The Forensic Anthropology Training Manual

by Burns, Karen Ramey

• ISBN13: 9780130105769
• ISBN10: 0130105767
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This new book focuses on the challenges and responsibilities of the forensic scientist, the multidisciplinary nature of the work, and the international potential for the forensic sciences. An excellent introduction to the realities of the profession of forensic scientist. Trains in the description and analysis of human skeletal and dental remains. Offers a well-illustrated approach to osteology training, including: a concentration on vocabulary-building, the use of case studies, and a structured approach to skeletal analysis and report-writing. An excellent text for those considering the field of forensic science.

Author Biography

Karen Ramey Burns, Ph.D. is presently teaching at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
About The Author	xvii
About The Illustrator	xix
Introduction To Forensic Anthropology	1	(1)
The Basic Problem	2	(1)
Who Are the ``Missing, Unidentified, and Disappeared''?	2	(1)
Why Is Identification so Difficult?	2	(1)
The Discipline of Forensic Anthropology	3	(1)
What Are the Objectives of an Anthropological Investigation?	3	(1)
What Are the Educational Requirements of a Forensic Anthropologist?	4	(1)
How Is the Work of an Anthropologist Different from the Work of a Pathologist or Medical Examiner?	4	(1)
What Are the Stages of Investigation in Forensic Anthropology?	5	(2)
PART I SKELETAL ANATOMY	7	(128)
Introduction To Human Osteology	8	(15)
Why Learn Human Osteology?	9	(1)
Practical Applications for Human Osteology	9	(1)
What to Expect from a Human Osteology Course	9	(1)
The Basics	9	(1)
Course Description	9	(1)
Course Time Allotment	10	(1)
Use of Human Skeletons	10	(1)
Schedule of Study	10	(1)
Information versus Experience	10	(1)
Tissues	10	(7)
Connective Tissue	10	(1)
Dense Connective Tissue and Fibrous Tissue	11	(1)
Cartilage	12	(1)
Bone	13	(1)
The Building Blocks for Bone	14	(1)
Classification and Description of Bones	15	(2)
Directional and Sectional Terms for the Human Body	17	(1)
Examples of Directions and Sections	18	(1)
Osteological Terms	18	(5)
The Skull: Cranium, Mandible, And Hyoid	23	(26)
Bone Recognition	28	(8)
Sex Differentiation	36	(2)
Examining Male and Female Skulls for Sexual Differences	36	(2)
Racial Analysis	38	(2)
Examining Skulls from Persons of Different Races	38	(2)
Anthropometry	40	(8)
Position	40	(1)
Craniometric Points	40	(3)
Directions for Accurate Measurements	43	(1)
Head Shape and Cranial Indices	44	(4)
Review of Skull Measurement Terms	48	(1)
The Hyoid	48	(1)
The Shoulder And Chest (Thorax): Clavicle, Scapula, And Ribs	49	(11)
The Shoulder Girdle	50	(1)
The Clavicle	50	(2)
Epiphyseal Fusion	51	(1)
The Scapula	52	(2)
The Ribs	54	(4)
Costo-Vertebral Articulations	56	(1)
Age Determinations	56	(2)
The Sternum	58	(2)
The Vertebral Column	60	(8)
Overview of Vertebral Sections	61	(3)
Cervical Vertebrae (Atlas, Axis, and C3-C7)	62	(1)
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)	62	(1)
Lumber Vertebrae (L1-L5)	62	(1)
Sacral Vertebrae (S1-S5)	62	(1)
Coccygeal Vertebrae (Coccyx)	62	(2)
Reassembling the Vertebral Column	64	(1)
Sorting	64	(1)
Beginning at the Top	64	(1)
Viewing the Results	64	(1)
The Aging Vertebral Body	64	(4)
