Introduction To Learning And Behavior

by Powell, Russell A.; Symbaluk, Diane G.; MacDonald, Suzanne E.

• ISBN13: 9780534634513
• ISBN10: 0534634516
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-07-19
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

1. Introduction. 2. Research Methods. 3. Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning. 4. Classical Conditioning: Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities. 5. Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications. 6. Operant Conditioning: Introduction. 7. Operant Conditioning: Schedules and Theories Of Reinforcement. 8. Extinction and Stimulus Control. 9. Escape, Avoidance, and Punishment. 10. Choice, Matching, and Self-Control. 11. Biological Dispositions In Learning. 12. Observational Learning, Language, and Rule-Governed Behavior. Glossary.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiv
CHAPTER 1. Introduction	1	(46)
AND FURTHERMORE: Notation for Conditioning Diagrams	4	(2)
Historical Background	6	(8)
Aristotle: Empiricism and the Laws of Association	6	(2)
Descartes: Mind-Body Dualism and the Reflex	8	(1)
The British Empiricists	8	(1)
Structuralism: The Experimental Study of Consciousness	9	(1)
Functionalism: The Study of the Adaptive Mind	10	(1)
Behaviorism: The Study of Observable Behavior	11	(3)
AND FURTHERMORE: John B. Watson: Behaviorism's Controversial Founder	13	(1)
Five Schools of Behaviorism	14	(22)
Watson's Methodological Behaviorism	15	(2)
Hull's Neobehaviorism	17	(4)
AND FURTHERMORE: Deliberate Practice and Expert Performance	18	(3)
Tolman's Cognitive Behaviorism	21	(5)
AND FURTHERMORE: How to Read Graphs	24	(2)
Bandura's Social Learning Theory	26	(2)
Skinner's Radical Behaviorism	28	(20)
ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN	35	(1)
The Life of B.F. Skinner	36	(3)
Summary	39	(1)
Suggested Readings	40	(1)
Study Questions	40	(1)
Concept Review	41	(2)
Chapter Test	43	(3)
Answers to Chapter Test	46	(1)
CHAPTER 2. Research Methods	47	(42)
Basic Terms and Definitions	48	(7)
Independent and Dependent Variables	48	(1)
Functional Relationships	49	(1)
Stimulus and Response	50	(1)
Overt and Covert Behavior	50	(1)
Appetitive and Aversive Stimuli	51	(1)
Establishing Operations: Deprivation and Satiation	52	(1)
Contiguity and Contingency	53	(2)
Measurement of Behavior	55	(6)
Behavioral Definitions	55	(1)
Recording Methods	56	(5)
Research Designs	61	(17)
Descriptive Research	61	(3)
Experimental Research	64	(26)
ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN	77	(1)
Use of Animals in Behavioral Research	78	(3)
AND FURTHERMORE: Enhanced Motivation or Cruel Starvation: The Ethics of Food Deprivation	80	(1)
Summary	81	(1)
Suggested Readings	82	(1)
Study Questions	82	(1)
Concept Review	83	(2)
Chapter Test	85	(2)
Answers to Chapter Test	87	(2)
CHAPTER 3. Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning	89	(38)
Elicited Behaviors	90	(5)
Reflexes	90	(2)
Fixed Action Patterns	92	(3)
Simple Mechanisms of Learning	95	(8)
Habituation and Sensitization	95	(2)
Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion	97	(6)
ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN	102	(1)
Classical Conditioning	103	(17)
Pavlov's Discovery of Classical Conditioning	104	(1)
Basic Procedure and Definitions	105	(6)
Appetitive and Aversive Conditioning	111	(3)
Excitatory and Inhibitory Conditioning	114	(2)
AND FURTHERMORE: Classical Conditioning and Interpersonal Attraction	115	(1)
Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli	116	(4)
Summary	120	(1)
Suggested Readings	120	(1)
Study Questions	121	(1)
Concept Review	121	(1)
Chapter Test	122	(3)
Answers to Chapter Test	125	(2)
CHAPTER 4. Classical Conditioning: Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities	127	(40)
Some Basic Conditioning Phenomena	128	(9)
Acquisition	128	(1)
Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, and Disinhibition	129	(3)
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination	132	(3)
Discrimination Training and Experimental Neurosis	135	(2)
Two Extensions to Classical Conditioning	137	(7)
Higher-Order Conditioning	137	(4)
Sensory Preconditioning	141	(3)
