduction
441(1)
General Properties of Magnesium and Other Metal Oxides
442(3)
Symbols and Classification of Defects in Magnesium Oxide
445(3)
Hydrogen and Peroxy Group Formation
448(3)
Atomic Carbon in MgO Crystals
451(2)
Dissolution of CO2 in MgO
453(1)
Dissolution of O2 in MgO
453(2)
Mechanism of Water Dissolution in Minerals
455(2)
Formation of Peroxy Ions and Positive Holes in Silicates
457(6)
References
458(5)
PART IV ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS RELATED TO DEFECT DYNAMICS
Electric Polarization Related to Defects and Transmission of the Related Signals
N. Sarlis
Generation of Electric Signals in Ionic Crystals
463(7)
Analytical Calculations for the Transmission of Electric Signals
470(19)
Numerical Calculations
489(9)
Conclusions
498(3)
References
498(3)
Laboratory Investigation of the Electric Signals Preceding the Fracture of Crystalline Insulators
C. Mavromatou
V. Hadjicontis
Introduction
501(1)
Experimental Setup
502(3)
Results
505(8)
Interpretation
513(2)
Conclusions
515(4)
References
516(3)
Diffusion and Desorption of O- Radicals: Anomalies of Electric Field, Electric Conductivity, and Magnetic Susceptibility as Related to Earthquake Processes
Roman Teisseyre
Introduction
519(1)
Water Dissolved in the Earth's Mantle
520(1)
Emission of O- Radicals
521(1)
Hole Electric Current and Conductivity Anomalies
522(5)
Earthquake-Related Effects
527(1)
Paramagnetic Anomaly
528(1)
Diffusion of O· and Other Charge Carriers
529(6)
References
533(2)
Electric and Electromagnetic Fields Related to Earthquake Formation
Roman Teisseyre
Hiroyuki Nagahama
Introduction
535(1)
Charged Dislocations and Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Charges
536(1)
Electric Field Caused by Polarization and Motion of Charge Carriers
537(7)
Dipole Moments and Electromagnetic Field Radiation
544(1)
Simulations of Electric Current Generation and of Electromagnetic Fields
545(3)
Discussion
548(5)
References
550(3)
Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects in Tectonically Active Regions
Norihiro Nakamura
Hiroyuki Nagahama
Introduction
553(1)
Finslerian Continuum Mechanics for Magnetic Material Bodies
553(3)
Reversible Modeling for Piezomagnetization
556(1)
A Tectonomagnetic Model for Fault Creep
556(2)
Chemical Reactions and Magnetic Properties of Rocks by Irreversible Thermodynamics
558(1)
Geomagnetic Field Anomaly by the Induced Magnetization Changes
559(1)
Implications for Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects in Tectonically Active Regions
560(7)
References
562(5)
PART V THERMODYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENT CONTINUA
Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Continua
Krzysztof Wilmanski
Multicomponent Models in Geophysics
567(1)
Thermodynamical Foundations of Fluid Mixtures
568(16)
Some Models of Porous Materials
584(34)
On Constraints in Models of Porous Materials
618(13)
Wave Propagation in Porous Materials
631(21)
Concluding Remarks
652(5)
References
653(4)
Index 657(14)
Previous Volumes in Series 671

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