Introduction to Human Services, An: Policy and Practice

by Mandell, Betty R.; Schram, Barbara

• ISBN13: 9780205442140
• ISBN10: 0205442145
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Known for its engaging writing style and use of many current examples and cases of human service practitioners at work, An Introduction to Human Services is one of the leading texts in the introductory human services market. What reviewers are saying about the Sixth Edition. . . ";The bookrs"s treatment of policy issues is far more extensive than is typical of intro textbooks. . . . Consistent with this is its coverage of the social welfare system as it currently exists, including the major cornerstone programs (TANF, WIC, Food Stamps, SSI, etc.) that any well-informed worker needs to know about to serve clients well."; Pamela Kiser, Elon University Highlights of the Sixth Edition bull; bull;Current diversity issues are discussed, including references to the September 11th attacks, new material on Arab-Americans, racial profiling, and racial discrimination. One of the authors shares her own experiences of race and class privilege. bull;Includes up-to-date information on the opposition to abortion (Chapter 5) and gay and lesbian marriage, affirmative action, bilingual education, and new immigration policies (Chapter 7). bull;Thoroughly updated with information on Social Security, TANF, day care, SSI, food stamps, WIC, Medicare, school breakfast and lunch, unemployment insurance, Earned Income Tax Credit, and more (Chapter 6). bull;Includes updated information on managed care (Chapter 9). bull;Includes discussions on unique topics in human service with information on stem cell research, cloning, sperm banks releasing information on biological fathers, as well as charging pregnant women who are substance abusers with child abuse. Research Navigatortrade; for Social Work Research Navigatortrade; can be a studentrs"s best friend when facing a large research project. Especially helpful with the toughest challenge-getting started-Research Navigatortrade; offers a comprehensive, step-by-step walk-through of the research process, along with access to some of the most respected source databases available. Access to Research Navigatortrade;-a $15 value-is FREE when packaged with any new Allyn & Bacon textbook! If your text did not come packaged with Research Navigatortrade;, visit www.researchnavigator.com today to purchase immediate access. The Career Center Students need help transitioning from the academic world to the professional. With The Career Center, they can register to receive eight 30-minute career counseling sessions-a total of four hours of career consultant time! The Career Center is designed to address the wide range of preparation and life stages of individuals who are attempting to develop their careers. Qualified career specialists advise students as they establish, or reestablish, themselves in todayrs"s competitive global economy. The Career Center-a $25 value-is FREE to your students when you order it packaged with any new Allyn & Bacon textbook. Visit www.ablongman.com/careercenter for more information. Contact your local Allyn & Bacon representative and request special packaging codes to take advantage of these great offers.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
SECTION ONE The Context of Human Service Work
What Are Human Services? What Do Human Service Workers Do?	1	(29)
About This Chapter	2	(1)
Human Service Networks	2	(11)
Helpers Have Varied Backgrounds and Job Titles	8	(2)
Helpers Have Different Agency Affiliations and Orientations	10	(3)
Finding the Appropriate Human Services Program	13	(2)
Barriers That Prevent People from Getting Help	15	(6)
A Paradox	21	(1)
Choosing Our Work Role	22	(5)
Our Attributes	23	(1)
Our Lifestyles	23	(1)
Our Personal Ideologies	24	(1)
Agencies in the Local Community	25	(1)
Interview with Stephanie Lake, Program Coordinator, Drug and Alcohol Education Project	25	(2)
Summary	27	(1)
