Human Development : A Life-Span View (with InfoTrac)

by Kail, Robert V.

• ISBN13: 9780534597511
• ISBN10: 0534597513
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-20
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Part One: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, INFANCY, AND EARLY CHILDHOOD. 1. The Study of Human Development. 2. Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth. 3. Tools for Exploring the World: Physical Development in Infancy and Early Childhood. 4. The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood. 5. Entering the Social World: Socio-Emotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood. Part Two: SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS. 6. Off to School: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood. 7. Expanding Social Horizons: Socio-Emotional Development in Middle Childhood. 8. Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescents. 9. Moving into the Adult Social World: Socio-Emotional Development in Adolescents. Part Three: YOUNG AND MIDDLE ADULTHOOD. 10. Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development. 11. Being with Others: Forming Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood. 12. Work and Leisure: Occupational and Lifestyle Issues in Young and Middle Adulthood. 13. Making It in Midlife: The Unique Challenges of Middle Adulthood. Part Four: LATE ADULTHOOD. 14. The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues. 15. Social Aspects of Later Life: Psychosocial, Retirement, Relationship, and Societal Issues. 16. The Final Passage: Dying and Bereavement. Glossary. References. Credits. Name Index. Subject Index.

Table of Contents

The Study of Human Development	2	(42)
How to Use This Book	4	(3)
Learning and Study Aids	4	(1)
Terminology	5	(1)
Organization	6	(1)
Thinking About Development	7	(6)
Recurring Issues in Human Development	7	(2)
Basic Forces in Human Development: The Biopsychosocial Framework	9	(4)
Forces in Action
In Search of the Whole Person	13	(1)
Developmental Theories	13	(14)
Current Controversies
Who Needs Theories Anyway?	14	(1)
Psychodynamic Theory	15	(2)
Learning Theory	17	(1)
Cognitive-Developmental Theory	18	(3)
The Ecological and Systems Approach	21	(1)
Life-Span Perspective, Selective Optimization with Compensation, and Life Course Perspective	22	(4)
Real People: Applying Human Development
Sarah and Elizabeth Delany	26	(1)
The Big Picture	27	(1)
Doing Developmental Research	27	(17)
Measurement in Human Development Research	28	(3)
General Designs for Research	31	(2)
Designs for Studying Development	33	(2)
Spotlight on Research
Mapping Memory Across Adulthood	35	(1)
Conducting Research Ethically	36	(2)
Communicating Research Results	38	(1)
Applying Research Results: Social Policy	38	(1)
Putting It All Together	39	(1)
Summary	40	(1)
Key Terms	41	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	42	(1)
Learn More About It	42	(2)
PART I Prenatal Development, Infancy, and Early Childhood
Biological Foundations	44	(40)
Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth
In the Beginning: 23 Pairs of Chromosomes	46	(11)
Mechanisms of Heredity	46	(6)
Genetic Disorders	52	(1)
Heredity Is Not Destiny: Genes and Environments	53	(3)
Real People: Applying Human Development
Ben and Matt Pick Their Niches	56	(1)
From Conception to Birth	57	(6)
Period of the Zygote (weeks 1--2)	58	(1)
Current Controversies
Conception in the 21st Century	58	(2)
Period of the Embryo (weeks 3--8)	60	(1)
Period of the Fetus (weeks 9--38)	61	(2)
Influences on Prenatal Development	63	(12)
General Risk Factors	64	(2)
Teratogens: Drugs, Diseases, and Environmental Hazards	66	(2)
Spotlight on Research
Impact of Prenatal Exposure to PCBs on Cognitive Functioning	68	(2)
How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development	70	(2)
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment	72	(3)
Labor and Delivery	75	(9)
Stages of Labor	75	(1)
Approaches to Childbirth	76	(1)
Birth Complications	77	(2)
Forces in Action
What Determines Life Outcomes for Low-Birth-Weight Babies?	79	(1)
Infant Mortality	79	(1)
