Fundamentals Of Geophysical Interpretation

by Lines, Laurence R.

• ISBN13: 9781560801252
• ISBN10: 1560801255
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-12-01
• Publisher: SOCIETY OF EXPLORATION

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
Acknowledgments	xiii
Introduction	1	(6)
What is geophysical interpretation?	1	(1)
The ideal interpreter	2	(1)
Rock properties and geophysical surveys	3	(1)
Suggested reading	3	(2)
References	5	(2)
Petroleum Reservoirs	7	(8)
Source rock	7	(2)
Migration path	9	(1)
Trap	9	(5)
References	14	(1)
Potential Fields	15	(16)
Gravity	18	(5)
Gravity modeling	23	(3)
Other gravity models of interest	26	(2)
Modeling and inversion	28	(1)
Magnetics	28	(1)
Aerial surveys	29	(1)
Conclusions	29	(1)
References	29	(2)
Refraction Seismology	31	(4)
References	34	(1)
Reflection Seismology Concepts	35	(8)
Overview	35	(1)
Reflection coefficients	35	(1)
Convolutional model	36	(3)
Traveltime, velocity, and normal moveout	39	(2)
Seismic data acquisition	41	(1)
Seismic data processing	41	(1)
References	41	(2)
Seismic Resolution	43	(18)
Overview	43	(1)
Vertical resolution --- How thin is a thin bed?	43	(5)
Improving temporal resolution through deconvolution	48	(1)
Lateral resolution	49	(4)
Depth imaging --- ``If we could turn back time''	53	(6)
References	59	(2)
Aliasing for the Layperson	61	(10)
Introduction --- Aliasing in everyday life	61	(1)
Strobe-light experiments, sampling, and the Nyquist frequency	61	(3)
Spatial aliasing	64	(3)
Example of ``back-of-the-envelope'' calculations	67	(1)
Summary and future possibilities	68	(1)
References	69	(2)
Seismic Ties from Well Data	71	(4)
Why are well ties imperfect?	72	(1)
Wavelets, well logs, and Wiener filters	73	(1)
Reference	73	(2)
Character, Continuity, Correlatability, and Coherence	75	(10)
Character	75	(2)
Continuity	77	(1)
Coherency	78	(1)
Crosscorrelation and semblance	79	(2)
The coherence cube	81	(2)
Summary	83	(1)
References	84	(1)
Modern Solutions to Pitfalls in Seismic Interpretation	85	(6)
Anisotropy --- A ``modern'' pitfall	87	(1)
Conclusions	88	(2)
References	90	(1)
Interpreting a Structurally Complex Seismic Section	91	(16)
Introduction	91	(1)
Examine the section	92	(1)
Add geologic and borehole information	93	(2)
Interpret large faults and basement formation tops	95	(1)
Interpret additional formation tops across the section	95	(1)
Identify and solve interpretation challenges	96	(5)
Use reflection character where continuity decreases	101	(4)
Add finishing touches to the section	105	(1)
References	106	(1)
Stratigraphy	107	(8)
Sequence stratigraphy	107	(4)
Seismic stratigraphy	111	(1)
Chronostratigraphy versus lithostratigraphy	112	(1)
References	113	(2)
Carbonate Reef Interpretation	115	(6)
References	120	(1)
Interpretation of Traps Related to Salt Structures	121	(16)
Overview	121	(2)
Subsalt imaging via target-oriented 3D prestack depth migration	123	(12)
References	135	(2)
Seismic Modeling	137	(8)
Overview	137	(1)
Seismic-modeling methods	137	(2)
Uses of seismic modeling	139	(4)
Examples of seismic modeling	143	(1)
References	144	(1)
Seismic Inversion	145	(14)
Overview	145	(1)
Relation between modeling and inversion	145	(4)
Seismic inversion using ID models	149	(2)
Seismic impedance estimation	151	(5)
Interpretation examples	156	(2)
References	158	(1)
Seismic Traveltime Tomography	159	(12)
Traveltime interpretation	162	(1)
Ray tracing	163	(1)
Tomography inversion	163	(1)
Surface-to-borehole tomography and VSP imaging	164	(2)
Cross-borehole tomography	166	(1)
Refraction tomography	167	(1)
Future possibilities	168	(1)
References	168	(3)
3D Reflection Seismology	171	(10)
Motivation	171	(1)
3D seismic surveys	172	(2)
A simple example of why we need 3D	174	(2)
3D imaging of real data	176	(1)
Time and depth slices	177	(1)
The effects of 3D methods on interpretation	177	(1)
Conclusions	178	(1)
References	179	(2)
Introduction to AVO Methods	181	(14)
Introduction	181	(1)
AVO, rock properties, and pore fluids	182	(3)
Offset-dependent reflectivity and Zoeppritz's equations	185	(6)
Pitfalls and possibilities in AVO analysis	191	(1)
Appendix A	192	(2)
References	194	(1)
Reservoir Characterization	195	(6)
Rock physics	196	(1)
Integrated reservoir characterization --- A scaling problem	196	(2)
Conclusions	198	(2)
References	200	(1)
Time-lapse Seismology	201	(12)
Introduction	201	(1)
Seismic monitoring of steam zones --- A case study from Pikes Peak, Saskatchewan	202	(9)
Conclusions	211	(1)
References	211	(2)
Multicomponent Seismology	213	(6)
P-waves and S-waves	213	(1)
Why use S-waves?	214	(1)
Converted-wave exploration	215	(1)
Conclusions	216	(1)
References	217	(2)
Vertical Seismic Profiles	219	(12)
Introduction	219	(1)
Types of VSP	219	(2)
VSP acquisition	221	(3)
VSP processing and interpretation	224	(6)
References	230	(1)
Cooperative Inversion of Geophysical Data	231	(24)
Abstract	231	(1)
Philosophy of cooperative inversion	231	(1)
Joint inversion and sequential inversion	232	(2)
Least-squares estimation	234	(2)
The buried fault block --- A synthetic test example	236	(2)
Cooperative inversion of a real-data case	238	(1)
Sequential-inversion strategy	238	(1)
Seismic-traveltime fitting	239	(4)
Gravity inversion	243	(6)
Model consistency and verification	249	(2)
Conclusions	251	(1)
Acknowledgments	252	(1)
References	253	(1)
References for general reading	254	(1)
Geostatistics	255	(6)
Prediction using a single-variable type	255	(1)
Multivariable prediction	256	(2)
Conclusions	258	(1)
References	259	(2)
The Art and Science of Contouring	261	(6)
Contouring --- An interpretive process	262	(1)
Caveats about machine contouring	262	(1)
Pitfalls in contouring	263	(1)
Maps for prospect generation	264	(1)
Conclusions	265	(1)
References	265	(2)
Conclusions	267	(2)
Index	269