Discussion Questions	28	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	29	(1)
The Changing Nature of the Helping Process	30	(57)
About This Chapter	31	(1)
Society Shapes Helping Behavior	32	(1)
Helping in Western Culture	32	(19)
Change as a Cyclical Path	33	(2)
Blaming the Victim versus Blaming the Social System	35	(1)
Means-Tested versus Universal Programs	36	(1)
Programs to Provide Money	37	(1)
The War on Poverty	37	(2)
The Welfare Rights Movement	39	(1)
Culture of Poverty versus Opportunity Theory	40	(4)
Welfare Reform and Racism	44	(1)
The War against Women	45	(2)
Changes in the Economy	47	(4)
Cycles of Helping	51	(15)
Cycles in Welfare Reform	51	(3)
Cycles of Treatment of Mental Illness	54	(3)
Interview with Judi Chamberlin, Mental Patients' Liberation Front	57	(6)
Cycles in Juvenile Justice	63	(3)
Behavior Defined as a Social Problem	66	(1)
Defining Problems	67	(6)
The Drug Scare	67	(1)
How the Media Demonize People	68	(1)
AIDS	68	(2)
Welfare	70	(2)
Preventive Health Care	72	(1)
The History of Human Service Work	73	(10)
The COSs and the Settlement House Movement	75	(2)
Social Work Schools	77	(1)
Current Trends in Social Work	78	(1)
The Roots of the Human Service Field	79	(2)
New Disciplines	81	(1)
Declassification and Deprofessionalization	81	(1)
Breaking Down Boundaries	82	(1)
Summary	83	(1)
Discussion Questions	84	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	85	(2)
Strategies of Intervention	87	(30)
About This Chapter	88	(1)
The Concept of Multicausality	89	(10)
The Strategies of Intervention	99	(4)
Interview with Ruth Bork, Administrator, Disabilities Resource Center	100	(3)
Direct-Service Strategies	103	(1)
Caregiving	103	(1)
Case Managing/Counseling	103	(1)
Teaching/Training/Coaching and Behavior Changing	103	(1)
Direct-Service and Systems-Change Strategies	104	(2)
Group Facilitating	104	(1)
Outreaching	105	(1)
Mobilizing and Advocating	105	(1)
Consulting and Assisting a Specialist	106	(1)
Systems-Change Strategies	106	(2)
Planning	106	(1)
Administering	107	(1)
Collecting and Managing Data	107	(1)
Evaluating/Researching	107	(1)
Activities and Tasks Used to Implement Each Strategy	108	(4)
Gathering Data	108	(2)
Storing and Sharing Information	110	(1)
Negotiating Contracts and Assessing Problems	110	(1)
Building Relationships	110	(1)
Designing and Implementing Action Plans	110	(1)
Monitoring and Evaluating Our Work	111	(1)
Putting Together the Interventions and the Activities	112	(2)
Summary	114	(1)
Discussion Questions	115	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	115	(2)
Attitudes/Values, Skills, and Knowledge	117	(35)
About This Chapter	118	(1)
The Professional Helping Relationship	119	(4)
The Structure of the Professional Helping Relationship	120	(2)
The Content of the Professional Helping Relationship	122	(1)
The Pyramid Model	123	(2)
Attitudes and Values Form the Base of the Pyramid	124	(1)
Attitudes/Values, Skills, and Knowledge: An Overview	125	(6)
Interview with John Torrente, Outreach Counselor at Sanctuary House, a Shelter for Teenagers	127	(4)
Attitudes and Values of the Human Service Worker	131	(10)
Patience	131	(1)
Empathy	132	(3)
Self-Awareness	135	(1)
Capacity to Deal with Ambiguity and Take Risks	136	(1)
Capacity to Ask for Help and Offer Feedback	137	(1)
Belief in the Capacity to Change	138	(1)
Open-Mindedness, Skepticism, and Rejection of Stereotypes	139	(1)
Humor and a Light Touch	140	(1)
Skills of the Human Service Worker	141	(5)
Data Gathering	141	(3)
Information Storing and Sharing	144	(1)
Relationship Building	144	(1)
Negotiating Contracts and Assessing Problems	145	(1)
Constructing Action Plans	145	(1)
Implementing Action Plans	146	(1)
Monitoring and Evaluating	146	(1)
Basic Knowledge of the Human Service Worker	146	(3)
Human Growth and Development	146	(1)
Abnormal Growth and Development	147	(1)
Impact of Society and Culture on Behavior	147	(1)
The Dynamics of Groups and Organizations	147	(1)
Social and Political Forces That Affect Helping	148	(1)
Social Problems, Populations, and Resources	148	(1)
