Environmental Policy And Politics

by Kraft, Michael E.

• ISBN13: 9780321243539
• ISBN10: 0321243536
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

Drawing from work within environmental science, policy analysis, and political science, this text critically assesses the key strengths and weaknesses of policymaking processes today, as well as the promise of new policy approaches. Arguing that strong public support is necessary for achieving environmental policy goals, the Fourth Edition stresses the opportunities available to all citizens to influence environmental politics at every level of government.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
CHAPTER 1 Environmental Problems and Politics	1	(24)
Environmental Policy and Politics	4	(2)
Perspectives on Environmental Problems	6	(3)
Scientific Knowledge and Its Use	6	(1)
Economics and Incentives	7	(1)
Environmental Values and Ethics	8	(1)
The Role of Government and Politics	9	(2)
Democracy, Politics, and Environmental Policy	11	(1)
Defining Environmental Policy	12	(2)
Policy Typologies	12	(1)
The Breadth of Environmental Policy	13	(1)
Environmental Problems and Public Policy	14	(7)
Defining the Problems: The Nature of Environmental Risks	14	(5)
Coping with Environmental Risks	19	(2)
Public Policy Responses	21	(2)
Conclusions	23	(1)
Discussion Questions	23	(1)
Suggested Readings	24	(1)
Endnotes	24	(1)
CHAPTER 2 Judging the State of the Environment	25	(31)
Air Quality	26	(5)
Gains in Air Quality and Remaining Problems	27	(1)
Indoor Air Quality	28	(1)
Acid Precipitation	29	(1)
CFCs and the Stratospheric Ozone Layer	30	(1)
Water Quality	31	(4)
Pollution of Surface Waters	32	(2)
Drinking Water Quality	34	(1)
Toxic Chemicals and Hazardous Wastes	35	(5)
Toxic Chemicals and Health Effects	35	(2)
Hazardous Wastes	37	(2)
Contaminated Federal Facilities	39	(1)
Radioactive Wastes	39	(1)
Solid Waste and Consumer Waste	40	(1)
Energy Use and Climate Change	41	(3)
The Nature of Energy Problems	41	(2)
Fossil Fuels and the Threat of Climate Change	43	(1)
Biological Diversity and Habitat Loss	44	(4)
Biodiversity Loss and Implications	45	(2)
Policy Actions and Effects	47	(1)
Population Growth	48	(3)
Population and Sustainable Development	48	(2)
Growth Rates and Projected Population Increases	50	(1)
Conclusions	51	(1)
Discussion Questions	52	(1)
Suggested Readings	53	(1)
Endnotes	53	(3)
CHAPTER 3 Making Environmental Policy	56	(29)
Understanding Environmental Politics	57	(1)
The Policy Process Model	58	(12)
Agenda Setting	60	(3)
Policy Formulation	63	(3)
Policy Legitimation	66	(1)
Policy Implementation	67	(1)
Policy and Program Evaluation	67	(1)
Policy Change	68	(2)
Patterns in Environmental Policymaking	70	(2)
Characteristics of U.S. Government and Politics	72	(10)
Constitutional and Political Features	72	(1)
Institutional Fragmentation and Policy Stalemate	73	(5)
The Benefits of Dispersed Power	78	(4)
Conclusions	82	(1)
Discussion Questions	82	(1)
Suggested Readings	83	(1)
Endnotes	83	(2)
CHAPTER 4 The Evolution of Environmental Policy and Politics	85	(26)
Natural Resources and Environmental Policies in Historical Perspective	86	(4)
The Settlement and "Conquest" of Nature	86	(1)
The Conservation Movement and Advances in Public Health	87	(2)
From the New Deal to the Environmental Movement	89	(1)
The Modern Environmental Movement and Policy Achievements	90	(14)
Environmental Interest Groups	93	(6)
Public Opinion and the Environment	99	(3)
Environmental Issues in Election Campaigns	102	(2)
Political Reaction to Environmentalism	104	(3)
Environmental Policy in the Reagan and Bush Administrations	105	(1)
Clinton and Gore Reform Environmental Policy and Battle Congress	106	(1)
George W. Bush and the Environment	106	(1)
Conclusions	107	(2)
Discussion Questions	109	(1)
Suggested Readings	109	(1)
Endnotes	109	(2)
CHAPTER 5 Environmental Protection Policy: Controlling Pollution	111	(48)
The Contours of Environmental Protection Policy	112	(20)
The Clean Air Act	112	(6)
The Clean Water Act	118	(3)
The Safe Drinking Water Act	121	(2)
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	123	(1)
The Toxic Substances Control Act	124	(1)
