An Introduction to Epidemiology

by Timmreck, Thomas C.

• ISBN13: 9780763700607
• ISBN10: 0763700606
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780763706357, 9780763735821
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-04-01
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

This book is written as a comprehensive basic introductory textbook for graduate and undergraduate courses in epidemiology or for entry level practitioners new to the practical work of epidemiology.- Introduction to Epidemiology- Epidemiology-Social EpidemiologyCourse DescriptionThis course examines the basic concepts, methods and findings of epidemiology, the study of the distribution of diseases in human populations and the factors that explain such distributions. The course sets forth a historical framework of epidemiology's evolution as a tool to elucidate health problems in society. Special emphasis will be placed on the interactions among several factors including the individual's biological, social and economic condition as well as factors external to the person such as the accessibility of health services and geographical variations in health risks. The application of epidemiology in health risk assessment, disease prevention and health planning will be addressed. Course Objectives: The course is designed to help the student acquire an understanding of:-basic principles of epidemiological investigation;-causal reasoning and study design in epidemiological analysis;-morbidity and mortality statistics;-socio-environmental factors in disease occurrence and distribution;-epidemiological bases of health planning and health policies

Table of Contents

About the Author	vi
Preface	xv
Preface to the Third Edition	xvii
Foreword	xix
Foundations of Epidemiology	1	(26)
Objectives	1	(1)
Introduction	2	(1)
Epidemiology Defined	2	(1)
Epidemiologist Defined	3	(1)
Purposes of Epidemiology	3	(1)
Scope and Application of Epidemiology	4	(1)
Incidence and Prevalence Described	5	(1)
Uses of Epidemiology	5	(1)
The Epidemiology Triangle	6	(3)
Some Disease Transmission Concepts	9	(2)
Modes of Disease Transmission	11	(1)
The Chain of Infection	12	(2)
NEWS FILE: Pediculosis (Person-to-Person Transmission)	13	(1)
Classes of Epidemics/Outbreaks	14	(1)
The Advanced Triangle of Epidemiology	15	(1)
Goals of Epidemiology	16	(1)
Case Concepts in Epidemiology	16	(2)
Levels of Prevention	18	(3)
Conclusion	21	(1)
Exercises	22	(3)
References	25	(2)
Practical Disease Concepts in Epidemiology	27	(44)
Objectives	27	(1)
Introduction	28	(1)
Essentials of Communicable Disease	28	(2)
The Natural Course of Disease	30	(2)
General Classification of Diseases	32	(3)
Classification of Disease by Cause	35	(1)
Inanimate Sources of Illness and Disability	36	(1)
Portals of Entry of Infectious Disease Agents into the Human Body	37	(1)
Time: Incubation Periods in Communicable Diseases	37	(3)
Zoonosis	40	(2)
International Classification of Diseases	42	(2)
Notifiable Diseases in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)	44	(3)
Immunizations: Protecting the Public from Disease	47	(2)
Herd Immunity	49	(3)
Communicable Disease Prevention and Control	52	(6)
NEWS FILE: Disease Transmission and Universal Precautions	57	(1)
Noncommunicable Diseases and Chronic Disease Classification	58	(2)
Nutritional Deficiency Diseases and Disorders	60	(1)
Chronic Diseases and Conditions	61	(4)
Health Goals for the Year 2010	65	(1)
Exercises	66	(3)
References	69	(2)
Selected Historical Developments of Epidemiology	71	(26)
Objectives	71	(1)
Introduction	72	(1)
Hippocrates, the First Epidemiologist	72	(1)
Disease Observations of Sydenham	73	(1)
The Epidemiology of Scurvy in 1753	74	(1)
Cowpox and Its Epidemiological Connection to Smallpox	75	(1)
The Epidemiology of Childbed Fever in a Lying-in Hospital	76	(1)
Historical Epidemiological Assessment of Cholera in London	77	(4)
NEWS FILE: Cholera Epidemic	80	(1)
Pasteur's and Koch's Contribution to Epidemiology	81	(1)
The Microscope and Its Contribution to Epidemiology	82	(1)
John Graunt and Vital Statistics Development	83	(1)
Ramazzini and the Epidemiology of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene	84	(2)
Typhoid Mary	86	(1)
The Epidemiology of Vitamins in Curing Nutritional Diseases	86	(1)