Research and Evaluation	149	(1)
Summary	149	(1)
Discussion Questions	150	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	151	(1)
Values and Ethical Dilemmas	152	(41)
About This Chapter	153	(1)
Can Workers Be Completely Unbiased?	154	(3)
Interview with Florence Miller, Advocate at WINGS, an Agency That Helps Women Who Are Addicted	155	(2)
Dilemmas Surrounding the Value of Self-Determination	157	(8)
Self-Determination and Child Abuse	159	(4)
Self-Determination When Treatment Is Mandated	163	(1)
Self-Determination Is Undermined When Clients Are Manipulated	164	(1)
Some Current Ethical Conflicts	165	(13)
Conflicts Surrounding AIDS	165	(1)
Conflicts Surrounding the Right to Die	165	(3)
Conflicts Surrounding Reproductive Choice	168	(10)
Conflicting Views on the Nature of Human Nature	178	(2)
The Belief That People Need to Be Civilized	178	(1)
The Belief That People Are Basically Rational	179	(1)
The Belief That People Are Corrupted by Society	179	(1)
The Belief That People Need to Be Connected to Each Other	179	(1)
Conflicts Caused by Bureaucratic Demands	180	(4)
Guidelines for Dealing with Conflicts in a Bureaucracy	181	(1)
The Client as Our Employer	182	(1)
Social Class Differences between Workers and Clients	183	(1)
Conflicts Due to the Variation in National Values in the United States	184	(4)
Age and Aging	185	(1)
Sexual Orientation	185	(3)
Keeping Values Straight in a Time of War	188	(2)
Finding Your Way through the Maze of Ethical Conflicts	190	(1)
Summary	190	(1)
Discussion Questions	191	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	192	(1)
The Social Welfare System	193	(63)
About This Chapter	194	(1)
Surveying the Current Scene	194	(1)
The Social Welfare System	195	(45)
Comparing the United States to Other Countries	195	(2)
Social Security	197	(2)
Aid to Families with Dependent Children/Temporary Assistance to Needy Families	199	(8)
Charitable Choice	207	(3)
The Effects of Welfare Reform	210	(10)
Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Insurance	220	(1)
General Assistance	221	(1)
Food Stamps	222	(2)
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)	224	(1)
School Breakfast and Lunch Programs	225	(1)
Medical Aid Programs	226	(4)
Unemployment Insurance	230	(1)
Earned Income Tax Credit	230	(1)
The Child Tax Credit	231	(1)
Personal Social Services	231	(2)
Vital-Service Delivery Programs	233	(3)
Mental Health Services	236	(1)
Medical Social Work	237	(1)
Services for the Disabled	238	(2)
Where the Money Comes From	240	(6)
Private Enterprise and Social Welfare Programs	241	(2)
Interview with Suzanne Dennehy, Hospital Worker's Union Intern	243	(1)
Playing with Statistics: The Poverty Game	244	(2)
The Loss of Housing	246	(6)
The Homeless	247	(3)
Responses to Homelessness	250	(2)
Our Vision	252	(1)
Summary	253	(1)
Discussion Questions	254	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	254	(2)
SECTION TWO Implementing Human Service Interventions
Working with Diversity	256	(60)
About This Chapter	257	(3)
An Overview of the Struggle for Equality	260	(7)
Understanding Oppression and Privilege	261	(5)
Impact of Prejudice on Self-Esteem	266	(1)
Understanding Ethnicity	267	(37)
The Definition of Culture	267	(2)
Media Stereotypes	269	(2)
Interview with Oly Reid and Inez Figueroa, Counselors at a Battered Women's Shelter	271	(1)
Ethnic Identity	272	(2)
The Power of Names	274	(1)
Discrimination Hurts Everybody	275	(2)
Institutional Racism	277	(4)
Discrimination against Arab Americans	281	(2)
Anti-Semitism	283	(1)
Affirmative Action	284	(4)
Immigrants	288	(10)
Guidelines for Ethnic-Sensitive Human Service Work	298	(6)
Working with Women	304	(4)
The Women's Movement and New Social Services	304	(1)
Understanding New Theories about Women	305	(1)
How Feminist Theory Influences Our Practice	306	(1)
A Gender Analysis of Child Welfare	307	(1)
Working with Gays and Lesbians	308	(1)
Working with People with Disabilities	309	(2)
New Definition of Disability Influences Our Practice	310	(1)
Summary	311	(2)