The Arm: Humerus, Radius, And Ulna	68	(7)
The Humerus	69	(1)
The Forearm	70	(5)
The Radius	71	(1)
The Ulna	72	(3)
The Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals, And Phalanges	75	(6)
Carpal Bones	76	(1)
Metacarpal Bones	77	(3)
Phalanges of Hand	80	(1)
A Method for Sorting Phalanges	80	(1)
The Pelvis (Hip): The Innominate, Composed Of The Ilium, Ischium, And Pubis	81	(11)
The Structure of the Innominate	82	(2)
Side Differences and Specific Structures of the Pelvis	84	(3)
Age Differences in the Male Pubic Symphysis	87	(5)
Examples from the Male Pubic Symphysis	88	(1)
Examples of Six Phases of Pubic Symphysis Aging	89	(3)
The Leg: Femur, Tibia, Fibula, And Patella	92	(11)
The Femur	93	(1)
The Tibia	94	(2)
The Fibula	96	(2)
The Patella	98	(2)
Sexual Differences in the Bones of the Leg	100	(3)
The Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals, And Phalanges	103	(6)
Tarsal Bones	105	(2)
Metatarsal Bones	107	(1)
Phalanges: A Finger-Toe Comparison	108	(1)
Human Odontology (The Teeth)	109	(26)
Introduction to Odontology	110	(3)
Tooth Structure	113	(1)
Tooth Recognition	114	(2)
Incisors	114	(1)
Canines	114	(1)
Premolars	115	(1)
Molars	115	(1)
Tips for Recognizing Similar Teeth	116	(3)
Distinguishing Maxillary Incisors from Mandibular Incisors	116	(1)
Distinguishing Maxillary Premolars from Mandibular Premolars	117	(1)
Distinguishing Maxillary Molars from Mandibular Molars	118	(1)
Recognizing Racial Traits	119	(1)
The Universal Numbering System	120	(2)
Dental Aging	122	(7)
Formative Changes in Teeth	122	(1)
Infant and Toddler---Deciduous Dentition	123	(1)
Child--Mixed Dentition	124	(1)
Teenager and Adult---Permanent Dentition	125	(1)
Degenerative Changes in Teeth	126	(3)
Dentistry Terms	129	(1)
Oral Disease	130	(2)
Dental Caries	130	(1)
Apical Abscess	130	(1)
Calculus Accumulation	130	(1)
Periodontal Disease	130	(2)
Dental Staining	132	(1)
The Effects of Long-Term Tooth Loss	132	(1)
Dental Inventory Form	133	(2)
PART II FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERFACE	135	(92)
Introduction To The Forensic Sciences	136	(8)
Physical Evidence	137	(2)
What is Evidence?	137	(1)
What Evidence is Used in a Court of Low?	137	(1)
How Is Evidence Used?	137	(1)
Challenges in the Use of Physical Evidence	138	(1)
Death Investigation Specialists	139	(3)
Ballistic Specialists	139	(1)
Crime Scene Investigators	140	(1)
Criminalists	140	(1)
Drug Analysts	140	(1)
Fingerprint Specialists	140	(1)
Forensic Anthropologists	140	(1)
Forensic Pathologists	140	(1)
Forensic Psychiatrists	141	(1)
Questioned Document Examiners	142	(1)
Serologists	142	(1)
Toxicologists	142	(1)
Which Specialist---Forensic Pathologist, Forensic Anthropologist, or Crime Scene Investigator?	142	(2)
No Visual Identification Possible	142	(1)
Legal Consequence Unlikely	142	(2)
Laboratory Analysis	144	(33)
Analysis	145	(1)
Organization of Analysis	145	(1)
Information Categories	145	(1)
Sequence of Analysis	145	(1)
The Basics of Skeletal Analysis	145	(1)
Preparation for Analysis	146	(4)
The Laboratory	146	(2)
Overall Examination	148	(1)
Preparation for Skeletal Material	148	(2)
Skeletal analysis and Description	150	(8)
Age	150	(1)
Sex	151	(1)
Race	152	(2)
Stature	154	(1)
Stature Determination by Formulae	155	(2)
Handedness	157	(1)
Analysis of Trauma	158	(8)
Timing---When Did the Incident Occur?	158	(2)