Putting It All Together	80	(1)
Summary	80	(2)
Key Terms	82	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	83	(1)
Learn More About It	83	(1)
Tools for Exploring the World	84	(44)
Physical Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
The Newborn	86	(7)
The Newborn's Reflexes	86	(1)
Assessing the Newborn	87	(1)
The Newborn's States	88	(3)
Temperament	91	(2)
Physical Development	93	(11)
Growth of the Body	93	(5)
Forces in Action
Fostering Development in Malnourished Children	98	(1)
The Emerging Nervous System	98	(6)
Moving and Grasping---Early Motor Skills	104	(7)
Locomotion	104	(4)
Fine Motor Skills	108	(3)
Coming to Know the World: Perception	111	(9)
Smell and Taste	111	(1)
Touch and Pain	112	(1)
Hearing	112	(1)
Seeing	113	(4)
Integrating Sensory Information	117	(1)
Spotlight on Research
Infants Attend to Intersensory Redundancy	118	(2)
Becoming Self-Aware	120	(8)
Origins of Self-Concept	120	(2)
Theory of Mind	122	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development
``Seeing Is Believing...'' for 3-Year-Olds	123	(1)
Putting It All Together	124	(1)
Summary	124	(2)
Key Terms	126	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	126	(1)
Learn More About It	126	(2)
The Emergence of Thought and Language	128	(44)
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
The Onset of Thinking: Piaget's Account	130	(15)
Basic Principles of Cognitive Development	130	(2)
Sensorimotor Thinking	132	(2)
Preoperational Thinking	134	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development
Christine, Egocentrism, and Animism	135	(3)
Spotlight on Research
Finding Toys in a Shrunken Room	138	(2)
Evaluating Piaget's Theory	140	(3)
Extending Piaget's Account: Children's Naive Theories	143	(2)
Information Processing During Infancy and Early Childhood	145	(8)
General Principles of Information Processing	146	(1)
Attention	146	(1)
Learning	147	(1)
Memory	148	(2)
Current Controversies
Preschoolers on the Witness Stand	150	(1)
Understanding Number	151	(2)
Mind and Culture: Vygotsky's Theory	153	(2)
The Zone of Proximal Development	153	(1)
Scaffolding	154	(1)
Private Speech	154	(1)
Language	155	(17)
The Road to Speech	156	(3)
First Words and Many More	159	(5)
Speaking in Sentences: Grammatical Development	164	(1)
Forces in Action
How Children Learn Grammar	165	(1)
Communicating with Others	166	(2)
Putting It All Together	168	(1)
Summary	168	(2)
Key Terms	170	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	171	(1)
Learn More About It	171	(1)
Entering the Social World	172	(40)
Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
Beginnings: Trust and Attachment	174	(9)
Erikson's Stages of Early Psychosocial Development	174	(1)
The Growth of Attachment	175	(4)
Forces in Action
What Determines Quality of Attachment?	179	(1)
Attachment, Work, and Alternative Caregiving	180	(2)
Real People: Applying Human Development
Lois, Bill, and Sarah	182	(1)
Emerging Emotions	183	(6)
Experiencing and Expressing Emotions	183	(4)
Recognizing and Using Others' Emotions	187	(1)
Regulating Emotions	188	(1)
Interacting with Others	189	(10)
The Joys of Play	189	(4)
Learning to Cooperate	193	(1)
Helping Others	194	(1)
Spotlight on Research
Are Empathic Children More Likely to Help?	195	(4)
Gender Roles and Gender Identity	199	(13)
Images of Men and Women: Facts and Fantasy	199	(2)
Gender Typing	201	(3)
Evolving Gender Roles	204	(2)
Putting It All Together	206	(1)
Summary	207	(1)
Key Terms	208	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	208	(1)
Learn More About It	209	(3)
PART II School--Age Children and Adolescents
Off to School	212	(44)
Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Cognitive Development	214	(5)
More Sophisticated Thinking: Piaget's Version	214	(2)
Real People: Applying Human Development
Combinatorial Reasoning Goes to the Races	216	(1)
Information-Processing Strategies for Learning and Remembering	217	(2)
Aptitudes for School	219	(12)
Theories of Intelligence	220	(4)
Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing	224	(1)
Do Tests Work?	225	(1)
Hereditary and Environmental Factors	226	(2)
The Impact of Ethnicity and Social Class	228	(3)