The Beginning of Epidemiology in the United States (1793-1913)	87	(2)
Historical Developments of Morbidity in Epidemiology	89	(1)
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study	90	(2)
The Framingham Heart Study	92	(1)
The Epidemiology of Cigarette Smoking and Cancer	93	(1)
Exercises	94	(1)
References	95	(2)
Epidemiological Measures of Health Status: Mortality-Rates and Ratios	97	(36)
Chapter Objectives	97	(1)
Introduction	98	(1)
Mortality Statistics	98	(1)
Rates	99	(4)
Ratios	103	(1)
Proportions	104	(1)
Mortality	105	(5)
NEWS FILE: Top Causes of Death Worldwide	110	(1)
Three Levels of Rates (General Use)	110	(1)
Types of Mortality Rates/Ratios	111	(2)
Infant Mortality	113	(6)
Abortion	119	(1)
Maternal Mortality Rates	119	(2)
Adjusted Death Rates	121	(6)
Mortality Crossover	127	(1)
Mortality Time Trends	127	(1)
Years of potential Life Lost (YPLL)	128	(1)
Exercises	129	(2)
References	131	(2)
Epidemiological Measures of Health Status: Morbidity-Rates and Ratios	133	(38)
Objectives	133	(1)
Introduction	134	(1)
Incidence and Incidence Rates	134	(3)
Approaches to Incidence Rates	137	(1)
Some Fundamental Concepts of Incidence	138	(2)
CASE FILE: Rubella (Incidence of Disease)	140	(1)
Risk in Morbidity	140	(1)
Relative Risk	141	(6)
Incidence and Attack Rates	147	(4)
Prevalence	151	(5)
CASE FILE: Pingpong Gonorrhea (Recurring Diseases)	155	(1)
Epidemics: Two Types-Common Source and Propagated	156	(3)
Odds Ratio	159	(3)
NEWS FILE: Hantavirus (Emerging Infections)	160	(2)
Formalized Sources of Morbidity Statistics and Data	162	(5)
Exercises	167	(2)
References	169	(2)
Epidemiology Vital Statistics and Health Status Indicators	171	(32)
Objectives	171	(1)
Introduction	172	(1)
Census of the Population	173	(4)
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA)	177	(1)
Vital Events Registration	178	(2)
Birth Rate and Crude Birth Rate	180	(1)
Mortality and Death Certificates in Vital Statistics	180	(2)
The Role of the Medical Examiner and Coroner	182	(1)
Marriage and Divorce Statistics	183	(1)
Computer Use in Vital Statistics and Epidemiology	184	(1)
Selected Sources of Data for Epidemiological and Vital Statistics Information	185	(13)
Private Professional Associations as Sources of Data	198	(2)
Exercises	200	(1)
References	201	(2)
Descriptive Statistics in Epidemiology	203	(28)
Chapter Objectives	203	(1)
Introduction	204	(1)
Computers in Epidemiological Descriptive Statistics	204	(1)
Descriptive Statistics Basics	205	(3)
NEWS FILE: AIDS/HIV (Epidemics, Prevalence, Prevention, and Control)	207	(1)
Types and Sources of Data for Descriptive Statistics	208	(2)
Parametric and Nonparametric Data	210	(1)
Central Tendency	211	(1)
Skewness of Standard Distribution Bell Curve	212	(2)
Tables and the Presentation of Data in Epidemiology	214	(1)
Graphs and Charts in the Presentation of Descriptive Statistics Data	215	(5)
Rates, Ratios, and Proportions in Epidemiology	220	(1)
Samples of Tables and Charts Used in Epidemiological Reports	220	(7)
Exercises	227	(2)
References	229	(2)
Research Methods, Study Design, and Analytic Studies	231	(44)
Objectives	231	(1)
Introduction	232	(1)
Observational Epidemiology Studies	232	(1)
Descriptive vs Analytical Epidemiological Studies	233	(1)
The Study Designs	234	(1)
Experimental/Analytical Design in Epidemiology	235	(1)
Observational Studies	236	(8)
CASE FILE: Data Collection in Case Control Studies	238	(5)
CASE FILE: Retrospective and Outcome Studies	243	(1)
Cross-Sectional Studies/Survey Research	244	(5)
Selection of Study Population	249	(1)
Surveys in Cross-Sectional Studies	250	(1)
Five Data Gathering Approaches	251	(1)
Sampling the Population for Epidemiological Studies	252	(4)
National Epidemiological Health Survey Methodology	256	(2)
Prospective Studies/Longitudinal Studies	258	(3)
Cohorts and Cohort Studies	261	(5)
Survivorship Studies in Epidemiology	266	(2)
Pretest/Intervention/Post-Test Design	268	(1)
Ethics in Research	269	(1)
Conclusion	269	(1)
Exercises	270	(2)
References	272	(3)
Time, Place, and Person	275	(62)
Objectives	275	(1)
Introduction	276	(1)
Time	276	(11)
Time Clustering	287	(4)
Place	291	(5)
Maps and Spot/Dot Maps in Epidemiology	296	(10)
Use of Building Maps in Epidemiology	306	(7)
NEWS FILE: Mapping in Epidemiology	311	(2)
Zoonosis	313	(1)
Person	314	(7)