Classification---What Caused the Injury?	160	(6)
The Stages of Bone Healing	166	(2)
Timing the Healing Process	167	(1)
Disease Analysis	168	(4)
Age-Related Conditions	169	(1)
Nutrition and Metabolism	169	(1)
Bacterial Infections	170	(1)
Neoplasms	171	(1)
A Final Review of the Data	172	(1)
The Basics of Human Identification	173	(4)
Photo Superimposition	173	(1)
Other Useful Methods	174	(3)
Field Methods	177	(21)
Preparation for Field Work	178	(1)
Expectations	178	(1)
Is the Job Legally, Financially, Physically, and Technically Possible?	178	(1)
Antemortem Information	179	(1)
The Interview	179	(1)
Medical Records	180	(1)
Numbering System and Records	180	(1)
Evidence Identification	180	(1)
Data Record Forms	181	(1)
Equipment and Supplies	181	(3)
Tools	182	(2)
Burial Location and Scene Investigation	184	(2)
What to Look for	184	(1)
Burial Classification	185	(1)
The Excavation/Exhumation	186	(2)
Assigning Duties	186	(2)
Excavation Methods	188	(7)
Evidence Management	195	(1)
Chain of Custody	195	(1)
Numbering System	196	(1)
Boxing and Storage Systems	196	(1)
Quality check	196	(2)
Items to Recognize and Recover	196	(1)
Completion of Written Documentation	196	(1)
Reconstruction of the Entire Scene from the Photographic Documentation	196	(2)
Professional Results	198	(6)
Record Keeping	199	(1)
Background Information	199	(1)
Significant Dates	199	(1)
Chain of Custody	199	(1)
Notes	199	(1)
Report Writing	199	(2)
Case Background	200	(1)
General Condition of the Evidence	200	(1)
Inventory	200	(1)
Anthropological Description	200	(1)
Other Observation	200	(1)
Conclusions	201	(1)
Recommendations	201	(1)
Signature and Date	201	(1)
Appendix	201	(1)
Basic Ethics	201	(1)
Respect	201	(1)
Honesty	201	(1)
Confidentiality	202	(1)
Courtroom Testimony	202	(2)
What Does It Mean to Be ``Well Prepared''?	202	(1)
How Is Honesty Presented beyond the ``Swearing In''?	202	(1)
How Does a Witness ``Show Respect''?	202	(2)
Human Rights Applications	204	(23)
The Role of the Scientist in Human Rights Work	205	(3)
Evidence	205	(1)
Professional Committees	205	(1)
Human Rights Work Compared with Standard Forensic Work	206	(2)
The Contribution of forensic Anthropology	208	(4)
Scientific Human Rights Missions	210	(2)
Participants in International Missions	212	(3)
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)	212	(1)
Truth Commissions and Commissions of Inquiry	212	(1)
Intergovernment Institutions	213	(1)
Human Rights Groups and Organizations Interested in Science and Human Rights	213	(1)
Philanthropic Agencies and International Funding Agencies	213	(1)
Technical Resources	214	(1)
Multinational Forensic Teams	215	(1)
Planning Scientific Missions	215	(3)
Written Permission	216	(1)
Budgeting and Funding	216	(1)
Specialists and Laborers	217	(1)
Laboratory and Storage Areas	217	(1)
Living Arrangements	217	(1)
Weather Conditions	217	(1)
Press Interests	217	(1)
Safety and Security	217	(1)
Types of Missions	218	(6)
The Exploratory Mission	218	(2)
The Major Excavation Mission	220	(2)
The Training Mission	222	(2)
Follow-up and Conclusion to the Missions	224	(1)
Results of Missions	224	(1)
Human Identification	225	(1)
Physical Evidence	225	(1)
International Publicity	225	(1)
The Future	225	(2)
Appendix: Forensic Forms	227	(30)
Glossary	257	(9)
Bibliography	266	(7)
Index	273