Legal Aspects of Managing Technology

by Burgunder, Lee B.

• ISBN13: 9780324153705
• ISBN10: 0324153708
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-16
• Publisher: South-Western College/West

Summary

Legal Aspects of Managing Technology addresses the ways in which law protects a wide range of intellectual assets that must be understood by any manager involved with technological innovations. Legal, social and regulatory issues are intertwined with intellectual property discussions. Concepts are defined and supplemented with excerpted court cases. Additionally, hypothetical and real-world thread cases show students how to critically think about legal choices for new intellectual property. This book focuses on integral technology topics, analyzes the most current and interesting issues, engages readers in controversial and important social issues, and demonstrates the public policy process.

Table of Contents

1 An Overview of the Technology Policy Environment in the United States	1	(28)
The Intellectual Property System	3	(7)
Patents	6	(1)
Copyrights	6	(2)
Trade Secrets	8	(1)
Trademarks	8	(2)
The Public Policy Process in the United States	10	(11)
The Power Struggle: Federal versus State	10	(5)
How Intellectual Property Policies Are Made in the United States	15	(4)
The Expanding Scope of Intellectual Property Protection	19	(2)
The Rising Importance of the First Amendment in Technology Policy Disputes	21	(4)
Two Running Examples	25	(4)
The Self-Adjusting Stair Climber	26	(1)
DeCSS	27	(2)
2 The International Technology Policy Environment	29	(50)
Unilateral Measures: Actions Against Imports into the United States	32	(2)
Private Actions for Unauthorized Imports into the United States	32	(1)
The Customs Service and Section 337	33	(1)
Bilateral Arrangements and the Importance of Trade Sanctions	34	(5)
Section 301 and Trade Sanctions	34	(1)
Special 301 and Intellectual Property Protection	35	(4)
Multilateral Approaches	39	(16)
Global Intellectual Property Agreements	39	(4)
World Trade Organization	43	(10)
Regional Trade Pacts	53	(2)
International Law and the Internet	55	(24)
Personal Jurisdiction: Where Can the Lawsuit Be Brought?	56	(16)
What Law Applies?	72	(1)
Can a Judgment Be Enforced?	73	(1)
Example 1: The Yahoo! Litigation	74	(2)
Example 2: The ElcomSoft Controversy	76	(3)
3 Fundamental Requirements for Patent Protection in the United States	79	(45)
Overview of Patent Policies and Processes	81	(9)
Basic Requirements	82	(3)
Patent Duration	85	(4)
Enforcement Issues	89	(1)
Novelty	90	(17)
Is the Invention New?	93	(6)
Was the Patent Application Filed in Time?	99	(4)
Who Gets the Patent When There Are Multiple Inventors?	103	(4)
Nonobviousness	107	(7)
Patentable Subject Matter and Utility	114	(3)
Patentable Subject Matter	114	(1)
Utility	115	(2)
Design Patents	117	(7)
International Protection of Industrial Designs	121	(3)
4 Obtaining and Defending Patent Rights in the United States and Globally	124	(49)
The Patent Application Process: A Brief Overview	125	(15)
Who May File the Patent Application?	126	(1)
Invention Assignment Agreements	127	(1)
When to Apply	128	(3)
Dealing with the PTO	131	(6)
Loss of Patent Rights	137	(3)
Disclosure: Enablement and Best Mode	140	(7)
Enablement	140	(6)
Best Mode	146	(1)
Infringement and Remedies	147	(12)
Literal Infringement	148	(1)
Doctrine of Equivalents	149	(2)
Prosecution History Estoppel	151	(4)
Infringement of Process Patents	155	(4)
International Patent Protection Issues	159	(14)
Substantive Patent Policy Issues	159	(7)
Procedural Patent Policy Issues	166	(7)
5 Patent Protection for Computer Programs and Internet Business Methods	173	(31)