Three Limitations to Classical Conditioning	144	(8)
Overshadowing	145	(2)
Blocking	147	(2)
Latent Inhibition	149	(3)
ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN	152	(1)
Additional Phenomena	152	(7)
Temporal Conditioning	152	(1)
Occasion Setting	153	(1)
External Inhibition	154	(1)
US Revaluation	155	(2)
Pseudoconditioning	157	(2)
Summary	159	(1)
Suggested Readings	160	(1)
Study Questions	160	(1)
Concept Review	161	(1)
Chapter Test	162	(3)
Answers to Chapter Test	165	(2)
CHAPTER 5. Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications	167	(43)
Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning	168	(12)
S-S Versus S-R Learning	168	(1)
Stimulus-Substitution Versus Preparatory-Response Theory	169	(2)
Compensatory-Response Model	171	(4)
AND FURTHERMORE: Conditioned Compensatory Responses and Drug Overdose: Two Anecdotes	174	(1)
Rescorla-Wagner Theory	175	(5)
ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN	179	(1)
Practical Applications of Classical Conditioning	180	(23)
Understanding Phobias	180	(9)
AND FURTHERMORE: The Ethics of the Little Albert Experiment	184	(5)
Treating Phobias	189	(8)
AND FURTHERMORE: Was Sigmund Freud a Behavior Analyst?	195	(2)
Aversion Therapy for Eliminating Problem Behaviors	197	(2)
Medical Applications of Classical Conditioning	199	(13)
AND FURTHERMORE: Classical Conditioning, Gulf War Syndrome, and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity	202	(1)
Summary	203	(1)
Suggested Readings	204	(1)
Study Questions	205	(1)
Concept Review	205	(1)
Chapter Test	206	(3)
Answers to Chapter Test	209	(1)
CHAPTER 6. Operant Conditioning: Introduction	210	(45)
Historical Background	212	(4)
Thorndike's Law of Effect	212	(2)
Skinner's Selection by Consequences	214	(2)
Operant Conditioning	216	(9)
Operant Behavior	217	(1)
Operant Consequences: Rein forcers and Punishers (and Extinction)	218	(3)
Operant Antecedents: Discriminative Stimuli	221	(4)
Four Types of Contingencies	225	(8)
Positive Reinforcement	226	(1)
Negative Reinforcement	227	(1)
Positive Punishment	228	(1)
Negative Punishment	229	(4)
AND FURTHERMORE: Four Types of Contingencies: Tricky Examples	232	(1)
Positive Reinforcement: Further Distinctions	233	(9)
Immediate Versus Delayed Reinforcement	233	(1)
Primary and Secondary Rein forcers	234	(2)
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement	236	(4)
AND FURTHERMORE: Learned Industriousness	237	(2)
AND FURTHERMORE: Positive Reinforcement of Artistic Appreciation	239	(1)
Natural and Artificial Rein forcers	240	(2)
Shaping	242	(6)
AND FURTHERMORE: Training Ishmael	244	(3)
ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN	247	(1)
Summary	248	(1)
Suggested Readings	249	(1)
Study Questions	249	(1)
Concept Review	250	(1)
Chapter Test	251	(3)
Answers to Chapter Test	254	(1)
CHAPTER 7. Operant Conditioning: Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement	255	(40)
Schedules of Reinforcement	256	(22)
Continuous Versus Intermittent Schedules	256	(1)
Four Basic Intermittent Schedules	257	(9)
Other Simple Schedules of Reinforcement	266	(7)
Complex Schedules of Reinforcement	273	(5)
Theories of Reinforcement	278	(8)
Drive Reduction Theory	279	(1)
The Premack Principle	280	(2)
Response Deprivation Hypothesis	282	(1)
Behavioral Bliss Point Approach	283	(13)
ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN	285	(1)
Summary	286	(1)
Suggested Readings	287	(1)
Study Questions	287	(1)
Concept Review	288	(1)
Chapter Test	289	(3)
Answers to Chapter Test	292	(3)
CHAPTER 8. Extinction and Stimulus Control	295	(44)
Extinction	296	(12)
Side Effects of Extinction	297	(4)
ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN	301	(1)
Resistance to Extinction	301	(4)
Spontaneous Recovery	305	(1)
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior	306	(2)
AND FURTHERMORE: Extinction of Bedtime Tantrums in Young Children	307	(1)
Stimulus Control	308	(22)
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination	308	(3)
The Peak Shift Effect	311	(3)
Multiple Schedules and Behavioral Contrast	314	(5)
AND FURTHERMORE: St. Neot's Margin	318	(1)
Fading and Errorless Discrimination Learning	319	(2)
Stimulus Control Procedures for the Study of Memory	321	(4)
