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Preface

xii

Acknowledgments

xiii

Introduction

(6)

What is geophysical interpretation?

(1)

The ideal interpreter

(1)

Rock properties and geophysical surveys

(1)

Suggested reading

(2)

References

(2)

Petroleum Reservoirs

(8)

Source rock

(2)

Migration path

(1)

Trap

(5)

References

(1)

Potential Fields

(16)

Gravity

(5)

Gravity modeling

(3)

Other gravity models of interest

(2)

Modeling and inversion

(1)

Magnetics

(1)

Aerial surveys

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(2)

Refraction Seismology

(4)

References

(1)

Reflection Seismology Concepts

(8)

Overview

(1)

Reflection coefficients

(1)

Convolutional model

(3)

Traveltime, velocity, and normal moveout

(2)

Seismic data acquisition

(1)

Seismic data processing

(1)

References

(2)

Seismic Resolution

(18)

Overview

(1)

Vertical resolution --- How thin is a thin bed?

(5)

Improving temporal resolution through deconvolution

(1)

Lateral resolution

(4)

Depth imaging --- ``If we could turn back time''

(6)

References

(2)

Aliasing for the Layperson

(10)

Introduction --- Aliasing in everyday life

(1)

Strobe-light experiments, sampling, and the Nyquist frequency

(3)

Spatial aliasing

(3)

Example of ``back-of-the-envelope'' calculations

(1)

Summary and future possibilities

(1)

References

(2)

Seismic Ties from Well Data

(4)

Why are well ties imperfect?

(1)

Wavelets, well logs, and Wiener filters

(1)

Reference

(2)

Character, Continuity, Correlatability, and Coherence

(10)

Character

(2)

Continuity

(1)

Coherency

(1)

Crosscorrelation and semblance

(2)

The coherence cube

(2)

Summary

(1)

References

(1)

Modern Solutions to Pitfalls in Seismic Interpretation

(6)

Anisotropy --- A ``modern'' pitfall

(1)

Conclusions

(2)

References

(1)

Interpreting a Structurally Complex Seismic Section

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Examine the section

(1)

Add geologic and borehole information

(2)

Interpret large faults and basement formation tops

(1)

Interpret additional formation tops across the section

(1)

Identify and solve interpretation challenges

(5)

Use reflection character where continuity decreases

101

(4)

Add finishing touches to the section

105

(1)

References

106

(1)

Stratigraphy

107

(8)

Sequence stratigraphy

107

(4)

Seismic stratigraphy

111

(1)

Chronostratigraphy versus lithostratigraphy

112

(1)

References

113

(2)

Carbonate Reef Interpretation

115

(6)

References

120

(1)

Interpretation of Traps Related to Salt Structures

121

(16)

Overview

121

(2)

Subsalt imaging via target-oriented 3D prestack depth migration

123

(12)

References

135

(2)

Seismic Modeling

137

(8)

Overview

137

(1)

Seismic-modeling methods

137

(2)

Uses of seismic modeling

139

(4)

Examples of seismic modeling

143

(1)

References

144

(1)

Seismic Inversion

145

(14)

Overview

145

(1)

Relation between modeling and inversion

145

(4)

Seismic inversion using ID models

149

(2)

Seismic impedance estimation

151

(5)

Interpretation examples

156

(2)

References

158

(1)

Seismic Traveltime Tomography

159

(12)

Traveltime interpretation

162

(1)

Ray tracing

163

(1)

Tomography inversion

163

(1)

Surface-to-borehole tomography and VSP imaging

164

(2)

Cross-borehole tomography

166

(1)

Refraction tomography

167

(1)

Future possibilities

168

(1)

References

168

(3)

3D Reflection Seismology

171

(10)

Motivation

171

(1)

3D seismic surveys

172

(2)

A simple example of why we need 3D

174

(2)

3D imaging of real data

176

(1)

Time and depth slices

177

(1)

The effects of 3D methods on interpretation

177

(1)

Conclusions

178

(1)

References

179

(2)

Introduction to AVO Methods

181

(14)

Introduction

181

(1)

AVO, rock properties, and pore fluids

182

(3)

Offset-dependent reflectivity and Zoeppritz's equations

185

(6)

Pitfalls and possibilities in AVO analysis

191

(1)

Appendix A

192

(2)

References

194

(1)

Reservoir Characterization

195

(6)

Rock physics

196

(1)

Integrated reservoir characterization --- A scaling problem

196

(2)

Conclusions

198

(2)

References

200

(1)

Time-lapse Seismology

201

(12)

Introduction

201

(1)

Seismic monitoring of steam zones --- A case study from Pikes Peak, Saskatchewan

202

(9)

Conclusions

211

(1)

References

211

(2)

Multicomponent Seismology

213

(6)

P-waves and S-waves

213

(1)

Why use S-waves?

214

(1)

Converted-wave exploration

215

(1)

Conclusions

216

(1)

References

217

(2)

Vertical Seismic Profiles

219

(12)

Introduction

219

(1)

Types of VSP

219

(2)

VSP acquisition

221

(3)

VSP processing and interpretation

224

(6)

References

230

(1)

Cooperative Inversion of Geophysical Data

231

(24)

Abstract

231

(1)

Philosophy of cooperative inversion

231

(1)

Joint inversion and sequential inversion

232

(2)

Least-squares estimation

234

(2)

The buried fault block --- A synthetic test example

236

(2)

Cooperative inversion of a real-data case

238

(1)

Sequential-inversion strategy

238

(1)

Seismic-traveltime fitting

239

(4)

Gravity inversion

243

(6)

Model consistency and verification

249

(2)

Conclusions

251

(1)

Acknowledgments

252

(1)

References

253

(1)

References for general reading

254

(1)

Geostatistics

255

(6)

Prediction using a single-variable type

255

(1)

Multivariable prediction

256

(2)

Conclusions

258

(1)

References

259

(2)

The Art and Science of Contouring

261

(6)

Contouring --- An interpretive process

262

(1)

Caveats about machine contouring

262

(1)

Pitfalls in contouring

263

(1)

Maps for prospect generation

264

(1)

Conclusions

265

(1)

References

265

(2)

Conclusions

267

(2)

Index

269

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Fundamentals Of Geophysical Interpretation

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Fundamentals Of Geophysical Interpretation

9781560801252

1560801255

Table of Contents

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