Patent Protection for Computer Programs: The Long and Winding Road	174	(11)
Computer Processes Are Patentable Subject Matter	174	(3)
Old Standards and the Importance of Physical Transformations	177	(2)
The Modern Trend	179	(1)
1996 PTO Examination Guidelines for Computer-Related Inventions	180	(1)
The Dual Impact of the Federal Circuits State Street Decision	180	(4)
Revised PTO Examination Guidelines for Computer-Related Inventions	184	(1)
Other Issues Regarding Patents for Computer Programs	185	(7)
Receiving a Patent from the PTO	185	(1)
Disclosure	186	(1)
The Possibility of Copyright Protection	187	(1)
International Patent Protection of Computer Programs	188	(2)
The Controversy Continues: Should Patent Protection Be Extended to Computer Programs?	190	(2)
Patent Protection for Internet Business Methods	192	(12)
The Controversy Over Amazons One-Click Business Method Patent	194	(7)
The PTO 'S Business Method Patent Initiative	201	(1)
Legislative Measures and New Proposals	202	(2)
6 Biotechnology: Patent Issues and Other Policy Matters	204	(39)
Basics of Genetic Engineering	205	(5)
The Human Genome Project	207	(3)
Cloning of Organisms	210	(4)
Animal Cloning	210	(2)
Human Reproductive Cloning	212	(2)
Biotechnology Patent Issues	214	(14)
Patents for Higher Life Forms	217	(2)
Patents on Human Beings and Human Cloning Techniques	219	(1)
Patent Rights and the Ownership of Progeny	220	(1)
Patents on Genes	221	(3)
An Important Pharmaceutical Patent Issue	224	(1)
International Patent Issues	225	(2)
Other Biotechnology Patent Issues	227	(1)
Other Biotechnology Controversies	228	(15)
Biological Safety and Diversity	228	(4)
Food: Labeling and Other Regulatory Matters	232	(4)
Gene Therapies	236	(1)
Embryonic Stem Cells and Therapeutic Cloning	237	(3)
Genetic Testing, Discrimination, and Behavioral Issues	240	(3)
7 Protection of Secret Information	243	(54)
Rationales for Trade Secret Laws	247	(5)
Important Aspects of Trade Secret Laws	252	(25)
Definition of Trade Secret	253	(3)
Misappropriation	256	(8)
Proving Misappropriation	264	(1)
Remedies for Trade Secret Misappropriation	264	(13)
Trade Secret Protection Measures	277	(8)
Federal Economic Espionage Act	285	(5)
International Trade Secret Protection	287	(2)
Concluding Remarks About Trade Secret Protection	289	(1)
Presenting Unsolicited Ideas to Third Parties	290	(7)
How Companies Handle Unsolicited Ideas	293	(2)
Advice for Offering Unsolicited Ideas	295	(2)
8 Fundamental Aspects of Copyright Protection	297	(55)
What May Be Protected by Copyright	301	(12)
Protection of Original Expressions	301	(7)
Protection of Databases	304	(4)
Copyright Protection of Product Designs	308	(5)
Rights Provided by Copyright	313	(8)
The Basic Exclusive Rights	313	(4)
The Digital Transmission Right for Sound Recordings	317	(4)
Fair Use and Other Exceptions to Copyright Protection	321	(8)
Copyright Ownership	329	(7)
Works Made for Hire	329	(6)
Joint Works	335	(1)
Moral Rights	335	(1)
How to Obtain Copyright Protection	336	(8)
Registration and Deposit	336	(6)
Copyright Notice	342	(1)
Duration of Copyright Protection	343	(1)
Infringement and Remedies	344	(8)
The Substantial Similarity Standard	344	(5)
Remedies	349	(3)
9 Copyright Protection for Computer Programs and Digital Media	352	(54)
The Importance of Distinguishing Ideas from Expressions in Computer Programs	353	(9)
Levels of Abstractions in Copyrighted Works	353	(4)
The Availability of Alternative Expressions	357	(2)
Levels of Abstraction for Computer Programs	359	(3)
The Original Approach in Computer Copyright Cases	362	(9)
Protection for Computer Programs	362	(4)