Sex	321	(2)
Race and Ethnicity	323	(3)
Marital and Family Status	326	(2)
Family Structure and Genealogical Research	328	(1)
Occupation	328	(1)
Education as a Characteristic of the Person	329	(4)
Exercises	333	(2)
References	335	(2)
Observational Methodology, Association, and Causality Development	337	(36)
Objectives	337	(1)
Introduction	338	(1)
Causality in Epidemiology	338	(4)
Prevention and Control Approaches Derived from Causation	342	(1)
Factors in Causation of Disease	342	(2)
Webs of Causation	344	(5)
Epidemiological Association in Causation of Disease	349	(5)
Hypothesis Development for Epidemiology	354	(2)
Analytical Epidemiology	356	(5)
Risk in Association and Causality	361	(1)
Screening and Disease Detection in Populations	362	(2)
Sensitivity and Specificity: Tests of Validity	364	(6)
Exercises	370	(1)
References	371	(2)
Developing and Conducting Investigations and Studies	373	(18)
Objectives	373	(1)
Introduction	374	(1)
Planning and Administration of Epidemiological Studies	374	(1)
Working Up an Epidemiology Study	375	(1)
Steps in an Epidemiology Investigation	375	(7)
NEWS FILE: Disease Investigation and Control	382	(1)
Setting Up a Cohort Occupational Epidemiology Study	382	(2)
Steps in Working up a Foodborne Illness Investigation	384	(1)
Basic Epidemiological Questions	385	(3)
Exercises	388	(2)
References	390	(1)
Behavioral and Chronic Disease Epidemiology	391	(26)
Chapter Objectives	391	(1)
Introduction	392	(1)
Chronic Disease Epidemiology	392	(3)
Risk Factors in Chronic Diseases and Behaviorally Caused Diseases	395	(1)
Odds Ratio in Chronic Diseases	396	(1)
NEWS FILE: Teenage Smoking (Behavioral Epidemiology)	397	(1)
Developing Webs of Causation for Chronic Diseases or Behaviorally Caused Disorders	397	(6)
Chronic Disease, Behaviorally Caused, and Noncommunicable Disease Epidemiological Studies (Some Examples)	403	(7)
Prevention and Control: A Hallmark of Epidemiology	410	(1)
Quality of Adjusted Life Years/Healthy People 2000	410	(1)
Priorities for Prevention and Health Promotion Activities Related to Epidemiology	411	(1)
Health Belief Model in Chronic Disease Epidemiology	412	(2)
Exercises	414	(1)
References	415	(2)
Appendix I Case Studies	417	(72)
Case Study No. I Snow on Cholera	419	(1)
(A) Cholera-Examples, Cases, and Observations	419	(4)
Case Study Questions	423	(1)
(B) Cholera and the Broad Street Pump Outbreak	424	(7)
Case Study Questions	431	(1)
(C) Cholera Epidemic of 1853 and Two London Water Companies	431	(2)
Cholera Epidemic of 1854	433	(2)
Case Study Questions	435	(3)
(D) Epidemiological Issues	438	(3)
Case Study Questions	441	(2)
Case Study No. II Working through a Foodborne Illness Epidemic Investigation: Typhoid Fever in Schenectady	443	(1)
Case of Typhoid Fever in Schenectady, New York	444	(1)
Case Study Questions	444	(7)
Case Study No. III Common-Source Outbreak of Waterborne Shigellosis at a Public School	451	(1)
Case of Common-Source Outbreak of Waterborne Shigellosis at a Public School	451	(5)
Case Study Questions	456	(3)
Case Study No. IV Retrospective Analysis of Occupation and Alcohol-Related Mortality	459	(1)
Case of Occupation and Alcohol-Related Causes of Death, California	459	(3)
Case Study Questions	462	(1)
Case Study No. V Retrospective Cohort Study of the Association of Congenital Malformations and Hazardous Waste	463	(1)
Case on Congenital Malformations Associated with Proximity to Hazardous Waste Sites	464	(4)
Case Study Questions	468	(3)
Case Study No. VI History and Epidemiology of polio Epidemics	471	(1)
(A) Brief Review of poliomyelitis as It Is Known Today	472	(1)
Case Study Questions	473	(1)
(B) First Polio Epidemics Studied and Reported: Sweden	473	(6)
Case Study Questions	479	(1)
(C) First Major Epidemic of poliomyelitis in America: Rutland, Vermont	480	(1)
Case Study Questions	481	(1)
(D) Simon Flexner, M.D. and Wade Hamilton Frost, M.D.: American Epidemiologists Who Investigated Poliomyelitis	481	(4)
Case Study Questions	485	(1)
(E) Poliomyelitis Epidemic in Los Angeles, 1934	486	(1)
Case Study Questions	487	(1)
Epilogue	487	(1)
References	488	(1)
Appendix II Epidemiological Associations and Societies	489	(2)
Appendix III Epi Info and Epi Map Epidemiology Software	491	(4)
EPI Info	491	(1)
EPI Map	492	(3)
Appendix IV Internet Sites	495	(2)
Index	497