Special Children, Special Needs	231	(7)
Gifted and Creative Children	231	(1)
Children with Mental Retardation	232	(2)
Learning Disabilities	234	(1)
Spotlight on Research
Improving Reading Skill in Children with a Reading Disability	234	(2)
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	236	(1)
Forces in Action
Treating ADHD	237	(1)
Academic Skills	238	(8)
Reading	238	(3)
Writing	241	(2)
Math Skills	243	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development
Shin-ying Loves School	244	(2)
Learning in School	246	(10)
Grading U.S. Schools	247	(1)
Effective Schools, Effective Teachers	248	(2)
Current Controversies
Computers in the Classroom	250	(2)
Putting It All Together	252	(1)
Summary	252	(2)
Key Terms	254	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	255	(1)
Learn More About It	255	(1)
Expanding Social Horizons	256	(44)
Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood
Family Relationships	258	(17)
The Family As a System	258	(1)
Dimensions and Styles of Parenting	259	(6)
Siblings	265	(1)
Forces in Action
When Do Siblings Get Along?	266	(2)
Divorce and Remarriage	268	(4)
Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry: Child Abuse	272	(3)
Peers	275	(9)
Friendships	276	(2)
Groups	278	(2)
Popularity and Rejection	280	(1)
Spotlight on Research
Long-Term Consequences of Popularity and Rejection	281	(3)
Television: Boob Tube or Window on the World?	284	(6)
Influence on Attitudes and Social Behavior	284	(4)
Influences on Cognition	288	(1)
Criticisms of TV	289	(1)
Understanding Others	290	(10)
Describing Others	290	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development
Tell Me About a Girl That You Like a Lot	290	(2)
Understanding What Others Think	292	(1)
Prejudice	293	(2)
Putting It All Together	295	(1)
Summary	296	(2)
Key Terms	298	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	298	(1)
Learn More About It	298	(2)
Rites of Passage	300	(34)
Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Pubertal Changes	302	(7)
Signs of Physical Maturation	302	(2)
Mechanisms of Maturation	304	(1)
Psychological Impact of Puberty	305	(4)
Health	309	(7)
Nutrition	309	(3)
Forces in Action
What Causes Anorexia and Bulimia?	312	(1)
Physical Fitness	312	(2)
Threats to Adolescent Well-Being	314	(2)
Information Processing During Adolescence	316	(5)
How Does Information Processing Improve in Adolescence?	316	(2)
Limits on Information Processing	318	(1)
Spotlight on Research
Beliefs Can Interfere with Effective Reasoning	319	(2)
Reasoning About Moral Issues	321	(13)
Kohlberg's Theory	321	(2)
Real People: Applying Human Development
Schindler's List	323	(3)
Cultural Differences in Moral Reasoning	326	(1)
Beyond Kohlberg's Theory	327	(2)
Promoting Moral Reasoning	329	(1)
Putting It All Together	330	(1)
Summary	331	(1)
Key Terms	332	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	332	(1)
Learn More About It	332	(2)
Moving into the Adult Social World	334	(38)
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
Identity and Self-Esteem	336	(9)
The Search for Identity	336	(4)
Ethnic Identity	340	(1)
Self-Esteem in Adolescence	341	(1)
Spotlight on Research
Developmental Change in Self-Esteem in Different Domains	341	(2)
Influences on Adolescents' Self-Esteem	343	(1)
The Myth of Storm and Stress	344	(1)
Romantic Relationships and Sexuality	345	(6)
Dating	346	(1)
Sexual Behavior	346	(2)
Sexual Orientation	348	(1)
Date Rape	349	(2)
The World of Work	351	(6)
Career Development	351	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development
``The Life of Lynne,'' A Drama in Three Acts	352	(3)
Part-Time Employment	355	(2)
The Dark Side	357	(15)
Drug Use	358	(2)
Depression	360	(3)
Delinquency	363	(3)
Current Controversies
When Juveniles Commit Serious Crimes, Should They Be Tried as Adults?	366	(1)
Putting It All Together	367	(1)
Summary	367	(2)
Key Terms	369	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	369	(1)
Learn More About It	369	(3)
PART III Young and Middle Adulthood
Becoming an Adult	372	(40)
Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development
When Does Adulthood Begin?	374	(6)