Protection for User Interfaces	366	(5)
The Modern Approach in Computer Copyright Cases	371	(13)
Protection for Computer Programs	371	(7)
Protection for User Interfaces	378	(4)
International Copyright Protection of Computer Programs	382	(2)
Reverse Engineering of Computer Programs and Clean-Room Techniques	384	(8)
Copyright and Artistic Media: Digital Sampling, Imaging, and Multimedia Works	392	(14)
Digital Audio Sampling	392	(2)
The Application of Fair Use to Sampling	394	(7)
Digital Imaging	401	(2)
Multimedia Works	403	(3)
10 Copyright and the Internet	406	(63)
Legal Responsibility for the Wrongful Conduct of Others	408	(3)
A Framework for Analyzing Legal Responsibility	411	(1)
The Controversies Over Video Recording Devices	411	(5)
The ReplayTV Dispute	415	(1)
The Controversies Over Audio Recording Devices	416	(7)
The Controversy Over MP3 and Portable Digital Music Players	417	(6)
Internet Service Provider Liability	423	(9)
Contributory and Vicarious Liability	423	(6)
DMCA Protects ISP's from Copyright Infringement	429	(3)
Responsibility for Copyright Infringements on Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing Networks	432	(16)
The Napster Dispute	432	(8)
The Recording and Motion Picture Industries Contend with PostNapster Services in the Courts	440	(3)
The Entertainment Industries Adopt Other Strategies to Combat File Sharing	443	(5)
The DMCA and Copyright Protection Technologies	448	(13)
DMCA's Anti-Circumvention and AntiTrafficking Provisions	450	(9)
Other Recent DMCA Controversies	459	(2)
Proposed Statutory Amendments to the DMCA	461	(1)
Linking, Framing, and Other Internet Copyright Issues	461	(8)
Linking	462	(1)
Deep-Linking	463	(2)
Inline Imaging and Framing	465	(2)
Application to CoolEdge	467	(1)
Other Internet Issues	467	(2)
11 Protecting Trademarks and Product Designs in International Markets	469	(58)
Fundamental Principles of Trademark Protection	470	(14)
Trademarks and Competitive Ethics	471	(3)
Trademarks and Market Efficiency	474	(1)
Generic Marks	475	(3)
Descriptive Marks	478	(1)
The Spectrum of Trademark Protection	479	(5)
Trademark Protection of Product Characteristics	484	(13)
Distinctiveness of Product Characteristics	485	(5)
Functionality	490	(4)
Trademark Protection and Computers	494	(2)
Product Design Protection in the EU	496	(1)
Federal Registration: Standards and Procedures	497	(6)
Likelihood of Confusion	497	(1)
Use Requirements	498	(1)
Reasons to Conduct a Trademark Search	499	(1)
Basic Registration Procedures	500	(1)
Intent-to-Use Applications	501	(1)
Loss of Registration Rights	501	(2)
Trademark Infringement and Remedies	503	(12)
Likelihood of Confusion	503	(5)
Dilution	508	(4)
Remedies for Infringement	512	(3)
International Aspects of Trademark Protection	515	(1)
International Trademark Registration	515	(7)
The Gray Market	522	(5)
12 Domain Names and Other Trademark Issues on the Internet	527	(37)
The Initial Problems with the Internet Domain Name System	528	(7)
NSI's Revised Domain Name Registration Policy	532	(2)
International Domain Name Complexities	534	(1)
Policy Responses to Domain Name Problems	535	(17)
Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act	535	(4)
Preliminary Suggestions for Improvements to the Domain Name Registration Process	539	(2)
The Creation of KANN	541	(3)
New Generic Top-Level Domain Names	544	(2)
The Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy	546	(6)
Other Internet-Related Trademark Issues	552	(12)
"Suck" Sites and Critical Commentary	552	(4)
Metatags	556	(4)
Linking and Framing	560	(1)
Keying and Advertising Banners	561	(3)
13 Tort Liability for Physical and Economic Harms	564	(44)
Negligence	565	(9)