Discussion Questions	313	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	313	(3)
Interviewing	316	(44)
About This Chapter	317	(1)
Characteristics of an Interview	318	(21)
Purposeful Communication	319	(1)
Focus and Structure	319	(2)
Skill and Awareness	321	(7)
Awareness of Attitudes and Values	328	(4)
Core Values of the Interviewer	332	(5)
Interview with Madeline K. Jacobson, Director of a Bully Project	337	(2)
Structure of an Interview	339	(14)
Stage 1: Opening the Interview and Building Rapport	340	(3)
Stage 2: Exploring the Issues	343	(9)
Stage 3: Closing	352	(1)
Recording	353	(3)
Recording and Privacy	354	(1)
Kinds of Recording	355	(1)
Summary	356	(1)
Discussion Questions	357	(2)
Web Resources for Further Study	359	(1)
Case Management/Counseling	360	(46)
About This Chapter	361	(2)
All Problems Are Serious Yet Ordinary	363	(5)
Interview with Carmen Mejia, Family Resource Worker, Coordinated Approach to Partnership in Parenting (CAPP)	364	(2)
Carmen Mejia as Case Manager/Counselor for Youthful Offenders	366	(2)
Carmen Mejia as Case Manager/Counselor for the Elderly	368	(1)
Goals of the Case Manager/Counselor	368	(4)
Releasing or Changing a Negative Emotional State	369	(1)
Understanding of Self and Situation	370	(1)
Making Decisions	371	(1)
Implementing Decisions	371	(1)
The Process of Case Management/Counseling	372	(7)
Getting Prepared for the Client and the Problem	372	(3)
Reading and Evaluating Referral Materials	375	(2)
Methods of Collecting Additional Data about a Case	377	(2)
Building Supportive Relationships	379	(12)
Negotiating and Refining the Working Contract	381	(2)
Deciding on Problems and Priorities	383	(1)
Conducting an Assessment Study for an Agency	384	(1)
Creating the Action Plan	385	(2)
Implementing the Action Plan	387	(3)
Evaluating the Work and Deciding on the Next Step	390	(1)
Crisis Intervention	391	(5)
Defining a Crisis	391	(1)
Helping the Person in Crisis	392	(2)
9/11: The Human Service Response to the World Trade Center Crisis	394	(2)
Case Management/Counseling in the Era of Managed Health Care	396	(4)
Recent Developments in Health Care Delivery	397	(2)
The Rise of For-Profit Managed Health Care	399	(1)
Some Problems with the Expansion of the Health Care Industry	399	(1)
Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs)	400	(3)
Implications for Human Service Workers	401	(1)
What Can the Individual Human Service Worker Do to Improve Health Care Delivery?	402	(1)
Summary	403	(1)
Discussion Questions	404	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	404	(2)
Facilitating Groups	406	(34)
About This Chapter	407	(1)
Workers as Group Members	407	(6)
Group Leadership Roles Have Been Increasing	408	(3)
Example of a Human Service Worker in a Community Residence	411	(2)
Establishing and Facilitating a Group: Ten Key Questions	413	(24)
What Positives and Negatives Should the Group Anticipate?	414	(1)
What Phases or Cycles Is the Group Likely to Go Through?	415	(4)
Why Is This Group Needed? What Is Its Central Purpose?	419	(5)
What Activities Will Help This Group Accomplish Its Purpose?	424	(2)
Who Should Be Included in the Group?	426	(2)
What Structure Does This Group Need?	428	(1)
What Kind of Leadership Does This Group Need?	429	(3)
What Kind of Environment Will This Group Need?	432	(1)
What Kind of Interaction Will the Members Have with the Leader and with Each Other?	432	(2)
In What Ways Can We Keep Evaluating How Well the Group Is Doing?	434	(3)
Summary	437	(1)
Discussion Questions	438	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	439	(1)
Program Planning	440	(40)
About This Chapter	441	(2)
Basic Tools of the Planning Process	443	(8)
Pencil and Paper and a Word Processor	444	(1)
Computer, Internet, and Planning Software	445	(1)
Directories, Schedules, and Other Resource Materials	445	(2)
Calendar/Memo Book and Clock	447	(1)
Large Sheets of Newsprint, a Chalkboard, and Markers	448	(1)
Clearly Focused Questions	448	(2)
Interview with Raquel Rosenblatt, Program Coordinator, Fenway Project	450	(1)
Phases and Steps in the Planning Process	451	(27)