Role Transitions Marking Adulthood	375	(1)
Going to College	376	(1)
Psychological Views	377	(1)
So When Do People Become Adults?	378	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development
Britney Spears' Transition to Adulthood	379	(1)
Physical Development and Health	380	(9)
Growth, Strength, and Physical Functioning	380	(1)
Health Status	381	(1)
Lifestyle Factors	382	(1)
Current Controversies
Binge Drinking on College Campuses	383	(4)
Social, Gender, and Ethnic Issues in Health	387	(1)
Forces in Action
Healthy Adulthood	388	(1)
Cognitive Development	389	(14)
How Should We View Intelligence in Adults?	390	(1)
What Happens to Intelligence in Adulthood?	390	(1)
Spotlight on Research
The Seattle Longitudinal Study	391	(4)
Going Beyond Formal Operations: Thinking in Adulthood	395	(4)
The Role of Stereotypes in Thinking	399	(4)
Who Do You Want to Be? Personality in Young Adulthood	403	(9)
Creating Scenarios and Life Stories	404	(1)
Possible Selves	405	(1)
Self-Concept	406	(1)
Personal Control Beliefs	407	(2)
Putting It All Together	409	(1)
Summary	409	(1)
Key Terms	410	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	411	(1)
Learn More About It	411	(1)
Being with Others	412	(36)
Forming Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood
Relationships	414	(9)
Friendships	414	(2)
Love Relationships	416	(2)
Spotlight on Research
The Mating Game Around the World	418	(2)
Forces in Action
Influences on Relationships in Adulthood	420	(1)
The Dark Side of Relationships: Violence	421	(2)
Lifestyles	423	(10)
Singlehood	424	(1)
Cohabitation	425	(2)
Gay and Lesbian Couples	427	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development
Maggie O'Carroll's Story	427	(1)
Marriage	428	(5)
The Family Life Cycle	433	(5)
Deciding Whether to Have Children	433	(1)
The Parental Role	434	(4)
Divorce and Remarriage	438	(10)
Divorce	439	(2)
Current Controversies
``Covenant Marriage'': A Way to Keep Couples Together?	441	(3)
Remarriage	444	(1)
Putting It All Together	445	(1)
Summary	445	(1)
Key Terms	446	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	446	(1)
Learn More About It	447	(1)
Work and Leisure	448	(40)
Occupational and Lifestyle Issues in Young and Middle Adulthood
Occupational Selection and Development	450	(10)
The Meaning of Work	450	(1)
Holland's Theory of Occupational Choice Revisited	451	(1)
Occupational Development	452	(4)
Job Satisfaction	456	(1)
Spotlight on Research
The Connection Between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover	456	(4)
Gender, Ethnicity, and Discrimination Issues	460	(9)
Gender Differences in Occupational Selection	461	(1)
Women and Occupational Development	462	(1)
Ethnicity and Occupational Development	463	(1)
Bias and Discrimination	464	(3)
Current Controversies
Is It Sexual Harassment?	467	(2)
Occupational Transitions	469	(5)
Real People: Applying Human Development
Changing Occupations to Find Satisfying Work	470	(1)
Retraining Workers	471	(1)
Occupational Insecurity	472	(1)
Coping with Unemployment	472	(2)
Work and Family	474	(7)
The Dependent Care Dilemma	474	(3)
Juggling Multiple Roles	477	(4)
Time to Relax: Leisure Activities	481	(7)
Types of Leisure Activities	481	(1)
Developmental Changes in Leisure	482	(1)
Consequences of Leisure Activities	483	(1)
Forces in Action
How Do You Spell Relief?	483	(1)
Putting It All Together	484	(1)
Summary	485	(1)
Key Terms	486	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	486	(1)
Learn More About It	487	(1)
Making It in Midlife	488	(42)
The Unique Challenges of Middle Adulthood
Physical Changes and Health	490	(12)
Changes in Appearance	491	(1)
Changes in Bones and Joints	492	(2)
Reproductive Changes	494	(1)
Current Controversies
Having Babies After Menopause	495	(3)
Stress and Health	498	(3)
Exercise	501	(1)
Cognitive Development	502	(7)
Practical Intelligence	503	(2)
Forces in Action
The Mechanics and Pragmatics of Intelligence	505	(1)
Becoming an Expert	506	(1)
Lifelong Learning	507	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development
College at Midlife	508	(1)
Personality	509	(6)
Stability Is the Rule: The Five-Factor Model	510	(1)