Negligence and the Restatement of Torts	566	(1)
Causation Issues in Negligence	566	(2)
Proximate Cause: Responsibility for Negligence	568	(1)
Defenses to Liability for Negligence	569	(1)
What Is Negligent Conduct?	570	(3)
Negligence and Computer Programmers	573	(1)
Strict Products Liability	574	(23)
Policy Reasons for Strict Products Liability	574	(2)
Forms of Product Defects	576	(7)
The New Restatement of Torts on Products Liability	583	(3)
Consumer Product Safety Commission Regulations	586	(2)
Tort Reform Measures	588	(1)
Examples of Strict Liability Policies in Other Countries	589	(2)
Strict Products Liability and the Computer Industry	591	(6)
Intentional Torts Involving Computer Systems	597	(11)
Trespass by Electronic Robots	597	(4)
Spam	601	(4)
Computer Viruses, Trojan Horses, and Worms	605	(1)
Electronic Coercion and Self-Help	606	(2)
14 Intrusions on Privacy and Other Personal Rights	608	(63)
A Preliminary Look at Privacy	609	(6)
Sources of Laws Regulating Privacy	609	(2)
The Privacy Balance	611	(4)
Monitoring Communications and Personal Activities in the Workplace	615	(12)
Monitoring for Efficiency	615	(1)
Monitoring Internet Activity	616	(2)
Monitoring E-Mail Conversations	618	(8)
Recommendations Regarding Electronic Monitoring Activities	626	(1)
Collection of Personally Identifiable Information	627	(15)
Data Collection on the Internet	630	(12)
Measures to Protect Personal Privacy	642	(7)
Anonymity	642	(1)
Encryption	643	(6)
Content Control and the Regulation of Indecent Speech	649	(12)
The Communications Decency Act of 1996	651	(4)
Private Control through Labels and Software Filters	655	(2)
Child Online Protection Act of 1998	657	(2)
Public Libraries and Filtering Software	659	(2)
Defamation	661	(7)
Intrusions on Publicity Rights	668	(3)
15 Important Contract Issues for Technology Companies	671	(49)
Warranties, Limitations, and Remedies	672	(15)
Express Warranties	673	(3)
Implied Warranties	676	(2)
Remedies for Breach of Warranties and Limitations of Remedies	678	(7)
Dealing with Potential Liabilities-The Y2K Example	685	(2)
Shrink-Wrap and Click-Wrap Licenses	687	(13)
General Principles Regarding Standardized Forms	687	(1)
Standardized Forms in the Consumer Context	688	(1)
The Trend in the Courts	689	(6)
Click-Wrap Licenses	695	(5)
The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act	700	(11)
Electronic Commerce Issues	702	(3)
Electronic Agents	705	(1)
Mass-Market Licenses	706	(2)
Warranties	708	(1)
Other Issues	709	(2)
Strategic Alliances and the Importance of Alternate Dispute Resolution	711	(9)
Strategic Alliances	711	(3)
Alternative Dispute Resolution	714	(6)
16 Antitrust and AnticourPetitive Conduct	720	(48)
Overview of Antitrust	720	(6)
Philosophical Justifications for Antitrust	721	(2)
Antitrust Policy Makers and Remedies	723	(3)
Application of the Antitrust Laws	726	(12)
The Rule of Reason	726	(1)
Per Se Illegality	727	(2)
Monopolizing	729	(2)
Service for High Technology Products: An Important Example of Antitrust Analysis	731	(6)
Some Final Comments on the Application of the Antitrust Laws	737	(1)
The Antitrust Debate About Microsoft	738	(18)
The Issue of Monopoly Power	739	(1)
The Potential Threat from Internet Browsers	740	(1)
Preliminary Justice Department Antitrust Proceedings	741	(2)
The 1998 Antitrust Complaint and Trial	743	(13)
International Dimensions of Antitrust	756	(5)
Antitrust in the European Union	757	(2)
EU Merger Policy	759	(2)
Antitrust, Intellectual Property, and the Doctrine of Misuse	761	(7)
Intellectual Property Antitrust Guidelines	762	(3)
Misuse of Intellectual Property	765	(3)
Table of Cases	768	(1)
Index	769