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act	125	(3)
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act	128	(4)
The Institutional Context of Policy Implementation	132	(7)
The EPA's Organization, Budget, and Staff	132	(4)
Working with the States	136	(2)
Political Support and Opposition	138	(1)
Setting Environmental Standards	139	(6)
Environmental Goals and Objectives	139	(2)
Environmental Quality Criteria	141	(1)
Setting Quality Standards	142	(3)
Emissions Standards	145	(1)
Balancing Statutory Goals and Costs	145	(2)
Adopting and Enforcing Regulations	147	(6)
Administrative Rule Making	147	(2)
Enforcement and Compliance	149	(3)
White House Oversight	152	(1)
Conclusions	153	(1)
Discussion Questions	154	(1)
Suggested Readings	155	(1)
Endnotes	155	(4)
CHAPTER 6 Energy and Natural Resource Policies	159	(46)
Energy Policy: Goals and Means	161	(2)
Indirect Policy Impacts	162	(1)
Shifting Energy Priorities	163	(1)
The Energy Policy Cycle: 1973-1989	163	(3)
Carter's National Energy Plan and Conservation Gains	164	(1)
Reagan's Nonpolicy on Energy	165	(1)
Energy Policy for the Twenty-First Century	166	(7)
The Bush Administration's National Energy Strategy	167	(1)
The Clinton Administration Tries Its Hand	168	(2)
Energy Policy Under George W. Bush	170	(2)
State and Local Energy Initiatives	172	(1)
Natural Resources and Policy Change	173	(19)
Environmental Stewardship or Economic Development?	175	(1)
The Environmentalist Challenge to Resource Development	176	(3)
Natural Resource Policies and Agencies	179	(3)
Managing the Nation's Forests	182	(3)
Battles over Wilderness	185	(1)
Governing the Range	186	(2)
BLM Lands and the Sagebrush Rebellion	188	(1)
Other Protected Lands and Agencies	188	(4)
Environmental Impacts and Natural Resources Decision Making	192	(7)
The Endangered Species Act	192	(4)
The National Environmental Policy Act	196	(3)
Conclusions	199	(1)
Discussion Questions	200	(1)
Suggested Readings	201	(1)
Endnotes	201	(4)
CHAPTER 7 Evaluating Environmental Policy	205	(36)
Critiques of Environmental Policy	205	(2)
Environmental Policy Evaluation	207	(3)
Program Outcomes	209	(1)
Examining Decision Making and Institutions	209	(1)
Signs of Progress	210	(4)
Environmental Protection Policies	210	(2)
Natural Resource Policies	212	(1)
Data Assessment and Public Dialogue	213	(1)
Costs, Benefits, and Risks	214	(5)
Comparing Risks and Setting Priorities	215	(1)
Controversies over Cost–Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment	216	(2)
Environmentalists' Use of Economic Analysis	218	(1)
Jobs, the Economy, and the Environment	219	(5)
Employment, Business Costs, and Environmental Policy	220	(2)
Seeking Common Ground: Toward Environmental Sustainability	222	(1)
Environmental Justice	223	(1)
Reforming Environmental Regulation	224	(7)
The Case for Policy Alternatives	224	(4)
Assessing New Policy Approaches	228	(3)
New Directions in Energy and Natural Resources Policy	231	(5)
The Appeal of User Fees	232	(1)
Privatization of Public Land	232	(2)
Social Cost Accounting	234	(1)
Government Purchasing Power	234	(1)
Ecosystem Management	235	(1)
Conclusions	236	(1)
Discussion Questions	237	(1)
Suggested Readings	237	(1)
Endnotes	238	(3)
CHAPTER 8 Environmental Policy and Politics for the Twenty-First Century	241	(31)
Environmental Goals and Policy Choices: Domestic and Global	242	(1)
Three Generations of Environmental Policy and Politics	243	(1)
Toward Sustainable Development?	244	(6)
The President's Council on Sustainable Development	245	(1)
Sustainable Development at State and Local Levels	245	(2)
Business and the Environment	247	(2)
Citizens and the Environment	249	(1)
International Environmental Policy and Politics	250	(10)
Environmental Institutions and Policies	250	(6)
Institutional Capacity for Global Sustainable Development	256	(4)
Political Conflict and Global Environmental Policy	260	(7)
Climate Change	261	(2)
Protection of Biological Diversity	263	(2)
Population Growth and Economic Development	265	(2)
Conclusions	267	(1)
Discussion Questions	268	(1)
Suggested Readings	269	(1)
Endnotes	269	(3)
References	272	(28)
Index	300