Phase 1: Troubleshooting	452	(9)
Phase 2: Magnifying	461	(8)
Phase 3: Microscoping	469	(9)
Summary	478	(1)
Discussion Questions	478	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	479	(1)
Organizing and Changing Systems	480	(38)
About This Chapter	481	(1)
Getting to the Source of the Problem	481	(2)
A Parable	481	(1)
Stopping Problems at Their Source	482	(1)
What Can One Worker Do?	483	(1)
Checking on the Mental Health Quotient (MHQ) of a System	483	(2)
Attitudes toward Systems-Change Interventions	485	(3)
Interview with Sara Wong, Staff Worker, Riverside Tenants Organizing Council	486	(2)
Dilemmas of the Change Agent	488	(3)
Workers Must Choose Sides	488	(1)
Workers Must Choose among Competing Values	489	(1)
Workers Must Overcome Resistance to Change with No Guarantee of Reward	489	(1)
Workers Lack Models	490	(1)
Changes Are Generated from the Top Down and from the Bottom Up	491	(4)
Guarding Change	493	(1)
The Targets of Change	493	(2)
Methods of Organizing and Changing Systems	495	(9)
Educating to Create Change	495	(1)
Persuading to Create Change	496	(1)
Pressuring to Create Change	496	(1)
Choosing Which Method to Use and Who Should Lead the Struggle	497	(1)
Learning about the History of the Problem and the System	498	(1)
Locating the Sources of Power and Potential for Change	499	(1)
Getting to Know the Resources of the Community	500	(4)
Planning and Implementing a Change Effort	504	(11)
Reaching Out to the Public	504	(4)
Decision Making and Participation	508	(3)
Changing the Rules, Regulations, and Power Arrangements of a System	511	(3)
Rewards of Social Change Interventions	514	(1)
Summary	515	(1)
Discussion Questions	516	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	517	(1)
SECTION THREE Thriving and Surviving in This Field
Understanding Legal Issues	518	(34)
About This Chapter	519	(1)
Legal Issues That Can Confront a Worker	520	(2)
Variations in the Law	522	(1)
The Law as Resource	522	(4)
Street-Level Bureaucracy	522	(1)
Regulations: Bureaucratic Interpretations of Law	523	(3)
Learning the Regulations	526	(1)
The Law as Restriction	526	(1)
Laws Every Worker Needs to Know	527	(16)
Confidentiality	527	(1)
Privileged Communication	528	(6)
Privacy	534	(6)
Due Process	540	(3)
Helping Clients Get Their Legal Rights	543	(2)
Strategies	543	(2)
Some Current Legal Issues	545	(4)
Interview with Donald Boucher, Mental Health Worker	546	(1)
Right to Adequate Treatment	547	(1)
Right to Treatment in the Least Restrictive Setting	547	(1)
Right to Refuse Treatment	548	(1)
The Importance of Written Plans	549	(1)
Summary	549	(1)
Discussion Questions	550	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	550	(2)
Staying Current and Avoiding Burnout	552	(38)
About This Chapter	553	(1)
Burnout	554	(1)
Symptoms of Burnout	555	(1)
Causes of Burnout	555	(10)
Psychological Conflicts	556	(1)
Conflicting Social Values	556	(1)
Interview with Rick Colbath Hess, Director of MassSERVE	557	(1)
The Bind of the Double Message	558	(2)
Increased Bureaucratization	560	(1)
Low Salaries and Decreased Satisfaction	560	(1)
Insurance and Government Reimbursement	560	(1)
Time Pressures	561	(1)
Lack of Resources outside the Agency	562	(1)
Lack of Support from the Agency	563	(1)
Pressures Exerted by Clients	563	(2)
Stigma, Discrimination, and Status Ranking	565	(1)
Dealing with Danger	565	(3)
Hazards of the Work	566	(2)
Some Reactions to Stressful Conditions	568	(4)
Total Capitulation	569	(1)
Total Noncapitulation	569	(1)
Niche Finding	569	(1)
Becoming a Victim Martyr	570	(1)
Withdrawal	571	(1)
Staying Alive---Positive Adjustments	572	(15)
Combating Stress	572	(1)
Problem Solving	573	(1)
Gaining Power through Knowledge	574	(1)
Getting Support	575	(3)
Formal and Informal Groups	578	(5)
Choosing Your Fights	583	(1)
Creative Ways of Working	584	(1)
Varying the Work	584	(1)
Sharing Ideas	585	(2)
Setting Limits on Self and Others	587	(1)
Summary	587	(1)
Discussion Questions	588	(1)
Web Resources for Further Study	589	(1)
Glossary	590	(8)
References	598	(25)
Index	623