Change Is the Rule: Changing Priorities in Midlife	511	(4)
Family Dynamics and Middle Age	515	(15)
Letting Go: Middle-Aged Adults and Their Children	516	(2)
Spotlight on Research
How Do You Think Your Children Turned Out?	518	(2)
Giving Back: Middle-Aged Adults and Their Aging Parents	520	(3)
Grandparenthood	523	(2)
Putting It All Together	525	(1)
Summary	526	(1)
Key Terms	527	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	528	(1)
Learn More About It	528	(2)
PART IV Late Adulthood
The Personal Context of Later Life	530	(44)
Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues
What Are Older Adults Like?	532	(7)
The Demographics of Aging	532	(3)
How Long Will You Live?	535	(3)
The Third-Fourth Age Distinction	538	(1)
Physical Changes and Health	539	(11)
Biological Theories of Aging	540	(1)
Physiological Changes	541	(8)
Health Issues	549	(1)
Cognitive Processes	550	(11)
Information Processing	551	(1)
Current Controversies
Information Processing in Everyday Life: Older Drivers	552	(2)
Memory	554	(4)
Creativity and Wisdom	558	(2)
Forces in Action
Cognitive Changes in Later Life	560	(1)
Mental Health and Intervention	561	(13)
Depression	562	(2)
Anxiety Disorders	564	(1)
Dementia: Alzheimer's Disease	564	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development
What's the Matter with Mary?	564	(4)
Spotlight on Research
What's Her Name? Memory Training in Alzheimer's Disease	568	(2)
Putting It All Together	570	(1)
Summary	570	(2)
Key Terms	572	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	572	(1)
Learn More About It	572	(2)
Social Aspects of Later Life	574	(44)
Psychological, Retirement, Relationship, and Societal Issues
Theories of Psychosocial Aging	576	(4)
Continuity Theory	576	(1)
Competence and Environmental Press	577	(2)
Real People: Applying Human Development
Still Flying at 91	579	(1)
Personality, Social Cognition, and Spirituality	580	(6)
Integrity Versus Despair	580	(1)
Well-Being and Social Cognition	581	(1)
Spotlight on Research
Understanding the Influences on Subjective Well-Being	581	(3)
Religiosity and Spiritual Support	584	(2)
I Used to Work at . . .: Living in Retirement	586	(5)
What Does Being Retired Mean?	587	(1)
Why Do People Retire?	588	(1)
Adjustment to Retirement	589	(1)
Keeping Busy in Retirement	590	(1)
Friends and Family in Late Life	591	(8)
Friends and Siblings	592	(1)
Forces in Action
Who Is Your Friend?	593	(1)
Marriage and Gay and Lesbian Partnerships	594	(1)
Caring for a Partner	595	(2)
Widowhood	597	(1)
Great-Grandparenthood	598	(1)
Social Issues and Aging	599	(19)
Frail Older Adults	600	(2)
Living in Nursing Homes	602	(4)
Elder Abuse and Neglect	606	(2)
Politics, Social Security, and Medicare	608	(2)
Current Controversies
Saving Social Security	610	(3)
Putting It All Together	613	(1)
Summary	613	(2)
Key Terms	615	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	616	(1)
Learn More About It	616	(2)
The Final Passage	618	(39)
Dying and Bereavement
Definitions and Ethical Issues	620	(7)
Sociocultural Definitions of Death	620	(2)
Legal and Medical Definitions	622	(1)
Ethical Issues	623	(1)
Current Controversies
Physician-Assisted Suicide	624	(3)
Thinking About Death: Personal Aspects	627	(9)
A Life Course Approach to Dying	627	(1)
Dealing with One's Own Death	628	(3)
Death Anxiety	631	(1)
Creating a Final Scenario	632	(1)
The Hospice Option	633	(3)
Surviving the Loss: The Grieving Process	636	(8)
The Grief Process	637	(2)
Normal Grief Reactions	639	(1)
Spotlight on Research
Family Stress and Adaptation Before and After Bereavement	640	(2)
Coping with Grief	642	(1)
Traumatic Grief Reactions	643	(1)
Dying and Bereavement Experiences Across the Life Span	644	(13)
Childhood	644	(2)
Adolescence	646	(1)
Adulthood	647	(2)
Real People: Applying Human Development
The Grief of Miscarriage	649	(1)
Late Adulthood	650	(3)
Forces in Action
Understanding Death	653	(1)
Putting It All Together	653	(1)
Summary	653	(2)
Key Terms	655	(1)
See for Yourself: Applying What You've Learned	655	(1)
Learn More About It	655	(2)
Glossary	657	(12)
References	669	(62)
Name Index	731	(11)
Subject Index	742