Stimulus Control: Additional Applications	325	(15)
AND FURTHERMORE: Edwin Guthrie: Stimulus Control for the Practical Person	328	(2)
Summary	330	(1)
Suggested Readings	331	(1)
Study Questions	331	(1)
Concept Review	332	(2)
Chapter Test	334	(3)
Answers to Chapter Test	337	(2)
CHAPTER 9. Escape, Avoidance, and Punishment	339	(40)
Escape and Avoidance	340	(13)
Two-Process Theory of Avoidance	342	(5)
AND FURTHERMORE: Repression: Avoidance of Distressing Thoughts?	344	(3)
Avoidance Conditioning and Phobias	347	(3)
Avoidance Conditioning and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	350	(3)
Punishment	353	(11)
Types of Punishment	353	(4)
Problems With the Use of Punishment	357	(2)
Benefits and the Effective Use of Punishment	359	(2)
Theories of Punishment	361	(3)
AND FURTHERMORE: Punishment and Procrastination	364	(1)
Effects of Noncontingent Punishment	364	(8)
Learned Helplessness	365	(3)
ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN	367	(1)
Masserman's Experimental Neurosis	368	(12)
AND FURTHERMORE: Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Behavioral Perspective	370	(2)
Summary	372	(1)
Suggested Readings	373	(1)
Study Questions	373	(1)
Concept Review	374	(1)
Chapter Test	375	(3)
Answers to Chapter Test	378	(1)
CHAPTER 10. Choice, Matching, and Self-Control	379	(41)
Choice and Matching	380	(14)
Concurrent Schedules	380	(2)
The Matching Law	382	(3)
Deviations From Matching	385	(5)
AND FURTHERMORE: Basketball and the Matching Law	386	(4)
Matching and Melioration	390	(4)
ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN	393	(1)
Self-Control	394	(18)
Skinner on Self-Control	395	(3)
AND FURTHERMORE: B.F. Skinner, the Master of Self-Control	398	(1)
Self-Control as a Temporal Issue	398	(3)
The Ainslie-Rachlin Model of Self-Control	401	(9)
Cognitive Factors in Self-Control	410	(2)
Summary	412	(2)
Suggested Readings	414	(1)
Study Questions	414	(1)
Concept Review	415	(1)
Chapter Test	415	(4)
Answers to Chapter Test	419	(1)
CHAPTER 11. Biological Dispositions in Learning	420	(36)
Preparedness and Conditioning	421	(7)
Preparedness in Classical Conditioning	421	(6)
AND FURTHERMORE: Conditioned Food Preferences	426	(1)
Preparedness in Operant Conditioning	427	(1)
Operant-Respondent Interactions	428	(6)
Instinctive Drift	428	(1)
Sign Tracking	429	(5)
ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN	432	(1)
AND FURTHERMORE: The CAM Model of Drug Addiction	433	(1)
Adjunctive Behavior	434	(6)
Basic Procedure and Defining Characteristics	434	(3)
Adjunctive Behavior in Humans	437	(1)
AND FURTHERMORE: Extreme Polydipsia: Not Just a "Rat Thing"	438	(1)
Adjunctive Behavior as Displacement Activity	438	(2)
Activity Anorexia	440	(6)
Basic Procedure and Defining Characteristics	440	(1)
Comparisons With Anorexia Nervosa	441	(2)
Underlying Mechanisms	443	(1)
Clinical Implications	444	(13)
AND FURTHERMORE: The Healthy Side of the Diet-Activity Connection	445	(1)
Behavior Systems Theory	446	(3)
Summary	449	(1)
Suggested Readings	450	(1)
Study Questions	450	(1)
Concept Review	451	(1)
Chapter Test	452	(3)
Answers to Chapter Test	455	(1)
CHAPTER 12. Observational Learning, Language, and Rule-Governed Behavior	456	(39)
Observational Learning	457	(9)
Observational Learning in Classical Conditioning	458	(2)
Observational Learning in Operant Conditioning	460	(3)
Observational Learning in Animals	463	(3)
Language	466	(8)
Can Animals "Talk"?	467	(1)
Sign Language Experiments	468	(2)
Artificial Language Experiments	470	(4)
AND FURTHERMORE: Talking to the Animals	472	(2)
Rule-Governed Behavior	474	(14)
Definitions and Characteristics	474	(2)
Some Disadvantages of Rule-Governed Behavior	476	(2)
Psychopathology, Psychotherapy, and Rule-Governed Behavior	478	(6)
ADVICE FOR THE LOVELORN	479	(3)
AND FURTHERMORE: Morita Therapy: Acceptance and Commitment the Japanese Way	482	(2)
Personal Rules in Self-Regulation	484	(4)
AND FURTHERMORE: Say-Do Correspondence and Willpower	486	(2)
Summary	488	(1)
Suggested Readings	489	(1)
Study Questions	490	(1)
Concept Review	491	(1)
Chapter Test	491	(3)
Answers to Chapter Test	494	(1)
Glossary	495	(10)
References	505	(22)
Index	527